INDEX.
- Bagehot, Walter, arrest of civilization, 480-481;
- why barbarians waste away, 497-498.
- Bastiat, cause of interest, 176-186.
- Bisset, Andrew, knight’s service, 381n.
- Buckle, assumes current doctrine of wages, 18;
- on Malthus, 92-93, 100;
- interest and profits, 158;
- relation between rent, wages and interest, 170.
- Cairnes, J. E., high wages and interest in new countries, 20-22.
- California, economic principles exemplified in, 19-20, 61-63, 78, 144-146, 174, 255-256, 271-275, 290-291, 344, 383-385, 392, 398, 434-435.
- Capital, current doctrine of its relation to wages, 17-18;
- idle in industrial depressions, 21;
- theory that wages are drawn from, 20-23;
- deductions from this theory, 24-25;
- varying definitions of, 32-34;
- difficulties besetting use of term, 36-37;
- exclusions of term, 37-38;
- distinguished from wealth, 41-47, 71-72;
- used in two senses, 56-57;
- definitions of Smith, Ricardo, McCulloch, and Mill compared, 41-45;
- wages not drawn from, 23-29, 49-69;
- does not limit industry, 26-29, 57-58, 80-86;
- does not maintain laborers, 70-78;
- modes in which it aids labor, 79, 186-188, 195-196;
- real functions of, 79-87;
- may limit form and productiveness of industry, 80-82;
- apparent want of generally due to some other want, 82-85;
- limited by requirements of production, 85-86;
- poverty not due to scarcity of, 85-86;
- not necessary to production, 163-164;
- a form of labor, 164, 198, 203;
- its essence, 179;
- spurious, 189-194;
- not fixed in quantity, 195;
- if the only active factor in production, 201-202;
- its profits as affected by wages, 308-309;
- wastes when not used, 311;
- invested upon possessory titles, 385.
- Carey, Henry C., on capital, 34;
- rent, 225.
- China, cause of poverty and famine, 121-122;
- civilization, 480-481.
- Civilization, what, 475-476;
- prevailing belief as to progress of, 476-479;
- arrest of, 479-486;
- differences in, 487-502;
- its law, 503-523;
- retrogression, 482-486, 536-537;
- to endure must be based on justice, 543-546;
- character of European, 518, 526.
- Civilization, modern, its riddle, 10;
- has not improved condition of the lowest class, 281-284;
- development of, 372-382;
- superiority, 519-520;
- may decline, 524-528;
- indications of retrogression, 537-540;
- its possibilities, 452-469, 549.
- Communities, industrial, extent of, 197.
- Confucius, descendants of, 111-112.
- Consumption, supported by contemporaneous production, 72-75;
- demand for determines production, 75-76;
- only relative term, 133;
- increase of shows increasing production, 149.
- Co-operation, not a remedy for poverty, 314-317;
- but will follow from the extirpation of poverty, 452-469.
- Debts, public, not capital, 189-190;
- origin and abolition, 381-382, 453.
- Demand, not fixed, 243, 245-247. (See Supply and Demand.)
- Deutsch, Emanuel, human nature, 495.
- Development, concentration the order of, 325.
- Development Philosophy, relations to Malthusianism, 100-101;
- insufficiency of, 473-486.
- Discount, high rates of, not interest, 21n.
- Distribution, terms of exclusive, 37, 38, 162;
- laws of, 153-222;
- their necessary relation, 160-164;
- as currently taught, 160-161;
- contrasted with true laws, 218;
- equality of, 450-451.
- Education no remedy for poverty, 305-306.
- Exchange, functions of, 27-29, 76-77;
- a part of production, 47;
- brings increase, 182-183, 186-187;
- extends with progress of civilization, 197;
- promotes civilization, 508-509.
- Exchanges, credit in, 276-277;
- effect of wages on international, 309-310.
- Fawcett, Prof., Indian expenditures, 120n;
- value of land in England, 287.
- Fawcett, Mrs., laborers maintained by capital, 70;
- land tax, 421.
- Feudal system, recognition of common rights to land, 372-375, 381;
- infeudation, 396-397.
- Fortunes, great, 193-194, 386-387, 451.
- Franklin, Benjamin, his economy, 303.
- Government, improvements in increase production, 227, 252;
- will not relieve poverty, 298-301;
- simplification and change of character, 452-469;
- tendency to republicanism, 526-527;
- transition to despotism, 301, 527-528.
- Guizot, Europe after fall of Roman Empire, 372-373;
- the question that arises from a review of civilization, 553.
- Hyndman, H. M., Indian famine, 119-120.
- Improvements in the arts, effect upon distribution, 242-252;
- in habits of industry and thrift, will not relieve poverty, 301-308;
- upon land, their value separable from land values, 341-342, 422-423.
- India, cause of poverty and famine, 114-121;
- civilization, 480, 481, 497.
- Industrial depressions, extent and significance, 5-6, 537-538;
- conflicting opinions as to cause, 10-11;
- their cause and course, 261-279;
- connection with railroad building, 272-274;
- passing away, 279.
- Industry, not limited by capital, 26, 56-57;
- may be limited in form and productiveness by capital, 80-86.
- Interest, confusion of term with profits, 156-163;
- proper signification, 161-162;
- variations in, 174;
- cause of, 174-188;
- justice of, 187;
- profits mistaken for, 189-194;
- law of, 195-203;
- normal point of, 198-199;
- formulation of law, 202.
- Interest and wages, evident connection, 19-21;
- relation, 171-172, 199-203, 218;
- why higher in new countries, 221.
- Inventions, labor-saving, failure to relieve poverty, 3-5;
- advantage of goes primarily to labor, 179, 195-196;
- except when not diffused, 251;
- effect of, 242-252;
- brought forth by freedom, 521-523.
- Ireland, cause of poverty and famine, 123-128;
- effect of introduction of potato, 303-304.
- Labor, purpose of, 27-29, 244-245, 396;
- meaning of term, 37-38;
- produces wages, 27-29, 49-69;
- precedes wages, 55-58;
- employs capital, 163, 195;
- eliminated from production, 201-202;
- productiveness varies with natural powers, 205;
- no fixed barriers between occupations, 210-211;
- value of reduced by value of land, 221-222;
- supply and demand, 268-269;
- land necessary to, 270, 292-294;
- cause of want of employment, 271-272;
- family, 304;
- combination, 308-314;
- only rightful basis of property, 332-335;
- efficiency increases with wages, 441-442;
- not in itself repugnant, 465.
- Labor and Capital, different forms of same thing, 163-164, 198, 203;
- whence idea of their conflict arises, 189, 194;
- harmony of interests, 198-203.
- Laborers, not maintained by capital, 70-78;
- where land is monopolized, have no interest in increase of productive power, 281;
- made more dependent by civilization, 281-284;
- organizations of, 308-314;
- condition not improved by division of land, 321-325;
- their enslavement the ultimate result of private property in land, 345-355.
- Land, meaning of term, 37;
- value of is not wealth, 39, 165-166;
- diminishing productiveness cited in support Malthusian theory, 97;
- how far true, 133-134, 228-241;
- maintenance of prices, 274-275;
- estimated value of in England, 287;
- effects of monopolization in England, 288-289;
- relation of man to, 292-294;
- division of will not relieve poverty, 319-325;
- tendency to concentration in ownership, 319-321;
- necessity for abolishing private ownership, 326-327;
- injustice of private property in, 331-392;
- absurdity of legal titles to, 340, 342-344;
- aristocracy and serfdom spring from ownership of, 294, 348-355, 514-515;
- purchase by government, 357-358;
- development of private ownership, 366-382;
- commons, 375-376;
- tenures in the United States, 383-392;
- private ownership inconsistent with best use, 395-400;
- how may be made common property, 401-427;
- effects of this, 452-469;
- increase of productiveness from better distribution of population, 449n.
- Land owners, power of, 167, 292-294, 345-355;
- ease of their combination, 312-313;
- their claims to compensation, 356-365;
- will not be injured by confiscation of rent, 445-469.
- Latimer, Hugh, increase of rent in Sixteenth Century, 288-289.
- Laveleye, M. de, on small land holdings, 324-325;
- primitive land tenures, 369;
- Teutonic equality, 372.
- Lawyers, confusions in their terminology, 335-336;
- their inculcation of the sacredness of property, 366;
- influence on land tenures, 370n.
- Life, quantity of human, 109-110;
- limits to, 129-134;
- reproductive power gives increase to capital, 181;
- balance of, 196-197;
- meaning of, 561.
- Macaulay, English rule in India, 116;
- future of United States, 534.
- Machinery. (See Inventions.)
- McCulloch, on wages fund, 22-23n;
- definition of capital, 33-34;
- compared, 42-44;
- principle of increase, 101;
- Irish poverty and distress, 125-126;
- rent, 232;
- tax on rent, 420, 422-425.
- Malthus, purpose of Essay on Population, 98;
- its absurdities, 104-105, 137;
- his other works treated with contempt, 105-106n;
- fall of wages in Sixteenth Century, 288;
- cause of his popularity, 98-100, 336-337n.
- Malthusian Theory, stated, examined and disproved, 91-150;
- as stated by Malthus, 93-94;
- as stated by Mill, 94-95, 140-141;
- in its strongest form, 95;
- its triumph and the causes, 95-96;
- harmonizes with ideas of working classes, 98;
- defends inequality and discourages reform, 98-99, 140-141, 336-337n;
- its extension in development philosophy, 101;
- now generally accepted, 101-102;
- its illegitimate inferences, 103-139;
- facts which disprove it, 140-150;
- its support from doctrine of rent, 97, 132-133, 228-229;
- effects predicated of increase of population result from improvements in the arts, 242-252;
- the ultimate defense of property in land, 336-337n.
- Man more than an animal, 129-131, 134-136, 307, 464, 473-475, 492-493;
- his power to avail himself of the reproductive forces of nature, 131-132;
- primary right and power, 332-333;
- desire for approbation, 456-458;
- selfishness not the master motive, 460-461;
- his infinite desires, 134-136, 243, 245-247, 464-465, 503;
- how improves, 475;
- idea of national or race life, 485-486;
- cause of differences and progress, 487-502;
- hereditary transmission, 492-502;
- social in his nature, 506.
- Mill, John Stuart, definition of capital, 34, 71-72;
- industry limited by capital, 56-57n, 70-71;
- Malthusian doctrine, 94-95, 111;
- effect of unrestricted increase of population, 140-141;
- confusion as to profits and interest, 158;
- law of rent, 168;
- wages, 213;
- government resumption of increase of land values, 358-360;
- influence of Malthusianism, 360-361;
- tax on rent, 420-421.
- Money, when capital, 45;
- in hands of consumer, 46n;
- confounded with wealth, 60-61;
- lack of commodities spoken of as lack of, 266.
- Monopolies, profits of, 191-194;
- cause of certain, 408-409.
- More, Sir Thomas, ejectments of cottagers, 289.
- Nature, its reproductive power, 180-182;
- utilization of its variations, 182-183, 185-187;
- equation between reproduction and destruction, 196-197;
- impartiality of, 333-334.
- Nicholson, N. A., on capital, 35.
- Nightingale, Florence, causes of famine in India, 118-119, 119n, 120n.
- Perry, Arthur Latham, on capital, 34;
- rent, 225.
- Political Economy, its failure, its nature and its methods, 10-13;
- doctrines based upon the theory that wages are drawn from capital, 24-25;
- importance of definitions, 30-36;
- its terms, abstract terms, 47;
- confusion of standard treatises, 56-57, 158-161, 218;
- the erroneous standpoint which its investigators have adopted, 162-163;
- its fundamental principle, 12, 204, 217, 560;
- writers on, stumbling over law of wages, 215-216;
- compared with astronomy, 219-220;
- deals with general tendencies, 278-279;
- admissions in standard works as to property in land, 356-358;
- principles not pushed to logical conclusions, 421;
- the Physiocrats, 421-422;
- unison with moral truth, 230, 484;
- its hopefulness, 557;
- effect on religious ideas, 555-556.
- Population and Subsistence, 91-150. (See Malthusian Theory.)
- Population, inferences as to increase, 103-104;
- of world, no evidence of increase in, 107-110;
- present, 113n;
- increase of descendants not increase of, 112;
- only limited by space, 133-134;
- real law of increase, 137-139;
- effect of increase upon production and distribution, 228-241;
- increase of increases wealth, 140-150;
- puts land to intenser uses, 320;
- increase in United States, 390.
- Poverty, its connection with material progress, 6-10;
- failure to explain this, 10-11;
- where deepest, 222;
- why it accompanies progress, 280-294;
- remedy for, 326-328;
- springs from injustice, 338-339, 541-542;
- its effects, 354, 456-464.
- Price, not measured by the necessity of the buyer, 185;
- equation of equalizes reward of labor, 204.
- Production, same principles obvious in complex as in simple forms, 26-29;
- factors of, 37, 162, 203, 270, 292-294;
- includes exchange, 47;
- the immediate result of labor, 64-67;
- directed by demand for consumption, 75;
- functions of capital in, 79-87, 162-164;
- simple modes of sometimes most efficient, 84-85;
- only relative term, 133;
- increased shown by increased consumption, 149;
- meaning of the term, 155;
- utilizes reproductive forces, 179-182;
- time an element in, 180-185;
- the modes of, 186;
- recourse to lower points does not involve diminution of, 229-232;
- tendency to large scale, 320-321, 325, 531-532;
- susceptible of enormous increase, 431-434, 466, 547.
- Profits, meaning of the term and confusions in its use, 158-162, 189-194.
- Progress, human, current theory of considered, 473-486;
- in what it consists, 487-502;
- its law, 503-523, 541-549;
- retrogression, 524-540.
- Progress, material, connection with poverty, 7-11, 222;
- in what it consists, 227;
- effects upon distribution of wealth, 228-241;
- effect of expectation raised by, 253-258;
- how it results in industrial depressions, 261-279;
- why it produces poverty, 280-294.
- Property, basis of, 331-334, 340-342;
- erroneous categories of, 335;
- derivation of distinction between real and personal, 377;
- private in land not necessary to use of land, 395-400;
- idea of transferred to land, 514-515.
- Protection, its fallacies have their root in belief as to wages, 19;
- effect on agriculturists, 447-449;
- abolition by England, effect of, 252;
- how protective taxes fall, 447-448.
- Quesnay, his doctrine, 422-423, 431.
- Rent, bearing upon Malthusian theory, 96-98, 132-134, 228-241, 242-252;
- meaning of the term, 165;
- arises from monopoly, 166;
- law of, 168-170;
- its corollaries, 171, 217-218;
- effect of their recognition, 171-172;
- as related to interest, 201-203;
- as related to wages, 204-216;
- advance of explains why wages and interest do not advance, 221-222;
- increased by increase of population, 228-241;
- increased by improvements, 242-252;
- by speculation, 253-258;
- speculative advance in the cause of industrial depressions, 261-279;
- advance in explains the persistence of poverty, 280-294;
- increase of not prevented by tenant right, 322;
- or by division of land, 324-325;
- serf, generally fixed, 353;
- confiscation of future increase, 357-359;
- a continuous robbery, 362-363;
- feudal rents, 372-375;
- their abolition, 378-381;
- their present value, 381-382;
- rent now taken by the State, 397-400;
- State appropriation of, 401-427, 514-515;
- taxes on, 406-419;
- effects of thus appropriating, 431-486.
- Reade, Winwood, Martyrdom of Man, 478n, 479n.
- Religion, necessary to socialism, 318;
- promotive of civilization, 509, 519-520;
- Hebrew, effects on race, 495-496;
- retrogression in, 536-537;
- change going on, 540;
- animosities created by, 507n;
- consensus of, 560-561.
- Ricardo, definition of capital, 33;
- inference as to population, 71;
- enunciation of law of rent, 168;
- narrow view of, 168-169, 225;
- tax on rent, 420.
- Royce, Samuel, Deterioration and Race Education, 538n.
- Slaveholders of the South, their view of abolition, 351-353.
- Slavery, chattel, comparatively trivial effects of, 347;
- modifying influences, 353-354;
- not truly abolished in United States, 355, 392;
- never aided progress, 522-523.
- Smith, Adam, definition of capital, 32-33, 36-42, 44, 45-46;
- recognizes truth as to source of wages and then abandons it, 50;
- influence of Malthusian theory upon, 92;
- profits, 157;
- how economists have followed him, 159;
- differences of wages in different occupations, 207-208, 209-210;
- his failure to appreciate the laws of distribution, 215;
- taxation, 416-419.
- Socialism, its ends and means, 317-319;
- practical realization of its ideal, 431-469.
- Social organization and life, possible changes, 452-69.
- Spencer, Herbert, compensation of land owners, 357-358, 362;
- public ownership of land, 402;
- evolution, 478, 485;
- human progress, 478-479;
- social differences, 502.
- Strikes, 310-314.
- Subsistence, population and, 91-150;
- increases with population, 129-133;
- cannot be exhausted, 133-134;
- included in wealth, 142, 244;
- demand for not fixed, 245-246. (See Malthusian Theory.)
- Supply and demand, of labor, 208-209;
- relative terms, 266-267;
- as affected by wages, 308-310.
- Swift, Dean, his Modest Proposal, 126.
- Taxation, eliminated in considering distribution, 155;
- reduction of will not relieve poverty, 297-301;
- considered, 406-427;
- canons of, 406;
- effect upon production, 406-412;
- ease and cheapness in collection, 412-414;
- certainty, 414-416;
- equality of, 416-419;
- opinions on, 420-423;
- objections to tax on rent, 422-427;
- cause of manifold taxation, 425-427;
- how taxation falls on agriculturists, 447-450;
- effects of confiscating rent by taxation, 431-469.
- Tennant, Rev. Wm., cause of famine in India, 115-116.
- Thornton, Wm., on wage fund, 18n;
- on capital, 35.
- Values, equation of, 196-197.
- Wages, current doctrine, 17;
- it coincides with vulgar opinion, 18;
- but is inconsistent with facts, 19-22;
- genesis of current theory, 22;
- difference between it and that herein advanced, 23-25;
- not drawn from capital but produced by labor, 23, 25-29, 49-69;
- meaning of the term, 31-32;
- always subsequent to labor, 56-58;
- fallacy of the assumption that they are drawn from capital, 56-57;
- for services, 59n;
- connection between current doctrine and Malthusian theory, 92-95, 96-97;
- confusion of terms produced by current theory, 159;
- rate of, 204;
- law of, 204-216;
- formulated, 213;
- in different occupations, 207-212;
- as quantity and as proportion, 216;
- not increased by material progress, 303-304;
- minimum fixed by standard of comfort, 303;
- effect of increase or decrease on employers, 308-309;
- equilibrium of, 310-311;
- not increased by division of land, 323-325;
- why they tend to wages of slavery, 346;
- efficiency of labor increases with, 442.
- Wages and Interest, high or low together, 19-22;
- current explanation, 19;
- Cairne’s explanation, 20-22;
- true explanation, 170-172, 199-203, 221;
- formulated, 218.
- Wages of Superintendence, 159;
- used to include profits of monopoly, 191.
- Walker, Amasa, capital, 35.
- Walker, Prof. F. A., wages, 18n;
- capital, 35.
- Wayland, Professor, definition of capital, 34.
- Wealth, increase of not generally shared, 8-9;
- meaning of term, 38-40;
- interchangeability of, 47-48, 142, 181-182, 244-247;
- confounded with money, 60-61;
- increases with population, 141-150;
- accumulated, 147-149;
- laws of distribution, 153-216;
- formulated, 218;
- nature of, 147-149, 180, 205;
- political effects of unequal distribution, 300, 527-535;
- effects of just distribution, 438-444, 450-451, 452-469.