FOOTNOTES:
1 (return)
[ Chief among these were
Fourier and Saint-Simon, who constructed somewhat fantastic Socialistic
ideal commonwealths. Proudhon, with whom Marx had some not wholly friendly
relations, is to be regarded as a forerunner of the Anarchists rather than
of orthodox Socialism.]
2 (return)
[ Marx mentions the English
Socialists with praise in "The Poverty of Philosophy" (1847). They, like
him, tend to base their arguments upon a Ricardian theory of value, but
they have not his scope or erudition or scientific breadth. Among them may
be mentioned Thomas Hodgskin (1787-1869), originally an officer in the
Navy, but dismissed for a pamphlet critical of the methods of naval
discipline, author of "Labour Defended Against the Claims of Capital"
(1825) and other works; William Thompson (1785-1833), author of "Inquiry
into the Principles of Distribution of Wealth Most Conducive to Human
Happiness" (1824), and "Labour Rewarded" (1825); and Piercy Ravenstone,
from whom Hodgskin's ideas are largely derived. Perhaps more important
than any of these was Robert Owen.]
3 (return)
[ The first and most
important volume appeared in 1867; the other two volumes were published
posthumously (1885 and 1894).]
4 (return)
[ Vol. i, p. 227.]
5 (return)
[ Vol. i, pp. 237, 238.]
6 (return)
[ Vol. i, pp. 239, 240.]
7 (return)
[ Vol. i, pp. 758, 759.]
8 (return)
[ Vol. i pp. 788, 789.]
9 (return)
[ Die Voraussetzungen des
Sozialismus und die Aufgaben der Sozial-Demokratie."]
10 (return)
[ La Decomposition du
Marxisme," p. 53.]
11 (return)
[ "Musings of a Chinese
Mystic." Selections from the Philosophy of Chuang Tzu. With an
Introduction by Lionel Giles, M.A. (Oxon.). Wisdom of the East Series,
John Murray, 1911. Pages 66-68.]
12 (return)
[ An account of the life of
Bakunin from the Anarchist standpoint will be found in vol. ii of the
complete edition of his works: "Michel Bakounine, OEuvres," Tome II. Avec
une notice biographique, des avant-propos et des notes, par James
Guillaume. Paris, P.-V, Stock, editeur, pp. v-lxiii.]
13 (return)
[ Criticism of these
theories will be reserved for Part II.]
14 (return)
[ Ibid. p. xxvi.]
15 (return)
[ "Marx, as a thinker, is
on the right road. He has established as a principle that all the
evolutions, political, religious, and juridical, in history are, not the
causes, but the effects of economic evolutions. This is a great and
fruitful thought, which he has not absolutely invented; it has been
glimpsed, expressed in part, by many others besides him; but in any case
to him belongs the honor of having solidly established it and of having
enunciated it as the basis of his whole economic system. (1870; ib. ii. p.
xiii.)]
16 (return)
[ This title is not
Bakunin's, but was invented by Cafiero and Elisee Reclus, who edited it,
not knowing that it was a fragment of what was intended to he the second
version of "L'Empire Knouto-Germanique" (see ib. ii. p 283).]
17 (return)
[ Paris, 1894.]
18 (return)
[ The attitude of all the
better Anarchists is that expressed by L. S. Bevington in the words: "Of
course we know that among those who call themselves Anarchists there are a
minority of unbalanced enthusiasts who look upon every illegal and
sensational act of violence as a matter for hysterical jubilation. Very
useful to the police and the press, unsteady in intellect and of weak
moral principle, they have repeatedly shown themselves accessible to venal
considerations. They, and their violence, and their professed Anarchism
are purchasable, and in the last resort they are welcome and efficient
partisans of the bourgeoisie in its remorseless war against the deliverers
of the people." His conclusion is a very wise one: "Let us leave
indiscriminate killing and injuring to the Government—to its
Statesmen, its Stockbrokers, its Officers, and its Law." ("Anarchism and
Violence," pp. 9-10. Liberty Press, Chiswick, 1896.)]
19 (return)
[ See next Chapter.]
20 (return)
[ Of which the Independent
Labor Party is only a section.]
And also in Italy. A good, short account of the Italian movement is given by A. Lanzillo, "Le Mouvement Ouvrier en Italie," Bibliotheque du Mouvement Proletarien. See also Paul Louis, "Le Syndicalisme Europeen," chap. vi. On the other hand Cole ("World of Labour," chap. vi) considers the strength of genuine Syndicalism in Italy to be small.]
21 (return)
[ This is often recognized
by Syndicalists themselves. See, e.g., an article on "The Old
International" in the Syndicalist of February, 1913, which, after giving
an account of the struggle between Marx and Bakunin from the standpoint of
a sympathizer with the latter, says: "Bakounin's ideas are now more alive
than ever."]
22 (return)
[ See pp. 42-43, and 160 of
"Syndicalism in France," Louis Levine, Ph.D. (Columbia University Studies
in Political Science, vol. xlvi, No. 3.) This is a very objective and
reliable account of the origin and progress of French Syndicalism. An
admirable short discussion of its ideas and its present position will be
found in Cole's "World of Labour" (G. Bell & Sons), especially
chapters iii, iv, and xi.]
23 (return)
[ See Levine, op. cit.,
chap. ii.]
24 (return)
[ Cole, ib., p. 65.]
25 (return)
[ "Syndicat in France still
means a local union—there are at the present day only four national
syndicats" (ib., p. 66).]
26 (return)
[ Cole, ib. p. 69.]
27 (return)
[ In fact the General
Strike was invented by a Londoner William Benbow, an Owenite, in 1831.]
28 (return)
[ "World of Labour," pp.
212, 213.]
29 (return)
[ Quoted in Cole, ib. p.
128.]
30 (return)
[ Ib., p. 135.]
31 (return)
[ Brooks, op. cit., p. 79.]
32 (return)
[ Brooks, op. cit., pp.
86-87.]
34 (return)
[ Literary Digest, May 2
and May 16, 1914.]
36 (return)
[ The above quotations are
all from the first pamphlet of the National Guilds League, "National
Guilds, an Appeal to Trade Unionists."]
35 (return)
[ The ideas of Guild
Socialism were first set forth in "National Guilds," edited by A. R. Orage
(Bell & Sons, 1914), and in Cole's "World of Labour" (Bell &
Sons), first published in 1913. Cole's "Self-Government in Industry" (Bell
& Sons, 1917) and Rickett & Bechhofer's "The Meaning of National
Guilds" (Palmer & Hayward, 1918) should also be read, as well as
various pamphlets published by the National Guilds League. The attitude of
the Syndicalists to Guild Socialism is far from sympathetic. An article in
"The Syndicalist" for February, 1914, speaks of it in the following terms:
a Middle-class of the middle-class, with all the shortcomings (we had
almost said `stupidities') of the middle- classes writ large across it,
`Guild Socialism' stands forth as the latest lucubration of the
middle-class mind. It is a `cool steal' of the leading ideas of
Syndicalism and a deliberate perversion of them. . . . We do protest
against the `State' idea . . . in Guild Socialism. Middle-class people,
even when they become Socialists, cannot get rid of the idea that the
working-class is their `inferior'; that the workers need to be `educated,'
drilled, disciplined, and generally nursed for a very long time before
they will be able to walk by themselves. The very reverse is actually the
truth. . . . It is just the plain truth when we say that the ordinary
wage-worker, of average intelligence, is better capable of taking care of
himself than the half-educated middle-class man who wants to advise him.
He knows how to make the wheels of the world go round."]
37 (return)
[ "The Guild Idea," No. 2
of the Pamphlets of the National Guilds League, p. 17.]
38 (return)
[ Kropotkin, "Fields,
Factories and Workshops," p. 74.]
39 (return)
[ Ib. p. 81.]
40 (return)
[ Kropotkin, "Field,
Factories, and Workshops," p. 6.]
41 (return)
[ "Notwithstanding the
egotistic turn given to the public mind by the merchant-production of our
century, the Communist tendency is continually reasserting itself and
trying to make its way into public life. The penny bridge disappears
before the public bridge; and the turnpike road before the free road. The
same spirit pervades thousands of other institutions. Museums, free
libraries, and free public schools; parks and pleasure grounds; paved and
lighted streets, free for everybody's use; water supplied to private
dwellings, with a growing tendency towards disregarding the exact amount
of it used by the individual, tramways and railways which have already
begun to introduce the season ticket or the uniform tax, and will surely
go much further on this line when they are no longer private property: all
these are tokens showing in what direction further progress is to be
expected."—Kropotkin, "Anarchist Communism."]
42 (return)
[ An able discussion of
this question, at of various others, from the standpoint of reasoned and
temperate opposition to Anarchism, will be found in Alfred Naquet's
"L'Anarchie et le Collectivisme," Paris, 1904.]
43 (return)
[ "Overwork is repulsive to
human nature—not work. Overwork for supplying the few with luxury—not
work for the well- being of all. Work, labor, is a physiological
necessity, a necessity of spending accumulated bodily energy, a necessity
which is health and life itself. If so many branches of useful work are so
reluctantly done now, it is merely because they mean overwork, or they are
improperly organized. But we know—old Franklin knew it—that
four hours of useful work every day would be more than sufficient for
supplying everybody with the comfort of a moderately well-to-do
middle-class house, if we all gave ourselves to productive work, and if we
did not waste our productive powers as we do waste them now. As to the
childish question, repeated for fifty years: `Who would do disagreeable
work?' frankly I regret that none of our savants has ever been brought to
do it, be it for only one day in his life. If there is still work which is
really disagreeable in itself, it is only because our scientific men have
never cared to consider the means of rendering it less so: they have
always known that there were plenty of starving men who would do it for a
few pence a day." Kropotkin, "`Anarchist Communism."]
44 (return)
[ "As to the so-often
repeated objection that nobody would labor if he were not compelled to do
so by sheer necessity, we heard enough of it before the emancipation of
slaves in America, as well as before the emancipation of serfs in Russia;
and we have had the opportunity of appreciating it at its just value. So
we shall not try to convince those who can be convinced only by
accomplished facts. As to those who reason, they ought to know that, if it
really was so with some parts of humanity at its lowest stages—and
yet, what do we know about it?—or if it is so with some small
communities, or separate individuals, brought to sheer despair by
ill-success in their struggle against unfavorable conditions, it is not so
with the bulk of the civilized nations. With us, work is a habit, and
idleness an artificial growth." Kropotkin, "Anarchist Communism," p. 30.]
45 (return)
[ "While holding this
synthetic view on production, the Anarchists cannot consider, like the
Collectivists, that a remuneration which would be proportionate to the
hours of labor spent by each person in the production of riches may be an
ideal, or even an approach to an ideal, society." Kropotkin, "Anarchist
Communism," p. 20.]
46 (return)
[ I do not say freedom is
the greatest of ALL goods: the best things come from within—they are
such things as creative art, and love, and thought. Such things can be
helped or hindered by political conditions, but not actually produced by
them; and freedom is, both in itself and in its relation to these other
goods the best thing that political and economic conditions can secure.]
47 (return)
[ Communist Manifesto, p.
22.]
48 (return)
[ "On the other hand, the
STATE has also been confused with GOVERNMENT. As there can be no State
without government, it has been sometimes said that it is the absence of
government, and not the abolition of the State, that should be the aim.]
49 (return)
[ Representative government
has accomplished its historical mission; it has given a mortal blow to
Court-rule; and by its debates it has awakened public interest in public
questions. But, to see in it the government of the future Socialist
society, is to commit a gross error. Each economical phase of life implies
its own political phase; and it is impossible to touch the very basis of
the present economical life—private property— without a
corresponding change in the very basis of the political organization. Life
already shows in which direction the change will be made. Not in
increasing the powers of the State, but in resorting to free organization
and free federation in all those branches which are now considered as
attributes of the State." Kropotkin, "Anarchist Communism," pp. 28-29.]
50 (return)
[ On this subject there is
an excellent discussion in the before-mentioned work of Monsieur Naquet.]
51 (return)
[ "As to the third—the
chief—objection, which maintains the necessity of a government for
punishing those who break the law of society, there is so much to say
about it that it hardly can be touched incidentally. The more we study the
question, the more we are brought to the conclusion that society itself is
responsible for the anti-social deeds perpetrated in its midst, and that
no punishment, no prisons, and no hangmen can diminish the numbers of such
deeds; nothing short of a reorganization of society itself. Three-quarters
of all the acts which are brought every year before our courts have their
origin, either directly or indirectly, in the present disorganized state
of society with regard to the production and distribution of wealth—not
in the perversity of human nature. As to the relatively few anti-social
deeds which result from anti-social inclinations of separate individuals,
it is not by prisons, nor even by resorting to the hangmen, that we can
diminish their numbers. By our prisons, we merely multiply them and render
them worse. By our detectives, our `price of blood,' our executions, and
our jails, we spread in society such a terrible flow of basest passions
and habits, that he who should realize the effects of these institutions
to their full extent, would be frightened by what society is doing under
the pretext of maintaining morality. We must search for other remedies,
and the remedies have been indicated long since." Kropotkin, "Anarchist
Communism," pp. 31-32.]
52 (return)
[ "Anarchist Communism," p.
27.]
53 (return)
[ This was written before
the author had any personal experience of the prison system. He personally
met with nothing but kindness at the hands of the prison officials.]
54 (return)
[ Bell, 1917.]
55 (return)
[ Walter Scott Publishing
Company, 1906, p. 262.]
56 (return)
[ This was written in
March, 1918, almost the darkest moment of the war.]
57 (return)
[ "L'Anarchie et le
Collectivisme," p. 114.]
58 (return)
[ Which we discussed in
Chapter IV.]
59 (return)
[ "Self-Government in
Industry," G. Bell & Sons, 1917, pp. 110-111.]
60 (return)
[ Some may fear that the
result would be an undue increase of population, but such fears I believe
to be groundless. See above, (Chapter IV, on "Work and Pay." Also, Chapter
vi of "Principles of Social Reconstruction" (George Allen and Unwin,
Ltd.).]
61 (return)
[ See the discussion of
this question in the preceding chapter.]