Natchez Indians of North America, 124
Natural inequality of men, 166 sq.
Nature, why illicit relations between the sexes are thought to disturb the balance of, 99 sqq.
—— the Sphinx, 102
Nebuchadnezzar, the king, quoted, 37 sq.
Nepal, 138
Nets to catch ghosts, 139
New Britain, 109; taboo in, 26 sq.
—— Guinea, British, 125, 147; Dutch, 131; German, 82, 124, 127, 131
—— Hebrides, 86
—— Mecklenburg, 89
—— South Wales, 74
—— Zealand, authority of chiefs in, 7 sqq. Nias, the island of, 46 sq.; curses in, 34
Niger, tribes of the Lower, 119
Nile, the Upper, 57
Ninib, Babylonian god, 38
Nuru, the spirit of the slain, 121
Nusku, Babylonian god, 38
Oaths and imprecations as preservers of property, 24 sqq. See also Curses
Obeah man, magician, 42
Obi, magic, 42
Oedipus, the incest of, 61
Ojèbways, their modes of keeping off ghosts, 139 sq.
Omaha Indians, 132 sq.; their customs as to pardoned murderers, 126
Opinion and action, their relative values for society, 155
Orang Glai, the, savages of Annam, 46
Oraons of Bengal, their fear of the ghosts of women dying in childbed or pregnancy, 134
Oregon, Chinook Indians of, 126
Orestes, the matricide, 114, 115, 117, 118, 119, 126
Orinoco, the, 112
Ottawa Indians, 131
Ovakumbi, a tribe of Angola, 108
Ovambo, a Bantu people of South-West Africa, 80 sq.
Pacific, first exploration of the, 173
Paestum, the temples at, 170
Paint-house, the, 55
Pamali, taboo, 27
Papuans of New Guinea, 131; of Issoudun, 147
Parents-in-law, ceremonial avoidance by man of his future, 81, 83
Parricide, Roman punishment of, 52; guilt of, 61
Pasemhers, a tribe of Sumatra, 69
Pasir, a district of Borneo, 51
Patagonians, their fear of the dead, 111 sqq.
Peasantry of Europe, their intellectual savagery, 170
Pemali, taboo, 27
Pepper put in eyes of corpse to blind ghost, 133
Perham, J., 47
Persephone, 36
Peru, the Yncas of, 15 sq., 173
Petara, Dyak name for deity, 47
Pig’s blood used in ceremonies of purification, 116 sq.
Pigs used in expiatory ceremonies, 44 sqq.
Physical causation, false notions of, 100
—— infection supposed to be spread by unchaste persons, 109
—— relationship supposed to exist between adulterer and injured husband, 104 sq.
Plato on sanctity of landmarks, 37
Pollution, ceremonial, 93, 105; incurred by homicide, 115 sqq., 128
——, dangerous, supposed to be incurred by unchastity, 109
Polynesia, authority of chiefs in, 7 sqq.; taboo in, 20 sqq.
Pomali, taboo, 27
Pontianak, ghost of woman who died in childbed, 137 n.
Precautions taken by homicides against the ghosts of their victims, 117 sqq., 123 sqq.; against the ghosts of bad people, 132 sq.; against ghosts of women dying in pregnancy or childbed, 133 sqq.; taken by widows and widowers against the ghosts of their spouses, 142 sqq.
Prehistoric ages, imperfections in the records of, 171 sq.
Primæval man unknown, 163 sq.
Primitive, relative sense in which the word is applied to existing savages, 163 sq.
Private property, superstition as a prop of, 20 sqq.
Propagation of animals and plants supposed to be affected by the relations of the human sexes, 99 sqq.
Property, superstition as a support of private, 20 sqq.; of the dead destroyed, 111 sq., 135
Psanyi, 122
Punans, the, of Borneo, 50
Punishments, severe, for sexual offences, 63 sqq., 96 sqq.
Punjaub, the, 133
Purification for unchastity by means of blood, 44 sqq.; for unchastity by means of water, 109; for homicide, 114, 115 sqq., 120 sqq., 123 sqq.; and capital punishment, 151 sq.
Queen Anne, 18
Queen Charlotte Islands, 107
Queen Draga of Servia, 97
Queensland, native tribes of, 72 sqq.; their mutilation of the dead, 137
Rain, kings expected to give, 13 sq.; failure or excess of, supposed to be caused by sexual immorality, 44, 46, 47, 48, 54, 55, 56
Rajah Brooke, 12
Rajamahal in Bengal, 45
Ramanandroany, a Malagasy deity, 31
Rape, punishment of, 66
Red paint put on homicides, 118, 124, 127
Regalia, sanctity of, 11
Relations by marriage, ceremonial avoidance of, 75 sqq.
Religion supplies the new theoretical basis of sexual morality, 101; of one generation the superstition of the next, 170 sq.
—— and magic, their relations, 100
Renan, Ernest, on the menace to civilization, 170
Reproduction of men, animals, and plants, analogy between the, 99 sq.
Rhodesia, Northern, 66, 79, 103, 120
Rhys, Sir John, quoted, 54 n. 2, 62 sq.
Rio de Janeiro, 96
Risley, Sir Herbert H., quoted, 138
Road from the grave barred against the ghost, 138 sq.
Robert the Pious, 18
Roman custom as to incest, 61 sq.
—— punishment of parricide, 52
Roscoe, Rev. J., quoted, 64 sq., 90 sq., 102 sq.
Ruanda, a district of Central Africa, 96
Sacred chiefs, 7 sqq.
—— fig-tree among the Akikuyu, 128 sq.
—— fish, 36
Sacredness of chiefs in Polynesia, 7 sqq.
Sahagun on the natives of Mexico, 173
St. Patrick, canon of, 17
Samoa, superstition as a preserver of property in, 24 sqq.
Samoan taboos, 25 sq.
Sarah and Abraham, 60 sq.
Sarawak, Hill Dyaks of, 11 sq., 48
Savage, the, a human document, 172 sq.; the passing of the, 174 sq.
Savage horror of sexual irregularities, suggested reason for, 101
Savagery, civilization evolved out of, 162; importance of the study of, 162 sq., 172 sqq.; intellectual, of European peasantry, 170
Savages of to-day primitive only in a relative sense, 163 sq.
Saxons, their punishment of sexual offences, 97
Scapegoat for ghosts, 141 sq.
Scarecrows for ghosts, 139
Scepticism, religious, undermines foundations of society, 7
Science of man, 159 sq.
——, the temple of, 161
Scrofula, touching for, 17 sq.
Scythians drank the blood of friends and foes, 118
Sea-pike taboo, 25
Seclusion of homicides, 114 sq., 120, 121 sq., 124, 125 sqq.
Semendo, a district of Sumatra, 68
Servius Tullius, King, 61
Sexual communism, era of, 164 sq.
—— immorality supposed to be injurious to the culprits themselves and to their relations, 102 sqq.; superstitions as to, 110
—— morality enforced by superstition, 44 sqq.; change in the theoretical basis of, 101
—— offences punished severely, 63 sqq., 96 sqq.; reason why savages punish these offences severely, 99 sqq.
“Shaking tubercule,” 32
Shans, the, of Burma, 119, 134
Sheep, expiatory sacrifice of, 92, 93
Shushwap Indians of British Columbia, mourning customs of the, 142 sq.
Siam, 32
Sibuyaus, the, of Sarawak, 48
Sibylline Books, 173
Sickness caused by evil spirits or sorcerers, 141
“Sickness of relationship,” 76 sq.
Sierra Leone, 42
Similarity of the human mind in all races, 172
Sister, incest with a, 51, 54, 59, 60 n. 1, 62, 67, 68, 105
Sisters and brothers, mutual avoidance of, 77
Slave Coast, the, 41
Slavery in England, 169
Slavs, punishment of sexual offences among the Southern, 97 sq.
Slayers fear the ghosts of their victims, 113 sqq.
Sle, pollution incurred by unchastity, 109
Smyrna, 36
Social anthropology, the scope of, 157 sqq.
Society, concerned with conduct, not opinion, 155; ultimately controlled by knowledge, 167; sapped by superstition, 170; its surface in perpetual motion, 171
Sociology, 160
Son-in-law, ceremonial avoidance of, 79 sq.
Sophocles on Oedipus, 61
Sphinx, riddles of the, 102
State, duty of the, in regard to anthropology, 175 sq.
Stinks to keep off ghosts, 139
Stoning as a punishment of sexual offences, 64, 97 sq.
Sulka, the, of New Britain, 109
Sumatra, 46, 67, 68, 69, 82, 109
Sun, Yncas descended from the, 15
Supernatural powers attributed to chiefs, 6 sqq.
Superstition, baneful effects of, 3; a plea for, 3 sq., 154 sq.; as a prop of government, 6 sqq.; as a prop of private property, 20 sqq.; as a prop of marriage, 44 sqq.; as a prop to the security of human life, 111 sqq.; heavy toll paid to, 113; services which superstition has rendered to humanity, 154 sq.; at the bar, 155 sq.; the creed of the laggards in the march of intellect, 168 sq.; a danger to society, 170; the religion of a past generation, 170 sq.
Superstitions either public or private, 169; the crudest, survive longest, 170 sq.
Superstitious fear of contact with Maori chiefs, 9 sq.
Surface of society in perpetual motion, 171
Survivals of savagery in civilization, 166
Swedes, the ancient, 16
Taboo as a support of chiefs, 7 sqq.; as a prop of private property, 20 sqq.; (tambu) in Melanesia, 26 sq.
Tabooed, homicides, 121
Tahiti, sacredness of kings of, 10 sq.
Tamanaques, the, of the Orinoco, 112
Tambu (taboo) in Melanesia, 26 sq.
Tapu (taboo) among the Maoris, 20 sqq.
Tattooing of homicides, 121
Taylor, Rev. Richard, 8
Ternate, 54
Thahu, ceremonial pollution, 93, 105, 115, 128
Theal, G. McCall, quoted, 91
Theoretical basis of sexual morality, 101
Thieves cursed, 34 sqq.
Thompson Indians of British Columbia, mourning customs of the, 144 sq.
Thomson, Basil, quoted, 7
Thomson, J. Arthur, quoted, 95 sq.
Thonga tribe of South-East Africa, 57, 80, 92, 104; their purification of homicides, 121 sq.
Thorn bushes to keep off ghosts, 142 sq., 144, 145
Thunder taboo, 26
Tigers, plague of, a punishment for sexual offences, 45, 46
Timor, taboo in, 27
Togoland, 142
Tololaki, the, of Central Celebes, 53
Tomori, the, of Central Celebes, 52
Tonga, sacredness of chiefs in, 10; taboo in, 26
Tonquin, 33
Toradjas of Central Celebes, 12, 29, 30, 122; their fear of the ghosts of the slain, 129
Torture to extract confession, 64 sq.
Touched, chiefs and kings not to be, 9, 11
Touching for scrofula, 17 sq.
Traitors disembowelled in England, 169
Travail pangs supposed to be aggravated by adultery, 104
Travancore, 132
Trembling thought to be caused by contact with certain relations, 77, 90
Troezen, purification of Orestes at, 115
Tsetsaut Indians of British Columbia, mourning customs of the, 143
Tubercule, the shaking, 32
Tunguses, their burial customs, 137, 138
Turner, Dr. George, quoted, 24 sq., 26
Tylor, Sir E. B., 159
Ulcer taboo, 25 sq.
Unchastity, supposed physical infection of, 109
United States of America, their Bureau of Ethnology, 175
Universities, the function of the, 175
Unmarried persons, disastrous effects supposed to flow from sexual intercourse between, 44, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 55, 57, 63, 65, 96
Vancouver Island, 143
Victoria, aborigines of, 71 sq.
—— Nyanza, Lake, 78
Voyages to the South Seas, 173
Wagogo, the, of German East Africa, 92, 106
Wakelbura tribe of Queensland, 72
Wallace, A. R., quoted, 27, 70
Wanigela River, 125
Wanika, the, of East Africa, 38
War, a sacred duty, 129; wives expected to be faithful during their husbands’ absence at the, 106 sq.
Warfare, mimic, conducted by women and children at home, 129
Washamba, the, of German East Africa, 106
Water ordeal, 107
Wawanga, the, of British East Africa, 123
Weeks, Rev. John H., 85 n. 1; quoted, 75 sq., 128
Welsh saying as to rain, 54 n. 2
West Indies, charms to protect property in the, 42 sq.
Westermarck, Dr. Edward, 32, 56
White-shark taboo, 25
Widows and widowers, precautions taken by them against the ghosts of their spouses, 142 sqq.
Wife of wife’s brother, ceremonial avoidance of, 80
Wife’s mother, ceremonial avoidance of, 75 sqq., 86 sq., 90 sq.
Witches burned in England, 169
Women dying in pregnancy or childbed, fear of their ghosts, 133 sqq.
Wotjobaluk tribe of Victoria, 74
Yabim, the, of German New Guinea, 127, 131
Yncas of Peru, superstitious veneration for the, 15 sq.
Yucatan, Indians of, 83
Yuin tribe of New South Wales, 74
Zanzibar, 78
Zeus as guardian of landmarks, 37
Zulus, their ideas as to injurious effects of adultery, 107 sq.
ENDNOTES
Chapter I Notes
6.1 R. H. Codrington, D.D., The Melanesians (Oxford, 1891), p. 46.
Chapter II Notes
7.1 R. H. Codrington, op. cit. p. 52.
7.2 Basil Thomson, The Fijians, a Study of the Decay of Custom (London, 1908), pp. 57-59, 64, 158.
8.1 Rev. Richard Taylor, Te Ika A Maui, or New Zealand and its Inhabitants, Second Edition (London, 1870), pp. 352 sq.; as to the atuas or gods, see ib. pp. 134 sqq.
9.1 A. S. Thomson, M.D., The Story of New Zealand (London, 1859), i. 95 sq.
9.2 Rev. W. Yate, An Account of New Zealand (London, 1835), pp. 104 sq., note.
9.3 W. Brown, New Zealand and its Aborigines (London, 1845), p. 76. Compare Old New Zealand, by a Pakeha Maori (London, 1884), pp. 96 sq.
10.1 Rev. R. Taylor, op. cit. p. 164.
10.2 Rev. R. Taylor, op. cit. pp. 164, 165.
10.3 W. Mariner, Account of the Natives of the Tonga Islands, Second Edition (London, 1818), i. 141 sq. note, 434, note, ii. 82 sq., 222 sq.
10.4 W. Ellis, Polynesian Researches, Second Edition (London, 1832-1836), iii. 108.
11.1 W. Ellis, op. cit. iii. 101 sq.; J. Wilson, Missionary Voyage to the Southern Pacific Ocean (London, 1799), pp. 329 sq.
11.2 Zeitschrift für allgemeine Erdkunde (Berlin), vi. (1856) pp. 398 sq.; F. T. Valdez, Six Years of a Traveller’s Life in Western Africa (London, 1861), ii. 251 sq.
11.3 W. W. Skeat, Malay Magic (London, 1900), pp. 23 sq.
11.4 W. W. Skeat, op. cit. p. 36.
12.1 Hugh Low, Sarawak (London, 1848), pp. 259 sq.
12.2 N. Adriani en Alb. C. Kruijt, De Bare’e-sprekende Toradja’s van Midden-Celebes, i. (Batavia, 1912) pp. 130 sq.
12.3 For evidence see The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, i. 342 sqq., 392 sqq.
13.1 Proyart’s “History of Loango, Kakongo, and other Kingdoms in Africa,” in John Pinkerton’s Voyages and Travels (London, 1808-1814), xvi. 577. Compare O. Dapper, Description de l’Afrique (Amsterdam, 1686), pp. 335 sq.
13.2 “The Strange Adventures of Andrew Battel,” in J. Pinkerton’s Voyages and Travels, xvi. 330.
14.1 J. Dos Santos, “Eastern Ethiopia,” chapters v. and ix., in G. McCall Theal’s Records of South-Eastern Africa, vii. (1901) pp. 190 sq., 199.
14.2 J. Dos Santos, op. cit. pp. 194 sq.
14.3 A. C. Hollis, The Nandi, their Language and Folk-lore (Oxford, 1909), pp. 49 sq.
15.1 C. P. Tiele, History of the Egyptian Religion (London, 1882), pp. 103 sq. For fuller details see A. Moret, Du caractère religieux de la royauté pharaonique (Paris, 1902); The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, i. 418 sq.
15.2 Ammianus Marcellinus, xxviii. 5. 14.
16.1 Garcilasso de la Vega, First Part of the Royal Commentaries of the Yncas, translated by C. R. Markham (London, 1869-1871), i. 154 sq.
16.2 The Laws of Manu, vii. 5-8, translated by G. Bühler (Oxford, 1886), p. 217 (Sacred Books of the East, vol. xxv.).
16.3 The Laws of Manu, ix. 246 sq., translated by G. Bühler, p. 385.
16.4 Homer, Odyssey, ii. 409, iv. 43, 691, vii. 167, viii. 2, xviii. 405; Iliad, ii. 335, xvii. 464, etc.
16.5 Homer, Odyssey, xix. 109-114.
16.6 Ammianus Marcellinus, xxviii. 5. 14.
17.1 Snorro Sturleson, The Heimskringla, or Chronicle of the Kings of Norway, translated by S. Laing (London, 1844), saga i. chapters 18 and 47, vol. i. pp. 230, 256.
17.2 P. W. Joyce, Social History of Ancient Ireland (London, 1903), i. 56 sq.; J. O’Donovan, The Book of Rights (Dublin, 1847), p. 8, note.
17.3 S. Johnson, Journey to the Western Islands, pp. 65 sq. (The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL.D., London, 1825, vol. vi.).
17.4 J. G. Campbell, Superstitions of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland (Glasgow, 1900), p. 5.
17.5 W. G. Black, Folk-Medicine (London, 1883), pp. 140 sqq. See further The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, i. 368 sqq.; and especially Raymond Crawfurd, The King’s Evil (Oxford, 1911), which contains a full history of the superstition from the eleventh century onwards, authenticated by documentary evidence.
18.1 W. Mariner, An Account of the Natives of the Tonga Islands, Second Edition (London, 1818), i. 434, note.
18.2 Proyart’s “History of Loango, Kakongo, and other Kingdoms in Africa,” in J. Pinkerton’s Voyages and Travels, xvi. 573.
18.3 Raymond Crawfurd, The King’s Evil, pp. 11 sqq., 18 sqq.
18.4 J. Boswell, Life of Samuel Johnson, Ninth Edition (London, 1822), i. 18 sq.
18.5 Raymond Crawfurd, The King’s Evil, pp. 144 sqq., 159 sqq.