Putnam's Automobile Handbook: The Care and Management of the Modern Motor-Car

INDEX

A
Accelerate while clutch is being engaged, 168
Accelerator, lubrication of, 41
Accelerator pedal, 20;
what it does, where placed, 160
Accessories, electric, cause trouble, 282
Air in tires, plenty of, before leaving garage, 308
Alcohol, in freeze-proof solution, how much to use, 192
Alignment, why wheels are not set in perfect, 101, 102, 103
Ammeter, 20, 109;
needle erratic, cause of, 283
Anti-freezing solution, 164, 165;
necessary in winter, 191;
best to use, 193;
home-made, cheapest and just as efficient, 193;
composition of, depends on temperature, 193;
sometimes wise to replace with hot water to start engine, 194
Armature, increasing speed of, 117
Armature winding, trouble in, 277
Asphalt, dried, how to remove from car, 241
Asphyxiation from gasoline fumes, 225;
how to avoid, 226
Automobile, value of, what it depends on, 4;
schools, 7;
half knowledge of, an obstacle, 8;
description and essentials of, 12;
how to pull out when stuck, 86;
steering compared with steering of boats of different types, 102;
setting of wheels compared with bicycle, 105;
will steer with broken tie rod, 106;
how to start with engine running, 166;
how to stop, 168;
how to reverse, 169;
cleaning of, 175, 236;
may be kept in commission in many cold places the year round, 191;
any modern make, if kept in good condition will climb worst hill, 229;
to prepare for a tour, 244;
trouble hunting must be systematic, 272;
trouble, best way to find, 273;
not a fad, 301
Automobile body, how to care for gloss of, 242
Automobile fires, causes of, 214
Auxiliary air valve, adjust for high speeds, 309
Axle, rear, description, 13;
forward, description and location, 14
Axle shaft, rear, wind felt around, to keep oil away from brake lining, 96
B
Back-firing, cause of fires, 214;
how to prevent, 220
Bands, brake, how arranged, 97
Batteries, two should be carried, 157
Battery, 15;
source of current, 10;
necessity of first testing, 109, 114;
ignition, 120;
be sure it is sufficiently charged before leaving garage, 157;
must be filled oftener in hot weather, 206;
packed around with waste, sometimes causes fire, 217;
test before touring, 248;
inspect, in case of trouble, 276;
rules for care of, 312;
indications and causes of a discharged, 313
Battery and coil ignition system, 15
Battery to magneto, switch from, 309
Battery trouble, 123;
more difficult to keep charged in winter, 123;
instance of starving battery, 124, 125;
must not be overcharged, 125;
less efficiency in cold weather, 126;
now furnishes all current used, 126;
sediment in, 126;
can be charged overnight, 127;
former battery “don’ts,” 127;
average life of battery, 128
Bearings, crank, 17;
lubrication of wheel, 43;
definition, different types, 149;
of engine, form and construction, how oiled, 150;
of ignition system, form and lubrication, 152;
carburetor and throttle, 152, 153;
spark-control, starter, 153;
steering-gear, transmission propeller shaft, 154;
other, 155;
need additional care in summer, 208;
loose, cause knocking, 258;
tight, cause knocking, 259;
grit in, due to loss of hub cap, 270
Belts fan, troubles, how to care for, 200
Bicycle, setting of wheel compared with automobile, 105
Boats of different types, steering of, compared with steering of automobile, 102
Bolts, dropped from cars, 268;
absence of, cause squeaks, 269;
examination of, 269;
brake-linkage, 271;
dust-pan, 271;
must know location of, 271;
tighten, once a month, 271
Bottle, rubber hot-water, for heating carburetor, 194
Brake, use of engine as a, 95, 234, 247;
running, when needed, how operated, 158;
emergency, its use, how operated, 159, 308
Brake bands, how arranged, 97
Brake drums, description and location, 14, 15;
how injured, 98;
keep free from oil, 247
Brake-lever, emergency, 20, 159;
lubrication of, 41
Brake lining, can be ruined, 95;
oil on, its cause, the results, how to prevent, 96;
wears thin, 98;
when necessary to replace, 98;
rivets of, 98;
how to save, 247
Brake linkage, 15, 97;
bolts, 271
Brake mechanism, oiling of, important, 97
Brake pedal, 20
Brake rods, worn, cause clattering, 264
Brakes, affect tires, 72;
badly or unevenly adjusted, cause skidding, 80, 88;
more important than the engine, manufacturers constantly improving, 93;
must be continually watched, 94;
other means of braking, 95;
use of, on hills, 95, 172, 173;
oil in lining, what causes it, how to prevent it, 96, 97;
lubrication necessary, 97;
failure of lining, 98;
hand and foot, 98, 99;
adjustment of both, for best effect, 99;
inspect both sets before touring, 246;
use two sets alternately, 247
Brass, remove corrosion from, with cleaning compound, 239;
how to keep from corrosion, 239
Breaker points cause trouble, 292
Bulbs, electric light, extra set, 31
Bursting of radiator, pipes, and water-jacket prevented by proper freeze-proof solution, 193
C
Cam, loose, causes knocking, 259;
follower guide causes knocking, 259;
shafts to adjust, 309
Cams, worm, cause knocking, 259
Carbon, on valves, 67;
secondary current absorbed by, 119;
acts as a condenser, 119;
short circuits spark plug, 120;
in engine causes over-heating, 202;
remove, before touring, 247;
causes knocking, 251;
reduces size of combustion chamber, 252;
bits of, in unusual places, cause trouble, 272;
on valve seats, 274
Carbon dioxide, in gasoline fumes, 224;
monoxide, in gasoline fumes, 224
Carbonic acid gas, in gasoline fumes, 224
Carburetor, location, 15;
what it does, 23;
float, 23;
adjustment to limit gasoline supply, 47;
affected by weather, 53;
varieties of, 55;
test for, 56;
adjustment of, 56, 57;
poor adjustment of, 68;
bearings, 152;
priming, 166;
works worst in cold weather, 185;
manufacturers constantly improving efficiency of, 185, 186;
desired which will vaporize heavy gasoline in cold weather, 186;
stove and water-jacket both needed for cold weather, 186;
will work better if hot air is first introduced, 187;
“stove” put out by many manufacturers, 187;
with water-jacketed mixing chamber, 187;
devices for heating, 194;
hot weather treatment, 206;
inspect in case of trouble, 275;
how to adjust a, 309;
learn construction before attempting to adjust, 309
Caster effect of inclined knuckle pins, 105
Castor oil for harsh-gripping clutch, 310
Cautions, miscellaneous important, 176
Chains, cross, 82;
non-skid, how to adjust, 81, 82;
often drop links, 270
Chain tool, convenience of, 29
Chamber, combustion, 17
Chamois skin, 52, 241
Charge, of gasoline and air, 17;
in combustion chamber, how fired and when, 22
Chart, Y. M. C. A., general trouble, 279
Chassis, construction of, 13;
position of, 13;
how to clean, 239
“Chauffeur,” real meaning “stoker,” 320
Chauffeurs, faults of, 6;
must now have technical electrical knowledge, 282, 283, 284;
show generally an increase
in neatness and cleanliness and improvement in manners, 321
Choke, or priming device, 162
Circuit, breaker, 16;
complete necessary, 108;
secondary, gap in, 112;
secondary, heavy insulation absorbs current, 119
Clattering caused by worn brake rods, 264
Cleaning car, 175, 236;
cleaner it is kept, longer it will run satisfactorily, 236;
oil and grease should be removed from outside of engine, 237, 238;
from wire terminals and spark plugs, 238;
from cylinders, remove corrosion from brass, 239;
keep iron parts from rusting, 239;
fan, fan belt, pulleys, and casings, 239;
chassis and parts under car, 239;
how to make a “creeper” to lie on while working under car, 240;
cleaning the body with hose and water, 240;
drying with chamois and cloth, 241;
how to remove dried mud and asphalt, 241;
do not use soap, 241;
use running water if possible, 242;
preparations for renewing varnished surface, 242;
cleaning and treatment of the top, 242;
keep car covered in garage, 242;
slip covers, 243;
fumes from stable or barnyard will dull varnish, 243;
barn used for garage should be renovated, 243
Clearance between valve stems, and push rods causes trouble, 290
Click caused by rear driving shaft, instance of, 262
Climbing hills, 171
Clogging of muffler, 145, 146
Cloth, use of, in cleaning car, 241
Clutch, cone, 18;
multiple disc, 18;
location of, 18;
pedal, 20;
lever lubrication of, 41;
affects tires, 71;
where placed, its purpose, how it works, 158;
how to use with accelerator pedal, 168;
use in hill-climbing, 172;
engage gradually, 177;
expanding, instance connected with, 289;
rules for care of, 310
Clutch pedal, where placed, 158
Cold weather, starting, in, 184
Combustion, 67
Combustion chamber, 17;
charge in, how fired and when, 22;
oil in, 48, 49;
reduced in size by carbon, 252
Commutators, driver must know how to sandpaper, 282;
and to undercut the insulation of, 283;
sparking at the, 283
Complications on car, increase comfort, but add to worries, 284
Compression, how maintained, 24;
absence of, 53;
test before touring, 248;
too high, causes knocking, 251, 260;
necessary to start engine, 273;
tests in case of trouble, 273;
when it occurs, 274
Compression chamber, instance of stopping knocking by increasing size, 252
Compression stroke, 17
Condenser, may need examination, 121
Cone clutch, 18
Congested streets, driving in, 173
Connecting rod, 17, 68;
bearing, causes knock, 256, 258
Connection, loose, results of, 283
Connector, battery, 276
Conveniences, added, have made more trouble, 280, 281
Cooling, principle of, 15;
different system, 15
Corners, how to turn, 170
Cotter pins, supply to all nuts before touring, 248;
lost in street, 268;
absence of, causes squeaks, 269
Courtesy in motoring, 317;
more noticeable in the West than in the East, 318;
absence of, in ill-bred drivers, 319;
speech by Hon. Francis M. Hugo, general requirements and desirable qualities of men who are trusted to run automobiles on the public roads, 319
Covers for radiator, 195
Crank, 17;
where placed and carried, 157;
missing, instance of, 287
Crank bearings, 17
Crank case, 16;
water in, 68;
to be drained, cleaned, and refilled before touring, 245
Crank-pin bearings cause knocking, 258
Crank shaft, revolutions in complete cycle, 17;
bearing causes knocking, 258;
bent, causes knocking, 259
Crank the engine, how to, 166
Cranking engine, no use when switch is off, 285;
five things to do before, 308;
three things to do after, 309
Creeper, to lie on in working under car, how to make, 240
Crossings, railway, extra care necessary, 180
Crown of the road causes slipping, 90
Current, electric, course of, 108;
break in, order of tests to find, 109;
more used in starting in winter, 126
Cut-out, object, 144;
now prohibited and unnecessary, 145;
sometimes causes fires when opened in garage, 216
Cut-out, reverse current, 283
Cuts in tires, 70
Cycle of the engine, number of strokes, 17
Cylinders, 16;
importance of testing, 24;
size of, in relation to air taken in, 47;
proper power from each, 61;
worn oval, 67;
water in, 68;
outside kept free from oil and grease, 238;
raised by fiber gasket, 252;
loose on base, causes knock, 256;
worn causes knocking, 259;
loose due to lost washers or pins, 270;
test for compression, 274
D
Dashboard, wires and pipes, dials and gauges and switches on, 284
Death from gasoline fumes, 224;
how to avoid, 226
Descending hills, use of engine as a brake, 172
Differential, location and purpose of, 13;
housing, 13;
rules for care of, 311
Disc clutch, multiple, 18
Distance between cars, necessary to keep enough, 87
Distributor, 16;
dirty, causes knocking, 260;
examine in case of trouble, 276
Doors of garage left open when engine is running, 227
Drivers must look out for pedestrians, 296
Drive shaft, 19
Driving, 156;
in congested streets, 173
Drums, brake, description and location, 14, 15;
how injured, 98;
keep free from oil, 247
Dry cells may be carried while touring, 248
Dust pan, parts drop into, 269
E
Electric, bulbs, extra set needed while touring, 249;
lights and accessories cause trouble, 282
Electrical, equipment, 108;
trouble, tests for, 109;
systems, knowledge of, necessary to operate and care for a modern car, 282, 283, 284
Electricity, static, causes fires, 217
Electrolite, replenish with water, 312
Electrolitic action set up by salt in freeze-proof solution, 192
Emergencies, be prepared for, with proper tools, 27
Emergency brake, lever, 20, 159;
to be set, 308
Engine, three things necessary to start, 10, 273;
three things necessary to keep running, 10, 21;
location of, 15;
description of, 16;
cycle, number of strokes in, 17;
power in, how secured, 22;
use of, as a brake, 95, 172, 234;
gap in secondary circuit helps to start, 112;
skips at low speeds, 116;
missing at high and low speeds, how to overcome, 116, 117;
bearings, 150;
how to start, 165;
to prevent stalling, 167;
speed of, learn to judge by sound, 167;
stalls on a hill, what to do if, 172;
missing due to cold weather, 184;
higher temperature to the boiling point of water, best for efficiency, 189, 197;
efficiency of, improved by covering radiator when running against the wind, 190;
two things necessary to operate in winter, 191;
freeze-proof solution, what to use, 191;
priming in cold weather, 194;
to start, sometimes necessary to substitute hot water for anti-freezing solution, 194;
runs better in winter when fan is disconnected, 195;
radiator cover necessary in cold weather, 195;
overheating in summer causes trouble, 197;
knocking at high speed, 198;
overheats when driven at high speed with spark retarded, 198;
overheating caused by sediment in radiator, 199;
overheating caused by careless stretching of hose, 201;
overheating rarely caused by pump, 201;
keep free from carbon to prevent overheating, 202;
will climb worst hills, if kept in good condition, 229;
remove oil and grease from outside, 237, 238;
remove carbon before touring, 247;
knocks from too high compression caused by carbon, 251;
knocking stopped by raising cylinder, 252;
loose on frame, causes knocking, 259;
loose, due to lost washers or pins, 270;
oil and water necessary to keep running, 273;
conditions existing in case of trouble, 273;
stalled on crossing, instance of, 287;
five things to do before cranking, 308
Engine oil, for multiple disc clutch, 311
Equipment, which may be purchased separately, 24;
electrical, 108;
extra, to be carried on car, 157
Exhaust, steam from, in cold weather, 50
Exhaust pipe, 15;
may set fire to car, 215, 216;
fumes from, cause death, 224;
how to prevent, 226;
composition of fumes, 226
Exhaust stroke, 17
Exhaust valves, sticking, cause knock, 257;
carbon in, 274
Expansion of charge, 17
Expense of upkeep, 73
Explosion, none, from gasoline, 222
Extinguisher, fire, necessary, 218;
dry and liquid, 223;
carry while touring, 249
F
Fan, disconnect in cold weather, 195;
formed by spokes of fly-wheel, 200;
collects dust, 239;
causes knocking, 260
Fan belts, troubles of, how to care for, 200;
collects dust, 239;
coupling, causes knocking, 259
Fan blades cause knocking, 259
Feed systems, gravity, pressure, and vacuum, 163
Felt, use of, to prevent oil on brake linings, 96
Fence rail as jack, 30
File, interrupter point, 28
Fire, causes of, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 221;
extinguisher necessary, 218;
don’t run away from, stay and fight hard, 220;
to put out, use sand, salt, or patent extinguisher, 222;
carry extinguisher while touring, 249
First-aid kit, 32
Five things to do before cranking engine, 308
Float in carburetor, 23
Fly wheel, 17;
spokes of, forming fan, 200;
loose, causes knocking, 259;
out of balance, causes knocking, 259
Force, how produced in a gasoline engine, 17
Force-feed lubrication, 16
Four things to do before leaving garage, 308
Freeze-proof solution, for engine, 191;
composition of, depends on temperature, 192;
best to use, 193;
home-made, cheapest and just as efficient, 193;
sometimes wise to replace, with hot water to start engine, 194
Fresh-air problem, solution of, 301
Fuel supply systems, 16;
tank, 16
Fuller’s earth for slipping clutch, 310
Fumes of gasoline cause death, 224;
chemical changes, composition of, 224, 226;
heavier than air, 225;
how to avoid, 226;
intoxication from, 227, 228
Fumes from stable or barnyard affect polished auto bodies, 243
“Furnace,” hot-air for warming air before it enters carburetor, 187
Fuse, 109;
substitute for, in horn, 113
G
Gap in secondary circuit, 112
Garage doors, leave open while engine is running, 227
Garage, what to do before leaving, 157, 308;
opening near floor for escape of gasoline fumes, 227
Gaskets, intake manifold, 53;
dented or jammed, 64;
under cylinders increase size of compression chamber, and stop knocking, 253, 254
Gas knock, 257
Gasoline, and air, charge of, 17;
under what conditions it explodes, 21;
proportion of vapor to air to produce good combustion, 21;
causes of excessive use of, 46;
adjustment of carburetor to limit supply of, 47;
needs oxygen for complete consumption, 47;
water in, 52;
strainer for, 52;
different qualities of, 55;
cost of, 58;
economy of, 61, 62, 63;
loss through leaking, 65;
excess of, indicated by black smoke, 68;
affects tires, 72;
examine supply before leaving garage, 157;
feed systems, 163;
teakettle and dishrag method of vaporizing, 184, 188, 194;
volatility of, decreasing, 185;
present supply has higher heat-producing quality when vaporized, but heavier, harder to vaporize in cold weather, 186;
heat necessary to change from liquid to vapor, 186, 187;
stove makes vaporization easier, 187;
when vaporized, sometimes condenses again in cold engine, 187;
stove and water jacket both needed in cold weather, 188;
vaporizes properly in a warm garage, some condenses in cold air, 188;
unnecessary amount used by retarded spark, 198;
less required in hot weather than in cold, 206;
in drip-pan, cause of fire, 215;
burns, does not explode under normal conditions, 221;
will not explode unless vaporized, 222;
fire, how to put out, 222;
fumes, of, cause death, 224;
chemical changes, composition of fumes of, 224-226;
fumes of, heavier than air, 225;
how to avoid fumes of, 226;
intoxication from fumes of, 227, 228;
loosens up grease and oil in cleaning car, 238;
carry extra supply when touring, 246;
necessary to start engine, 273;
inspect, in case of trouble, 275;
used for slipping clutch, 310
Gasoline tank, where placed, how gasoline supply is maintained, 162;
examine in case of trouble, 275
Gas-pipe, carbon in, 272
Gear, low-speed, as a brake, 95;
high-speed, run on as much as possible, 168;
always turn corners on second speed, 171
Gear casings, collect dust, 239;
refill before touring, 245
Gear shifting, 137;
necessary for proper adjustment of load to speed, 138;
noiseless shifting desirable, 138;
how best to shift from first to second, and second to third, 139;
how best to shift from third to second, and second to first, 139, 140;
when to go back to second, to first, 140;
don’t shift too soon, 140;
in hill climbing, 140;
how to make a silent shift on a hill, 141;
what makes gears grind, 141;
how to avoid a noisy shift to first on starting, 141;
on hills, 229;
on an up grade, 231;
starting up hill, 231;
which gear is best to use, 232;
avoid straining car by careful choice of gears, 232, 233;
gears to use descending hills, 233, 234;
no speeding on hills, perfect control of car necessary, 234
Gear-shifting lever, where placed, how operated, 159;
how to move, when stuck in neutral, 168;
place in neutral, 308
Gear-shifting pedals, 20
Gears, purpose of, 18, 131;
trouble comes in the shifting gears, not in the transmission, 130;
grinding or clashing detrimental, 131, 141;
diagram and explanation of three-speed gears, 131;
to start, 133;
to increase speed, 133, 134;
to decrease speed, 135;
to reverse, 136;
care necessary, 136;
use of, in hill-climbing, 171;
examine before touring, 245
Generator, 16;
must not overcharge battery, 125;
adjustable for summer and winter, 127
Glycerin in freeze-proof solution, 192
Gravity fuel supply, 16, 163
Grease, 61;
affects tires, 72;
heavier quality needed in summer, 207;
carry extra supply when touring, 246
Grease cups, turn down, before leaving garage, 157, 311, 312
Greasing car, rules for, 311, 312
Grinding and clashing of gears, 131, 141
Ground connections, 110
Ground wire, loose, 114
Guides, valve push-rod, enclosed in housings, 44;
lubrication of, 44
H
Headlight trouble, 114
Heat, much, necessary for vaporization of gasoline, 186, 189
High-speed gear, run on, as much as possible, 168
High-tension magneto system, 15
Hill-climbing, how to shift gears, 140, 141;
use of throttle, spark, and gears, 171;
what to do if engine stalls, 172;
use of clutch, 172;
blowing horn when, 297
Hills, descending, use of engine as a brake, 172;
use of brakes on, 173;
the steepest can be made by any modern car which is in good condition, 229
Horn blowing, 292;
how it has arisen, 295;
much of it unnecessary, 296;
blowing not necessary after others have seen you, 297;
while passing and turning, 297;
on hills, 297;
when others are passing, 298
Horn trouble, 113, 284
Hose, careless stretching of, causes overheating, 201;
defective, causes knocking, 260
Hose and water, how to use in cleaning car, 240
Hot weather, over-inflation of tire, instance of, 203;
expands air in tires, giving greater pressure, 204
Housings, differential, 13;
for valve push-rod guides, 44
Hub of rear wheel needs inspection when keyed to shaft, 43
Hub caps, loss of, allows grit to get into bearings, 270
Hugo, Hon. Francis M., speech by, 319
Hydro-carbon in burning gasoline, 224
Hydrometer, 109;
rules for readings, 313
I
Ignition, switch, 20;
magneto, 116;
battery, 120;
prevented by short-circuiting due to carbon, 120;
switch, where placed, its use, how operated 162;
use of, when braking with engine, on hills, 173;
wrongly timed, causes knocking, 260;
inspect in case of trouble, 276
Ignition system, kinds, 15;
work of, 24;
bearings, 152;
requires many changes of spark lever, 198;
test before touring, 248;
rules for locating trouble in, 314
Inflation, tire, under, 60;
increased by hot weather, 204;
lower pressure needed in hot weather, 205;
proper degree of, 211, 212
Inlet valve, 17;
trouble in, 274
Inspect, don’t expect, 285
Instruction book, manufacturer’s, importance of fully mastering, 1, 269
Instructions, importance of following, 8, 9
Insulation, heavy, on secondary wires absorbs current, 119
Insurance premium lower when extinguisher is carried, 218
Intake manifold, 16;
gaskets, 53;
leaky, 63;
loose, 64
Intake valve, 52
Interrupter point file, 28
Interrupter points, adjusting, to overcome engine missing at high or low speed, 116;
cleaning of, 121;
carbon in, 272;
inspect in case of trouble, 276
Iron, angle, used in chassis, 13
Iron parts, how to keep from rusting, 239
J
Jack, importance of handle, 30;
use of fence-rail as a, 30
Jerking, how to overcome, 167
Jet, low speed, clogged, 291
Joints, universal, 19, 40
K
Kerosene, can be used for cleaning out the sump, 37;
loosens up grease and oil, 238;
for cleaning car, 241;
for multiple disc clutch, 311
Kit, first-aid, 32
Knocking, of engine, 198;
prevented by removal of carbon, 247;
too high compression, 251;
caused by cam-shaft gear, sticking exhaust valves, 257;
stopped by increasing size of compression chamber, 252;
many causes for, 255;
some need immediate attention, some do not, 256;
loose connecting rod bearing, loose cylinder,
lack of lubrication, spark advanced too far, short circuit, 256;
not caused by lean mixture, or over-advanced spark, 258;
caused by mechanical looseness due to improper adjustment or wear, 258;
by faulty ignition, 259;
by faulty carburetion, 260;
by faulty lubrication, 260;
by overheating of engine, 260;
by faulty compression, 260
Knocks in the chassis, 262
Knuckle-pins, how kept in place and relieved of weight, 104;
inclined fore and aft, 105
Knuckles, steering, 14, 40
L
Lamps, 109, 110
Leaks of oil and gasoline, sources of, 65
Lever, spark timing, 19;
emergency brake, 20;
throttle,
19, 20, 161;
clutch, lubrication of, 41;
gear shifting, 159;
emergency brake, 159;
spark control, 161, 198
Lighting switch, 20, 109
Lighting system, rules for locating troubles in, 314
Lights dim, what makes the, 283
Linings, brake, can be ruined, 95;
oil on, 96;
wear thin, 98;
when necessary to replace, 98
Linkage, brake, 15, 97
Links, loose cross, how to fasten, 271
Linseed oil, use of, in cleaning car, 241
Lubrication, systems, 16;
why needed, 33;
most common system, 34;
troubles, 35;
necessity of frequent inspection, 36;
needed in many minor places, 39;
steering knuckles, 40;
universal joint, 40;
clutch and brake levers, self-starter and accelerator, 41;
spring shackles, 42;
wheel bearings, 43;
spring leaves, valve push-rod guides, overhead valves, 44;
of brakes important, 97;
system how made and supplied, its care, 164;
in cold weather, 195;
proper oil necessary, 195;
heavier grease needed in summer, 207;
inspect before touring, 246;
time table, 312
Lubricants, poor, cause knocking, 260
M
Magnetic field, distortion of, 117
Magneto, high-tension, systems, 15;
ignition, 116;
manipulation of spark lever when using, 198;
coupling causes knocking, 259;
trouble,
instance of, 291;
rules for timing, 310
Manifold, intake, 16;
leaky, 63;
loose, 64
“Mechanicien” French term for driver of a car, 321
Mechanics, careless, 269
Misfiring, 63
Mixing chamber, 23
Mixture, 17;
rich and lean, 21;
proper, 56;
thin, 63, 66;
weak, 64;
anti-freezing, 164, 165;
warming device, necessary in winter, 186;
too rich or too lean calls attention to other parts which are causing knocking, 258
Motor, see Engine
Motor, starting, see Self-starter
Motorist, absent-mindedness in—bad habit, 285, 286, 287
Motoring, future of, depends upon behavior of motorists toward the public, 320
“Motorman” best term for driver of an automobile, 321
Mud, dried, how to remove from car, 241
Muffler, purpose of, 15;
often neglected or misused, 143;
its uses, and advantages, 143, 144;
original object of the cut-out, 144;
cut-out now prohibited and unnecessary, 145;
needs careful attention, 145;
clogging prevents escape of gases, and brings loss of power, 145, 146;
instance of bad effect of clogging, 146;
usually no provision made for inspection, 147;
kerosene clogs, 147;
special information sometimes necessary, 148
Multiple disc clutch, 18
N
Neatsfoot oil for harsh gripping clutch, 310, 311, 312
Needle valve, 52, 63, 276;
adjust at low speed, 309
Nitrogen in gasoline fumes, 224
Noise, in the chassis, 262;
from torque rod, from worn brake rods, from worn spring-shackle bolts, 264;
from worn steering knuckle-pins, 265;
from tools and accessories, 265;
from broken gear teeth and other parts, 265
Non-skid, tires, 81, 84, 85;
chains, 81, 82;
devices, which to use under various conditions, 85;
chains often drop links, 270
Nuts, tighten before touring, 248;
absence of, cause squeaks, 269;
examination of, 269;
must know location of, 271
O
Oil, effect of absence of, in lubrication, 36;
things which wear it out and make necessary to replace, 36, 37;
how often to drain out, 37;
things which affect its lubricating value, 37;
in the combustion chamber, 48;
how to prevent, 49;
waste of, through leakage, 65;
affects tires, 72, 165;
on the brake lining, cause, results, how to prevent, 96;
examine supply of, before leaving garage, 157, 308;
proper, necessary for cold weather, 195;
take car maker’s advice, 196;
on fan belts, 200;
remove from exterior of engine, 238;
carry reserve supply when touring, 246;
lack of, causes knocking, 260;
excess of, causes knocking, 260;
necessary to keep engine running, 273
Oil feed sight, 20
Oil level, how to correct when too high, 49
Oil pump, 34, 35
Oil the car, when to, 311, 312
Oiled roads dangerous, 90;
necessary to take at low speed, 92;
during summer season, 207
Outlet valves, 22
Overheating, caused by sediment in radiator, 199;
rarely caused by pump, 201;
caused by careless stretching of hose, 201;
caused by carbon in engine, 202
Over-inflation of tire, in hot weather, instance of, 203;
makes riding uncomfortable, 211
Owner, originality, initiative, and ingenuity of, important, 9;
should learn how to do many things himself, 202
P
Pail, folding, 29
Parts dropped in streets, 268, 269;
lost, puncture tires, 270
Passengers, drive for the comfort of, 169
Passing others, blowing horn while, 297, 298
Pedals, gear-shifting, 20;
starting, 20, 158, 288;
brake, 20, 158;
clutch, 20, 158;
accelerator, 20, 160, 168;
reverse, 95
Pedestrians have right of way everywhere, 296
“Pep,” 56
Petcocks, 274
Pin, tie rod, 270
Pipe, exhaust, 15;
exhaust, may set fire to car, 215, 216;
attach to exhaust in garage, to lead fumes to outer air, 227
Pipe lines, clogged, cause knocking, 260
Pipes, leaky supply, 65;
to prevent bursting of, 193
Piston head, hole punched in, by valve head, 274
Piston rings, 16;
grooving and drilling to release surplus oil, 49;
leaky, 53, 54;
to prevent working around, 67;
loose, cause knocking, 259;
carbon in, 272
Pistons, 16;
too small, cause knocking, 259
Pliers, carry while touring, 249
Plug, spark, 17;
cracks or porosity in, 119;
carry extra set while touring, 249;
to test in case of trouble, 277
Policemen, don’t run away from, 10
Power, stroke, 17;
how connected to wheels, 18;
how secured in engine, 22;
necessity of pressure to get, 22;
proper, from each cylinder, 61
Pre-ignition, caused by increase of pressure in combustion chamber, 252;
causes knocking, 260
Premium on fire insurance lower when extinguishers carried, 218
Pressure, necessity of, for power, 22;
on tires increases in hot weather, 204;
on tires test for increase in, in hot weather, 210;
proper for tires, 211, 212;
in combustion chamber, 251
Pressure fuel system, 16, 163
Priming, how done, 163;
in cold weather, 194
Propeller-shaft bearings, 154
Pump, oil, 34, 35;
overheating rarely caused by, 200;
parts of, cause knocking, 260
Pump type of cooling system, 15
Puncture caused by lost parts, 270
Push-rod adjustment causes knocking, 259
Push-rods, clearance between valve stems and, causes trouble, 290
R
Radiator, location of, 15;
examine, before leaving garage, 157;
sediment in, 164, 199;
to remedy discharge of steam from, 165;
adjustable device to regulate admittance of air, 189;
covers, 189, 195;
cover partly or wholly in cold weather, 188, 189;
if covered, improved efficiency of engine, 190;
bursting of, to prevent, 193;
water boiling in, 198;
clogged, causes knocking, 260
Radius rods, 13
Railway crossings, extra care necessary, 180
Rattles, causes of, 269
Reverse the car, how to, 169
Reverse pedal, use of, as a brake, 95
Reversing, shifting of gears in, 136
Rings, piston, 16, 49, 53, 54, 67
Rivets of brake lining, 98
Road rules, of Y. M. C. A., 156;
local, must be obeyed, 173
Roads, oiled, dangerous, 90;
necessary to take at low speed, 92;
generally sprinkled or oiled during summer season, 207
Roads, signs along, importance of, 90;
parts found along, 269
Roadway, crown of the, causes slipping, 87, 90
Rod, radius, 13;
torque, 13, 264;
tie, 14, 101, 106, 107;
connecting, 17, 68
Rotary motion, how obtained, 17
Rubber hose decomposed by glycerin in freeze-proof solution, 192
Rules, importance of following, 8, 9, 10;
miscellaneous, 308
Running brake, 158
S
Safety devices, best necessary, 89
Salt in freeze-proof solution, 192
Schools, automobile, manufacturers’ for purchasers, 3, 7;
danger of being taught at inefficient or fraudulent institutions, 324
Screws, absence of, causes squeaks, 269
Secondary current absorbed by carbon, 119
Sediment, in battery causing short-circuit, 126;
in radiator, 164, 199
Self-starter, pedal, 20;
lubrication of, 41;
types of, 128;
bearings, 153
Service stations, 7
Shaft, crank, 17;
drive, 19;
rear, in driving causes click, 262
Shifting gears, 133;
on hills, 229;
on an up grade, 231;
starting uphill, 231;
choice of gears, 232;
avoid straining car, 232, 233;
descending hills, 233, 234
Short circuiting, causes fires, 217;
causes knocking, 259
Shut-off valve, 275
Sight oil feed, 20
Signs along the road, importance of, 90
Skidding, 76;
effects of, on car, 77;
in winter, 77;
turning corners, 78;
rear wheel, how to stop, 79;
street-car tracks, 80;
uneven brakes, 86, 88;
unequal distribution of weight, 81;
best prevented by care, 82, 83;
due mostly to excessive speed, 86;
caused by crown of road, 87;
by turning corners at high speed, by sharp turn of steering-wheel, 87;
stopped by turning steering-wheel, 88
Skipping sometimes overcome by enriching the mixture, 190
Smoke, its sources, 46;
remedies, 47, 48, 49;
how to tell from what it comes, 50;
black, 68
Soap, not to be used on polished surfaces of car, 241
Spark, 17;
why advanced and retarded and how, 23;
intensity of, increased by gap in secondary circuit, 112;
has more kick, 116;
very weak, perhaps caused by condenser, 121;
use of, in hill-climbing, 171;
retarded, uses unnecessary gasoline, and overheats engine, 198;
greatly retarded indirectly causes fires, 216;
retard to prevent knocking on hills, 231;
over advanced does not cause knocking, 258;
too late causes knocking, 259;
at right time, necessary to start engine, 273;
test for in case of trouble, 276;
fully retarded, 308;
advance two-thirds, 309
Spark-control bearings, 153
Spark lever, 19, 161, 198
Spark plugs, 17;
widening gaps of, to prevent engine missing, 117;
insulating surface inside cylinder, 118;
cracks in, insulation, 119;
testing of, 120;
short-circuited by carbon, 120;
keep free from oil and grease, 238;
carry when touring, 249;
points of, cause knocking, 259, 260;
carbon between points of, 272;
how to test in case of trouble, 277
Sparking at commutator, 283
Sparks from commutators cause fires, 221
Speed, how to shift gears in increasing or decreasing, 133, 134, 135;
of engine, learn to judge by sound, 167;
running at extreme, cause of fires, 215
Speeds, number of, in gears, 18
Spindles, 14
Splash lubrication, 16;
pan, 34
Sponge, use of, in cleaning car, 240
Spray nozzle, 275
Spray valve, 63
Spring leaves, lubrication of, 44
Spring repair attachments, 248
Spring-shackle bolts sometimes make noise, 264
Spring shackles, lubrication of, 42
Springs, examine before touring, 248
Squeaks, causes of, 269
Stalling engine, how caused, 167;
what to do, on a hill, 172
Starter, switch, trouble in, 280;
a great convenience, but a source of trouble, 281, 282;
pedal sticking, instance of, 288;
makes automobile available to women, 302
Starting, motor, 16;
pedal, 20, 158;
systems, types, 128;
crank, 157;
engine, three things necessary, 273
Steam, from exhaust in cold weather, 50;
to remedy discharge from radiator, 165
Steering, of automobile compared with steering of different type of boats, 102;
with broken tie rod, 106, 107
Steering gear, out of true, 71;
bearings, 154
Steering knuckles, 14;
lubrication in, 40
Steering-shaft, worm on, 19
Steering tie rod, 101
Steering wheel, 19, 162
Stop, how to, 168
Storage battery, 15
Stove, supplied by many manufacturers to heat air before it enters carburetor, 187;
may be dispensed with in hot weather, 206
Strain, how taken off knuckle pins, 104
Streets, how to turn in narrow, 169;
driving in congested, 173
Strokes, suction, compression, power, and exhaust, 17
Suburbs of any city, the place for automobiling, 303
Suction stroke of engine, 17
Sump, 34
Supply pipes, leaky, 65
Switch, lighting, 20, 109;
ignition, 20, 162;
self-starter, trouble in, 280;
thrown to battery position, 308
System, importance of, in locating trouble, 9;
a process of elimination, 273
Systems, cooling, kinds, 15;
ignition, kinds, 15;
lubrication, kinds, 16;
fuel supply, kinds, 16, 163
T
Talc French, for slipping clutch, 310
Tank, fuel supply, 16;
gasoline, 162;
water, 164
Tape, tire, carry, while touring, 249
Temperature, high, to the boiling point of water, but for efficiency of engine, 189
Terminals, electric, testing of, 109
Tests for electrical troubles, examples of, 109
Thermo-syphon type of cooling system, 15
Things to do, four before leaving garage, 308;
five, before cranking engine, 308;
three after cranking, 309
Throttle, purpose, 23;
use of, in hill-climbing, 171;
open, in starting, 308;
close, till engine idles, 309
Throttle bearings, 153
Throttle lever, its use, where placed, how operated, 19, 20, 161
Tie rod, must not be bent, 14, 101;
broken, 106, 107
Tie rod pin, 270
Timing, correct, 24
Timing gears, to adjust, 309
Timing gear teeth cause knocking, 259
Timing, ignition, wrong, causes knocking, 260
Tire pressure, tests of increase due to running in hot weather, 210
Tire repair materials, carry, while touring, 249
Tire-valve tool, 30
Tires, purpose and location, 19;
abuse of, 59, 60;
deterioration of, 69;
cuts in, 70;
affected by steering gear, 71;
by clutch, 71;
by brakes, 72;
by oil, grease, gasoline, and wet weather, 72;
general cost of, 73;
storing, in winter, 74;
porosity of, 75;
keep clean, 75;
non-skid, 81, 84, 85, 86;
examine, before leaving garage, 157;
how to care for, 165;
expand in hot weather, 204;
pressure test of, after hot weather running, 205;
under-inflation and over-inflation, 205;
inflated too hard make riding uncomfortable, 211;
weakened from any cause blow-out quicker, 211;
proper pressure for, 211, 212;
extra, carry on car, 249;
puncture caused by lost parts, 270
Tool for tire valves, 30
Tools, furnished with car, 26;
for emergencies, 27;
too many better than too few, 27;
additional, desirable, 28;
to be carried on car, 157
Tops, how to clean and care for, 242
Torque rod, 13;
causes knocks, 264
Touring, what to do before, 244;
refill gear case, 245;
examine gears, 245;
drain, clean, and refill crank case, 245;
attend to lubrication, 246;
carry extra oil, grease and gasoline on car, 246;
examine brakes, 246;
keep brake drums free from oil, 247;
have carbon removed, 247;
tighten nuts and inspect all parts, 248;
test compression, grind in valves, inspect ignition system, recharge battery, dry cells should be carried, examine springs, 248;
things which should be carried, 249
Tow rope, 31;
fastened to post and rear wheel, 86;
carry while touring, 249
Traffic, driving in, 173;
rules give pedestrian right of way, 296;
rules should be taught by auto schools, 325
Transmission, 130;
rules for care of, 311
Transmission gear bearings, 154
Trolley crossings, extra care necessary, 182
Trouble, hunting must be systematic, 272;
a process of elimination, 273;
the first thing to do, 273;
indications when engine turns over easily or hard, 273;
compression tests, 273, 274;
exhaust valves, 274;
inlet valve, 274;
inspect gasoline, 275;
inspect carburetor, 275;
inspect ignition system, 276; 277, 314;
chart, Y. M. C. A., 279;
in the self-starter switch, 280;
caused by added conveniences, 280, 281;
necessary to almost dismantle complex types of engines, 281;
made by starter, 281, 282;
made by electric lights and accessories, 282;
by complicated electric systems and wiring, 282, 283, 284
Tubes, how to keep, 73;
carry extra while touring, 249
Turn buckle, 14
Turn, in narrow streets, how to, 169;
corners, how to, 170
Turning, blowing horn when, 297
U
Universal joints, 19, 40
Upholstery, protect with slip covers, 243
V
Vacuum fuel supply, 16, 164
Valve head, punches hole in piston head, 274
Valve push-rod guides enclosed in housings, 44;
lubrication of, 44
Valve-stems, clearance between push rods and, causes trouble, 290
Valve, needle, 52, 63, 276, 309;
spray, 63;
sticking causes knocking, 259;
auxiliary air, 275, 309;
shut off, 275
Valves inlet, 17, 22;
outlet, 22;
overhead, lubrication of, 44;
leaky, 54, 66;
carbonized, 67, 272, 274;
exhaust, 257;
inlet, 274
Vaporization of gasoline absorbs much heat, 187;
best in cold weather when stove and water jacket are both used, 188
Velocipede, setting of wheel compared with automobile, 105
Vibration, effects of, 65
Voltmeter, 109
W
Washers, supply to all nuts before touring, 248;
absence of, causes squeaks, 269;
lock, 270
Washing automobile, what to use, how to do it, 175
Waste, carry on car, 30;
packed around battery has caused fires, 217
Water, in cylinder and crank case, 68;
where placed, its care, 164;
boiling in radiator, 198;
evaporates from battery quicker in hot weather, 206;
of no use in fighting gasoline fires, 222;
running, should be used in cleaning car whenever possible, 242;
needed, 273;
take on before leaving garage, 308
Water jacket, on mixing chamber of gasoline, 187;
to prevent bursting of, 193
Wet weather affects tires, 72
Wheel, fly, 17;
steering, 19, 162
Wheels, how front are made to converge and undergather, 14;
how power is connected to, 18;
why not parallel, 101, 102, 103;
set to undergather, 104;
setting of, compared with bicycle, 105
Wheel bearings, lubrication of, 43
Wind sometimes cools the engine too much when traveling against, 190
Wire, spool of, 31;
extra wire for additional device, 111;
carry while touring, 249;
to fasten cross link, 271
Wire gauze, 52
Wire terminals, keep free from oil and grease, 238
Wires to plugs, inspect, in case of trouble, 277
Wiring diagram, knowledge of, important, 115
Wobbling, tendency to overcome by converging of wheels, 103
Women as drivers, 300;
Eastern and Western compared, 302;
as apt as men at mastering details, 303;
at Y. M. C. A. Auto School, 303;
all types, pupils, 304;
take cars apart and assemble them, 305;
road instruction for, 306;
have the main qualities needed for drivers, 307;
taking up the auto seriously, 307
Wood, block of, to put under jack, 30
Worm on steering shaft, 19
Wrist pin, out of line or loose, causes knocking, 259
Y
Yokes, 14
Y. M. C. A. Automobile School, road rules, 56;
general trouble chart, 279;
women as pupils, 303

Putnam's Automobile Handbook: The Care and Management of the Modern Motor-Car

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INDEX