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Practical Methods of Sewage Disposal for Residences, Hotels and Institutions

Chapter 2: LIST OF FIGURES
By Henry N. Ogden
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About This Book

A practical technical manual outlines methods for handling sewage from houses, hotels, and similar institutions, emphasizing site selection, sewage composition, bacterial action, and soil treatment. It describes construction and operation of settling tanks, valves and siphons, sub-surface irrigation systems, and various filters (intermittent sand, contact beds, sprinkling), and discusses broad irrigation and fertilizer value of effluent. The work supplies engineering detail, tables and drawings, dosing and distribution techniques, maintenance guidance, and cost-estimating items to aid planning and building of small-scale sewage disposal plants.

LIST OF FIGURES

  A sub-surface irrigation sewage-disposal plant Frontispiece
 
FIGURE   PAGE
 
1. Plan of settling tank 15
 
2. Longitudinal section of settling tank 17
 
3. Sketch of settling tank with longitudinal partition wall 19
 
4. Forms used for building side walls for concrete tank 23
 
5. View of settling tank, showing baffles, sludge pipe, drain pipe, and inlet and outlet pipes 26
 
6. Section showing tank with concrete roof and form for constructing roof 28
 
7. Form for manhole opening 30
 
8. Plan and longitudinal section of modified Imhoff tank 33
 
9. Vertical cross-section of modified Imhoff tank 34
 
10. Sludge valve for floor of tank 38
 
11. Sludge valve for side wall of tank 39
 
12. Sluice gate valve made by Coffin Valve Co 40
 
13. Ordinary gate valve 40
 
14. English slide valve with wedge-lock handle 41
 
15. Flap valve attached to length of sewer pipe 42
 
16. Flap valve with metallic seat attached 43
 
17. Flap valve with loose-link hinges 44
 
18. Intermittent dosing apparatus made by Ansonia Manufacturing Co. 45
 
19. Simplest form of automatic siphon 46
 
20. Van Vranken automatic siphon 47
 
21. Miller automatic siphon 48
 
22. Double alternating siphons of the “Merritt” type 49
 
23. Triple alternating siphons of the Miller type 50
 
24. Single “Merritt” automatic siphon 51
 
25. Air-lock siphon for admitting and releasing sewage from each one of four beds in regular order 52
 
26. Plan and section of sub-surface irrigation system 61
 
27. Plan and section of a portion of a sub-surface irrigation system 62
 
28. Y-branch of vitrified tile pipe 64
 
29. Eighth bend of vitrified tile pipe 64
 
30. Sub-surface tiling 65
 
31. Photograph of tile laid as if for sewage disposal 66
 
32. Sub-surface tiling with broken stone or gravel surrounding pipe 67
 
33. Sub-surface systems on irregular ground 68
 
34. Special casting of double Y-branch with swinging gate 69
 
35. Double Y-branch with valves on branches of main carrier 70
 
36. Sub-surface tiling system with underdrains 71
 
37. View of sand-filter beds for village in Massachusetts 75
 
38. Layout for intermittent sand filtration 78
 
39. Intermittent sand-filtration beds 79
 
40. Portion of distributing troughs for sand filters 80
 
41. General view of disposal plant at Bedford Reformatory 81
 
42. View of sand filter with distribution trough. Settling tank is at the end of the bed 82
 
43. View of diverting manhole 83
 
44. Plan of diverting manhole 84
 
45. Five-way diverting manhole 85
 
46. General plans of contact-bed system near Albany, N. Y., opposite page 89
 
47. View of sprinkling filter at Dansville, Pa., in winter 95
 
48. Distribution of sewage and arrangement of check levees on a hillside 106
 
49. Distribution of sewage on a hillside of moderate slope 107
 
50. Square beds for orchards according to some Western practice 108
 
51. Grain-field in spring in process of irrigation 109
PRACTICAL METHODS OF
SEWAGE DISPOSAL
FOR
RESIDENCES, HOTELS AND INSTITUTIONS