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Primitive Athens as described by Thucydides

Chapter 24: General.
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About This Book

The author reinterprets Thucydides' brief description to argue that early Athens was essentially the Acropolis and its immediate approaches rather than a broad urban area. She assembles archaeological evidence and Dörpfeld's interpretations of recent excavations to identify a prehistoric circuit wall, approaches to the citadel, and a compact settlement pattern. Detailed chapters map sanctuaries and cult places both within the citadel and in nearby lowlands, relating myth, hero cults, and ritual features to topography and material remains. The result is a concise topographical and religious reconstruction that challenges traditional conceptions of primitive urban organization.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Thucydides, II. 15, discussion of.

N. Wecklein, Sitzungsber. der Bayer. Akad., 97, 1887.

P. Stahl, “Thukydides über das alte Athen vor Theseus.” Rhein. Mus. für Philol., L. p. 566, 1895.

W. Dörpfeld, “Das alte Athen vor Theseus.” Rhein. Mus. für Philol., LI. p. 127, 1896.

C. Wachsmuth, “Neue Beiträge zur Topographie von Athen. Das Thukydideische Ur-Athen.” Abhandl. der K. Sächs. Ges. der Wiss., XLI. 1899.

A. W. Verrall, “Thucydides II. 15 and Recent Explorations.” Classical Review, XIV. p. 274, 1900.

L. R. Farnell, “Questions concerning Attic Topography and Religion.” Classical Review, p. 369, 1900.

M. Carroll, “Thucydides, Pausanias and the Dionysium in Limnis.” Classical Review, XIX. p. 325, 1905.

Pausanias, Commentaries on.

T. H. Dyer, Ancient Athens, its History, Topography and Remains, ch. vi. p. 180 sqq., 1873.

Harrison and Verrall, Mythology and Monuments of Ancient Athens, p. 90, 1890.

O. Fallis, Pausanias auf der Agora von Athen. Munich, 1895.

Hitzig und Blümner, Pausaniae Graeciae Descriptio, 1896.

J. G. Frazer, Pausanias’ Description of Greece, 1898.

Official Reports of Excavations by the German Archaeological Institute at Athens published in—

(1) Mittheilungen des K. Deutschen Archaeologischen Instituts in Athen.

(a) Die Ausgrabungen am Westabhange der Acropolis.

I. W. Dörpfeld, “Allgemeine Uebersicht,” XIX. p. 496, Pl. XIV., 1894.

II. W. Dörpfeld, “Das Lenaion oder Dionysion in den Limnai,” XX. p. 161, Pl. IV., 1895.

III. H. Schrader, “Funde im Gebiete des Dionysion,” XXI. p. 265, Pl. VIII.-X., 1896.

IV. O. Körte, “Das Heiligtum des Amynos,” XXI. p. 287, Pl. XI., 1896; and see Körte, “Bezirk eines Heilgottes,” XVIII. p. 231, Pl. XI., 1893.

V. C. Watzinger, “Einzelfunde,” XXVI. p. 305, 1901.

(b) Die Ausgrabungen an der Enneakrounos.

I. W. Dörpfeld, XVII. p. 439, 1892.

II. W. Dörpfeld, XIX. p. 143, 1894;

and see Dörpfeld, “Die verschiedenen Odeien in Athen,” XVII. p. 252, 1892.

S. Wide, “Inschrift der Iobakchen,” XIX. p. 248, 1894.

H. v. Prott, “Enneakrunos, Lenaion, u. Διονύσιον ἐν Λίμναις,” XXIII. p. 205, 1898; and see Prott, Nachtrag dazu, XXIII. p. 367, 1898.

C. Watzinger, “Mimologen. Terracotta vom Westabhange,” XXVI. p. 1, Pl. I., 1901.

C. Watzinger, “Vasenfunde aus Athen,” XXVI. p. 50, Pl. II.-IV., 1901.

Fr. Gräber, “Die Enneakrunos,” XXX. p. 58, 1905.

E. Ziller, “Wasserleitungen von Athen,” II. 1877.

Fabricius, “Polykrates at Samos,” IX. p. 165, 1884.

Delbrück u. K. G. Vollmöller, “Das Brunnenhaus des Theagenes,” XXV. p. 23, Pl. VII., VIII., 1900.

Funde.

1. “Aphrodite Pandemos,” XIV. p. 121, 1889; and see G. Kawerau u. F. Weibach, “Die Pandemosweihung auf der Akropolis,” XXX. p. 298, 1905.

2. Discoveries, various, XV. p. 343, 444, 1890; XVI. pp. 140, 252, 361, 443, 1891; XVII. pp. 90, 281, 449, 1892.

3. “Stoa Basileios,” XXI. pp. 103, 458, 1896; XXII. pp. 225, 476, 1897.

Sitzungsprotokolle.

W. Dörpfeld, “Alopeke,” XX. p. 507, 1895.

P. Wolters, “Δεξίων,” XX. p. 508, 1895.

W. Dörpfeld, “Enneakrunos im Siebzehnten Jahrhundert” (Guillet et Coronelli), XX. p. 510, 1895.

W. Dörpfeld, “Aphrodite Pandemos,” XX. p. 511, 1895.

(2) Antike Denkmäler d. K. Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Berlin. (Official plans of Excavations with Text.) Ausgrabungen in Athen, 1899-1901, II., Pl. 37, 38.

(3) Jahrbuch d. K. D. Arch. Inst.

W. Dörpfeld, “Anzeiger,” XI. p. 19, 1896.

C. Belger, “Anzeiger,” XI. p. 40, 1896.

Topography of Athens:

General.

M. Leake, Topography of Athens, 1821.

M. Leake, Topography of Athens and the Demi, 1841.

P. Forchhammer, “Topographie von Athen” (Kieler Philol. Studien). Kiel, 1841.

E. Curtius, “Attische Studien” (Abhandl. d. Göttinger Ges. d. Wiss. XI. XII.) Göttingen, I. 1862; II. 1865.

E. Curtius, Erläuternder Text der Sieben Karten zur Topographie von Athen. Berlin, 1868.

H. G. Lolling, K. Baedekers Griechenland, pp. 34-83, 1883.

H. G. Lolling, “Anhang zur Hellenischen Landeskunde und Topographie” (I. Müller’s Handb. d. C. A. W.), III. 290.

A. Milchhöfer, “Athen” (Baumeister, Denkmäler des class. Alt., I. p. 144, 1884).

C. Wachsmuth, Die Stadt Athen im Alterthum, I. 1874, II. 1890.

C. Wachsmuth, “Neue Beiträge zur Topog. von Athen” (Abh. d. K. S. Ges. d. Wiss., XLI.).

W. Judeich, “Anzeiger von C. Wachsmuth, Stadt Athen,” Jahrbuch für Class. Phil. v. A. Fleckeisen, p. 721, 1890.

Pickard, “Dionysos ἐν Λίμναις.” Am. J. of Arch. VIII. p. 56, 1893.

J. Middleton, Plans and drawings of Athenian Buildings, J.H.S. Supplement III., 1900.

A. Malinin, “Zwei Streitfragen der Topographie v. Athen,” 1901.

O. Jahn and A. Michaelis, Arx Athenarum a Pausania Descripta, 1901.

A. Michaelis, Tabulae Arcem Athenarum illustrantes, 1901.

E. A. Gardner, Ancient Athens, 1902.

H. Lechat, Au Musée de l’Acropole d’Athènes, 1902.

H. Lechat, La Sculpture Attique avant Phidias, 1904.

C. H. Weller, “The pre-Periclean Propylaea on the Acropolis of Athens,” Am. Journ. Arch., pp. 33-70, Pl. I.-VI., 1904.

Pan’s Cave.

W. Dörpfeld, Report, Ath. Mitth. XXI. p. 460, 1897.

P. Kabbadias, Τοπογραφικὰ Ἀθηνῶν, Ephem. Arch. XXI. Pl. I.-IV. pp. 1-32, 1897.

Bulletin de Corr. Hel. XX. p. 382.

A. Michaelis, op. cit., Atlas, Pl. XVII., 1, XVI., 1 a.

Pelargikon.

H. Unger, “Enneakrunos und Pelasgikon,” p. 263 (Sitzungsber. d. K. Bayer. Akad. d. Wiss. zu München), 1874.

W. Miller, “A History of the Acropolis of Athens.” Amer. Journ. Arch. VIII. p. 481, 1893.

J. W. White, Περὶ τοῦ Πελαργικοῦ ἐπὶ Περικλέους. Ἐφημερὶς Ἀρχαιολογική, 1894, p. 2.

G. Nikolaïdes, Περὶ Καλλιρρόης καὶ Ἐννεακρούνου. Eph. Arch. 1893, p. 176.

W. Dörpfeld, Ἡ Ἐννεάκρουνος καὶ ἡ Καλλιρρόη. Eph. Arch. 1894, p. 1.

Enneakrounos.

A complete list of the scattered and voluminous foreign literature of the “Enneakrounos Episode” is not given here, because full references will be found in three books which must necessarily be in the hands of any one attempting an independent examination of this or any other question relating to the topography of Athens—these are:

1. H. Hitzig and H. Blümner, Pausaniae Graeciae Descriptio, Berlin, 1896 (for the Enneakrounos episode, I. part 1, pp. 166-172 and pp. 187-191).

2. C. Wachsmuth, “Athenai,” in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyclopädie. Supplement, Erstes Heft, Stuttgart, 1903.

3. W. Judeich, Topographie von Athen, München, 1905, in Iwan von Müller’s Handbuch d. kl. Altertumswissenschaft, Band 3, Abt. 2, Hälfte 2.

The classical sources for the Enneakrounos and other topographical questions are conveniently collected by Dr Milchhoefer in E. Curtius, Die Stadtgeschichte von Athen, Berlin, 1891.