Queen Anna's New World of Words; or, Dictionarie of the Italian and English Tongues

Note that some late good writers haue quaintly vsed to conuert Adiectiues into Substantiues, which being discreetly placed some deeme it a very elegant Italianisme, and that is by adding an Article to any Adiectiue, namely the Mas. gender, and Sing. number. As for example, Cól púro dél cuóre, con il cándido dèll ánimo, ẻt con il víuo déll'affẻtto, Io ámo il sincẻro délle vóstre vertù, il dólce del vóstro procédere, mà non il dúro délla vóstra rigidézza, &c.

Note that the Italians haue foure Sustantiues of one sillable, that is to say Piè, Rè, Fè, and Grù, deriued of Piẻde, a Foote; of Rége, a king; of Féde, Faith, and of Grúe, a Crane. The first two are of the Mas. and the other two of the Fem. gender, and serue for both numbers and are euer accented.

Note that taking the name of manageable thing, so you make it of the Feminine gender ending in A. and ioyning Ta. vnto it, you may elegantly expresse substantiuely the power, effect, or blow of the same, as this, Arco, a Bow; Arcáta, a Blow or effect of a bow. Bastóne, Bastonáta, Coltẻllo, Coltẻlláta, Palétta, Palettáta, Pugnále, Pugnaláta, Sásso, Sassáta, &c.

Note that for as much as the Italians vnto certaine Nounes substantiues of the Masculine gender, besides their owne and proper plurall, they giue them another, which in sound and writing seemeth to be of the Feminine gender and singular number ending in A. and yet hath the Article, the Pronoune, or Adiectiue, that must gouerne the same of the Feminine gender and Plurall number, which they call heteroclites: and because this Feminine plurall is deemed to be the most elegant, and that there be but some few of them, I have therefore set downe here as many as I could remember, as followeth alphabetically.

There be some others that I remember not. Yet note that there be ancient Poets that make some of them end in Óra, as these, Láto, Cámpo, Luógo, Órto, Córpo, Práto, Rámo, &c. and in the Plurall say, Campóra, Corpóra, Latóra, Luogóra, Pratóra, Ortóra, &c. In steede of Cámpi, Córpi, Láti, Luóghi, Órti, Práti, &c. but are not generally allowed.

Note that the Italians haue a peculiar priuiledge more liuely to declare, and more succinctly to expresse the proper forme and quality of any primitiue, positiue, or radicall Noune, then all other nation or languages, and which among them is very much vsed, both in speaking and writing, and is counted very quaint and elegant; and because it was neuer yet noted of any, and is so frequently vsed, I deeme the knowledge thereof to be most necessary, and thinke it behoofefull to be declared vnto your soueraigne Maiesty; which is, by adding certaine terminations or sillables vnto any primitiue or positiue nounes, as for example, Íno, Étto, V´ccio, Ótto, Óne, Áccio; for these are most used. What noune soeuer endeth in Íno, sheweth the same to be very little, small, and the least that may be. What noune soeuer endeth in Étto, declares the same to be both very little, and therewithall quaint and pretty. What noune soeuer endeth in V´ccio, importeth the same to be poore, miserable, wretched, and deseruing compassion. Whatsoeuer noune endeth in Ótto, implieth the same to be handsomly big, well compact, and indifferently goodly. What noune soeuer endeth in Óne, doth manifest the same to be great beyond reason, bigge and ouer great, farre exceeding due proportion, huge aboue measure. What noune soeuer endeth in Áccio, argueth the same to be ugly, lothsome, contemptible, filthy, and odious. Let these few examples serue for all the rest.

• Anẻllo, any kinde of ordinary Ring.
• Anẻllíno, a very little or small Ring.
• Anẻllétto, a little, and therewith pretty and quaint Ring.
• Anẻllúccio, a silly, poore, abiect, and base Ring.
• Anẻllótto, a handsome, well fashioned, and not despisable Ring.
• Anẻllóne, a huge, bigge, great, exceeding due proportion Ring.
• Anẻlláccio, a filthy, contemptible, lothsome, and to be reiected Ring.
• Cauállo, Cauallíno, Cauallétto, Cauallúccio, Cauallótto, Cauallóne, Caualláccio.
• Dónna, Donnína, Donnétta, Donnúccia, Donnótta, Donnóne, Donnáccia.
• Spáda, Spadína, Spadétta, Spadúccia, Spadótta, Spadóne, Spadáccia.

And so of all the rest: but remember, that if you will haue them end in Ótto, or Óne, you must make the Feminin positiue to end in O. as Donnóne, Casóne, Spadóne, Tauolóne, of Dónna, Spáda, Cása, Táuola, &c.

Note also that if the primitiue noune end in No, or Re, as Ásino, Pastóre, to expresse a kind of diminution or prettinesse and littlenesse, you may make them end in Ello, as Asinẻllo, Bastoncẻllo, Pastorẻllo, &c.

Note that all Nounes ending in Lo. Le. Ro. Re. or Ne. except the last vowell require an accent, the said vowell may be left out, and at pleasure both in speaking and writing, in steed of Búffalo. Cauállo. Mále. Quále. Tále. Amáro. Cáro. Colóre. Honóre. Buóno. Sáno. Máno. Cáne. Páne. as also all Infinitiue moods, as Amáre. Cantáre. Tenére. Vedére. Córrere. Tẻssere. Dormíre. Vdíre. you may very well say, Buffal'. Cauál'. Mál'. Quál'. Tal'. Amár'. Cár'. Colór'. Honór'. Buón. Sán'. Mán'. Cán'. Pán'. Amár'. Cantár'. Tenér'. Vedér'. Córrer'. Tẻsser'. Dormír'. Vdír'. &c. For L. N. and R. are among the Italians counted the principall liquids in which words may end, though some count M. and T. liquids also. For some make the first persons plurall of Verbes end in M. leauing out the O. as you shall see better in Verbes, as also because the Coniunction copulatiue ended in T. namely before consonants, as hath alreadie beene said.

Note also that all plurals of most masculine words, whose singulars end in Llo, or Le, may at the pleasure of the Speaker or Writer end in Gli. Li. or I. as Cauállo. Cauágli. Cauálli. Cauái. or Cauá'. Capẻllo. Capẻgli. Capẻlli. Capẻi. or Capẻ'. Quéllo. Quégli. Quélli. Quéi. or Que'. Tále. Táli. Tái. Ta'. &c.

Note that where the Latins vse in diuers of their words the letter E. after the first consonant of the first sillable, as Melle. Felle. Feno. Leto. Pede. Sedet. Tenet. the Italians for elegancy sake put an I. betweene the said consonant and the E. and say and write, Miẻle. Fiẻle. Fiẻno. Liẻto. Piẻde. Siẻde. Tiẻne. &c.

Note also that where the Latines haue the open or round O. for the second letter after a consonant, as in these wordes: Bono. Corde. Foco. Homo. Mouére. Sono. Tono. Nocére. &c. the Italians commonly put an V. before the O. and say and write, Buóno, Cuóre, Fuóco, Huómo, Muóuere, Nuócere, Suóno, Tuóno, &c.

Note that where the Latins vse in diuers words the letter L. after C. F. and P. the Italians change the L. into I. and in steede of Cláro, Claritáte, Clamáre, Claue, Conclusione, Flamma, Flóre, Flumen, Plano, Planta, Plombo, Templo, &c. they say, Chiáro, Chiarità, Chiamáre, Chiáue, Conchiusióne, Fiámma, Fióre, Fiúme, Piáno, Piánta, Piómbo, Tẻmpio, &c.

Note that when an Italian word beginneth with S. and that any other consonant followes the same, as in these examples, Sbandáre, Scacciáre, Sconsoláto, Sfacẻndáto, Sfórzo, Smenticáto, Spauẻnto, Stẻrmináto, Stroménto, Sueniménto, &c. the best Italians for Elegancies sake, place and pronounce an I. before the S. and say, Isbandáre, Iscacciáre, Isconsoláto, Isfacẻndáto, Isfórzo, Ismenticáto, Ispauẻnto, Istermináto, Istromẻnto, Isueniménto, &c.

Note that where the Latins vse in many words these two consonants together, Bf. Bn. Bs. Bt. Ct. Dm. Mn. Pt. which the Italians call Aspre consonánti, of most of their Latin wordes following, they make Italian wordes by losing the first of them, and euer doubling the latter consonants, as for example.

and infinite others: yet remember that in these two Latine wordes, Omnis, and Somnium, the Italians change Mn. into Gn. and say, Ogni, Sógno, Sognáre, &c.

Note also that where the Latines vse the letter X. betweene two vowels, as Alexandro, Exemplo, Dixi, Prolixitate, Sáxo, Taxatio, &c. the Italians change the X. into double SS. and say, Alessándro, Essẻmpio, Díssi, Prolissità, Sásso, Tassatióne, &c.

Note that adding Dis. In. Is. or S. vnto any actiue or possessiue word or verbe, the same becommeth of the priuatiue sense, as appeareth by these examples.

And infinite others.

Of Nounes Adiectiues, and of the vse of them.

I will not stand vpon the definition of an Adiectiue, but in briefe, An Adiectiue is but a part of speech, to signifie and set forth the true quality, nature, state, or condition of any substantiue.

Note that the Italians haue two sorts of Adiectiues, one ending in O, in the singular number, the other in E. the first doth euer varie according to the substantiue whereunto it is ioyned, as thus, Buóno amíco. Buoni amíci. Buóna amíca. Buóne amíche, and so of all the rest. The second ending in E. as it were neutrally serueth both genders, and varieth only in number, as thus, Gentíle Spírito. Gentíli Spíriti. Gentíle ánima. Gentíli ánime. Felíce huómo. Felíci huómini. Felíce dónna. Felíci dónne, &c.

Note that these two Adiectiues, Sánto and Gránde, are diuersly used in the Italian tongue; for, before consonants they loose the last sillable To and De, and say and write Grán and Sán, both in the singular and plurall number, as this, Grán fuóco. Grán fuóchi. Grán calóre. Grán calóri. Sán Páolo. Sán Francésco. whereas before vowels they are written at large, and sometimes apostrophed, as thus, Gránde amóre. Grándi amóri. Sánto Andrẻa. Sant'Andrẻa.

Note that taking any Adiectiue of the Feminine gender, and adding Ménte vnto it. You may frame any Aduerbe of quality or order, as Amára. Amaraménte. Furiósa. Furiosaménte. Cortése. Corteseménte. Dólce. Dolceménte. &c. and if you will frame or expresse any superlatiue degree, as we doe in English by adding Very or Most vnto any Adiectiue, so loosing the last vowell of any Italian Adiectiue, and putting Issimo vnto the same, you make the superlatiue as Amaríssimo. Furiosíssimo. Cortesíssimo. Dolcíssimo. &c. and so consequently if you will expresse any Aduerbe of quality superlatiuely, change Issimo into Issimaménte, as thus, Amarissimaménte. Furiosissimaménte. Cortesissimaménte. Dolcissimaménte. And so of all the rest.

Note that taking of any Noune substantiue, whether Latin or Italian, you may thereof at your pleasure frame his Adiectiue either Active or Passiue (be it lawfull for me to use these words:) to frame the first make your substantiue to end in O. and put So vnto it, as Amóre, Amoróso, Bisógno, Bisognóso, Gústo, Gustóso, Fórza, Forzóso, Paúra, Pauróso, Tẻrra, Tẻrróso, &c. which termination implyeth euer the quality or fulnesse of the substantiue. To frame the second, make your substantiue to end in E. and put Vole vnto it, as Amoréuole, Bisognéuole, Gustéuole, Honoréuole, Lodéuole, Pauréuole, &c. You may also in steede of Vole vse Bile; but then the substantiue must end in A. and say, Amicábile, Biasimábile, Gustábile, Laudábile, Tolerábile, &c. From all which taking away the last vowell, and adding Ménte vnto the rest, you frame of them Aduerbs of quality, as is before said, as thus, Amicheuolménte. Biasimabilménte, Laudabilménte, Gusteuolménte, Honoreuolménte, Tolerabilménte, &c. Amorosaménte, Gustosaménte, &c.

Of Nounes proper or appellatiues.

Of Nounes Appellatiues or Proper, I will say little, for being but proper names of Persons or of Places, they are soone learned.

Of Comparatiues and how to frame them.

Note that the Italians haue but sixe comparatiues that may be expressed in one word, that is to say, Maggióre, Minóre. Meglióre. Peggióre. Superióre. Inferióre. which may as well be counted Latine as Italian. All the rest may be framed by placing any of these two Aduerbs of quantity, Più or Méno, before any Adiective, as thus, Amáro. Più amáro. Méno amáro. Bẻllo. Più bẻllo. Men bẻllo. Cáro. Più cáro. Mén cáro. Dótto. Più dótto. Mén dótto. Gránde. Più gránde. Mén gránde. And so of all the rest.

Of Superlatiues.

Note that the Italians haue two sorts of Superlatiues, which I distinguish thus, that one may admit a comparison, and the other not. That which admitteth no comparison, is euer framed by adding the Article that the positiue adiectiue requireth, unto your already framed Comparatiue, as thus. Amáro, Più amáro, Méno amáro. Il più amáro. Il mén' amáro. Cára. Più cára. Mén cára. La più cára. La mén cára. Dótto. Più dótto. Mén dótto. Il più dótto. Il mén dótto. Gránde. Più gránde. Mén gránde. La più gránde. La Mén gránde. The other Superlatiue that doth admit a comparison, which the English expresse with the addition of Most, Right, Thrice, or Very, vnto their positiues, is framed among the Italians thus by adding Issimo or Issima, vnto any positiue, which must euer loose his last vowell, as, Amaríssimo, Bẻllíssimo, Caríssimo, Dottíssimo, Grandíssima, Illustríssima, &c.

Note that the Italians haue also an other manner of speech very ordinary among them to expresse any comparison, and that is with the helpe of Di, Del, Chè, and Che nón. which must euer haue reference vnto Più, Méno, Mẻglio, or Pẻggio, as thus. Tu sẻi più dotto di mè, ma io sóno più dabbéne di tè. Io ti ámo più del douére. Tu mi dái méno del mẻrito. Chi áma Dio più che'l móndo sarà felíce. Lui cérca méno la vertù che tútti i vitij, &c. But note that all these comparatiue phrases must haue but one verbe in them: For, if they haue two or more, you must then vse Che non, and neuer else, and it must euer be placed before the second verbe of the sentence, as thus, Tù sẻi più dótto, che non sóno io, ma io fáccio mẻglio che non fái tù. Io ámo Dío mẻglio che non fái tù, ẻ l'offẻndo méno che non fánno mólti. Lui fa pẻggio che non díce. Lui ẻ più ricco che non siámo nói. And infinite others.

Note that the Italians speaking or writing to any person, whom they will seeme to respect or honour, and whom they would seeme to acknowledge their superior, they vse not to speake or write vnto him in the second person singular. Tu, or Túa, as the Latines, nor in the second person plurall Vói, or Vóstra, as most nations doe, but in the third person singular, to one, as Lẻi or Súa, and in the third person plurall to many, as Lóro, And accordingly frame all the verbs to be vsed in the sentence, as for example. Súa Signoría mi tẻrrà pẻr iscusáto, se príma nón sóno venúto a basciárle le máni, ẻ fárle riuerẻnza. Io mi reputerò felíce che éssa mi tẻnga nélla súa buóna grátia, cóme súo minimo sẻruitóre, pẻrchè tále le farò sẻmpre. &c. Or else speaking to many. Le lóro Signoríe mi tẻrránno pẻr iscusáto se príma non sóno venúto a basciár lóro le máni, & fár loro riuerẻnza. Io mi reputerò felice che ésse mi tẻngano nélla lóro buóna grátia, cóme lóro mínimo sẻruitóre, perchè tále vóglio ẻsser lóro. In steede of, Vóstra Signoría mi tẻrrà pẻr iscusáto se príma non sóno venúto a basciárui le máni, ẻ fárui riuerẻnza. Io mi reputerò felice che voi mi teniáte nélla vóstra buóna grátia, cóme vóstro mínimo sẻruitóre che vi sóno, &c.

Of the declining of Nounes.

Note that whosoeuer can perfectly decline the Articles, and fitly appropriate them to the Nounes, may (as I haue said before, speaking of the articles) with great facility learne how to decline all Italian Nounes both Substantiues and Adiectiues: and therefore for breuity sake I haue declined and set downe but one of euery kinde and gender, which shall serue for all the rest; for, whosoeuer can decline one may also decline all.

Of Pronounes in generall.

By Pronounes haue been vnderstood certaine determinate words that imply or represent a Noune, eyther of person or thing; and Grammarians haue diuided them into diuers sorts or rankes, calling some Primitiues, some Possessiues, some Deriuatiues, some Demonstratiues, some Relatiues, some Interogatiues, and some Indefinitiues.

The Primiues are, Io, Tú, Lúi, Egli, Ei, Esso, Essa, of the Sing. Nói, Vói, Lóro, Eglino, Elleno, of the Plur.

The Possessiues are, Mío, Mía, Túo, Túa, Súo, Súa, of the Sing. Miẻi, Tuói, Suói, Míe, Túe, Súe, Nóstro, Nóstri, Nóstra, Nóstre, Vóstro, Vóstri, Vóstra, Vóstre, Lóro, Altrúi, of the Plu. from which are deriued cartaine bastards, and seldome vsed except in compositions, as Mò, Mon, Ma, Tò, Tà, Sò, as Fratẻlmò, Monsignóre, Madáma, Fratẻltò, &c.

The Deriuatiues are, Mi, Ti, Si, Ci, Vi; Me, Te, Se, Ce, Ve, as also, Mò, Ma, Tò, Ta, Sò, whereof more shall be said.

The Demonstratiues are, Colúi, Colẻi, Colóro, Quello, Quégli, Quélli, Quél, Quéi, Qué', Quélla, Quélle, Quésta, Quéste, Quésto, Quésti. Esto, Stó, Sta, Sti, Ste. Costúi, Costẻi, Cotésto, Cotestúi, Cotestóro, Ciò, Ciochè, Esso, Désso, Stésso.

The Relatiues are, Quále, Chè, Cui.

The Interogatiues are, Che?, Chi?, Quále?

The Indefinitiues are, Alcúno, Altrúi, Altri, Altro, Cadaúno, Ciaschedúno, Ciascúno, Medésimo, Nessúno, Niúno, Ogniúno, Qualcúno, Qualún[que], Chiúnque, Tále, Talúno, Cotále, Verúno, Stésso, Istésso.

Note that no Pronounes haue Articles ioyned vnto them, except Altrúi. Chè. Cúi. Cotále. Medésimo. Quále. Tále. and the possessiues, Mío. Túo. Súo. Mía. Túa. Súa. Nóstro. Nóstra. Vóstra. Vóstro. and Lóro. and yet all may haue the signes of the cases, Di. A. or Da. or else they could not be declined; as thus, Il medésimo giórno che io ti conóbbi, l'istésso ti amái. Il tále m'hà fátto mále. Il cotále m'hà feríto. L'amíco il quále io ámo. Il che io ti mostrerò sẻmpre. Io desídero l'altrúi bene, Il cúi dánno non mi piáce. I cúi denári io hò spesi, &c. and so all their plurals.

Note that to all the Possesiues, contrary to other Idiomes, the Italians ioyne such Articles, as the Substantiue requireth to which they are ioyned, as thus, Il mío líbro. I tuói fastídij sóno i miẻi. La mía máno. Le mie bráccia. Il túo pádre. Le túe disgrátie. La súa sórte. Il súo giudítio. Il nóstro Dío punísce i nóstri peccati, La vóstra lẻttera. Le vóstre fórze. Il vóstro signóre. I vóstri guanti. La lóro fortúna. Il lóro fratẻllo. Le lóro sciagùre. I lóro maríti, &c.

Of the Pronounes deriuatiues, or as some cal them Affixes, Adiuncts, or Particles, Mi, Ti, Si, Ci, Vi, Ne, Te, Se, Ce, Ve, Ne, Mo, Ma, To, Ta, So, which are so frequent in vse, and such an ornament or grace in the Italian tongue, which because they are some what difficile, I will say something of them.

The aboue written Deriuatiues, Affixes, Adiuncts, or Particles are very worthy of great consideration for the true vse of them, which few English attaine vnto, though they haue beene in Italy, and because none that euer I saw hath yet truely written of them; therefore pardon me, I beseech your Royal Maiestie, if I seeme somewhat tedious or curious in them. They are commonly ioyned vnto Verbes, and are euer of the Datiue or Accusatiue cases, except verbs of Priuation, when they are of the Ablatiue, as before hath beene touched: as for example, Lui mi diẻde. Egli mi dísse. Ei mi conóbbe ẻt súbito mi prése. Io ti díco ẻ ti móstro, ẻ ti véggo, ẻ ti conósco. Egli si dà ad intẻndere di scusársi, ẻ s'accúsa da se stésso. Lóro si dánno a crédere di non monstrársi pázzi (Of Si, more shall be said in this present Discourse.) Lui ci diẻde denári vedẻndone giuocáre. Dio vi hà dáta la súa gratia acciò vi pentiáte, &c. Here remember that Ci, and Vi, are often Aduerbes of place or locall signifying Here and There, as thus, Se io ci sóno, non ci voglio ẻssere. Io non vi andái pẻr non trouárui l'amíco che promíse di ẻsserui, &c.

Note that Mi, Ti, Si, Ci, Vi, may often be changed into Me, Te, Se, Ce, Ve, and yet are euer of one same signification, the I. of which is neuer changed into E. but when any of them are ioyned or affixed vnto some one of these Articles, Il. I. Lo. Gli. La. Le. or Ne. being an Aduerbe, and then are the Affixes of the Datiue case, and the Articles of the Accusatiue cases, as this, Lúi me lo mostrò. Io te lo diẻdi. Io te ne parlái. Egli se la béue. Essi se le mangiórono sénza pentírsene. Lóro ce ne hánno parláto, ẻt ce lo significórono. Io ce lo víddi. Lui ce ne diẻde, ẻt ce ne féce párte. Io ve lo trouái. Di grátia non ve ne Scordáte. Non vogliáte cercárveli se non ve ne voléte pentíre, &c.

Note also that all these aboue written Particles Mi. Ti. Si. Ci. Vi. Me. Te. Se. Ve. Ne. Lo. La. and Le. may indifferently be vsed and placed eyther before or after Verbes, at the pleasure of the speaker or writer, as for example in the Datiue case, Mi piáce. Piácemi. Ti gióua. Gióuati. Si compiáce. Compiácesi. Ci dilẻtta. Dilẻttaci. Vi piáce. Piáceui. Si compiáciono. Compiácionsi. And Accusitiuely, Mi vidde. Viddemi. Tí accúsa. Accúsati. Si móstra. Móstrasi. Ci áma. Ámaci. Vi truóua. Truóuaui.

But remember that if the Verbe haue an accent ouer the last vowell, as Mostrerò, Donò, Dirà, Farà, Starà, Dà, È, and that you will place the Particle after the verbe (as you may at your pleasure) the consonant of them ought euer to bee doubled, whereas before the Verbe it ought to be single, as for example, Ti mostrerò, Mostrerótti, Mi donò, Donómmi, Si dirà, Dirássi, Si farà, Farássi, Ci dà, Dácci, Ci ẻ del béne? Ecci del béne, Vi farò vedére, Faróuui vedére. Ve ne ẻ dauánzo, Éuuene pur tróppo. Le donò il cuóre, Donólle il cuóre, Se ne andò. Andóssene vía. Si trouò fuóri. Trouóssi fuóri. Le trouò che dormíuano. Trouólle che dormíuano. Ne dà. Dánne. Ne fà. Fánne, &c. Note withall that none of these Particles should be vsed before any Infinitiue mood, Gerond or Participle (an error wherein many Englishmen fall very often) as Mi fáre, Ti díre, Si monstrando, Si dicẻndo, Si pentíto, Si trouáto, Ci fáre, Ci trouáre, Vi facẻndo, Vi parlando, Ne vedẻndo, Ne trouándo, &c. but you must euer say Fármi, Dírti, Fárci, Trouárci, euer losing the last vowell of the Infinitue. Dicẻndosi, Facẻndosi, Pentítosi, Trouátosi, Facẻndoui, Parlándovi, Vedẻndone, Trouándone, &c.

It is not amisse if you note that Se, is sometimes an Aduerbe of doubt, as thus, Se if, Se púre if so be that, Se però if yet as, Se tu ámi Dio if thou loue God, &c.

Note also that these Affixes, or Participles are sometimes vsed among good Italians for an ornament or grace of speech rather then for necessity, and ioyning many times two or three together, as for example, Egli si créde, He belieueth himselfe, or to himselfe. Tù ti pénsi, Thou thinkest thy selfe, or to thy selfe. Io mi ti raccomándo, I recommend my selfe vnto thee. Tù mi ti mostrásti amoréuole, Thou didst show thy selfe kinde vnto me. Egli mi si proferì da sè, He of himselfe offered himselfe to me. Io mi ci fermái, I my selfe staide there. Tù ti ci facésti incóntro, Thou madest thy selfe against vs. In which gracefull, elegant, and ornamentall speeches, they ought euer to end in I. and not in E. yet may they end in both after L. or R. as for example: Cálmi. Cálme. Válmi. Válme. Dármi. Dárme. Pármi. Párme. &c.

Of Si.

Be your Maiestie pleased, I humbly entreate you, if I be somewhat tedious about this Particle Si. which to all strangers seemeth a Particle so doubtfull and vncertaine, that most are therewith puzled, yea and Italians themselues are to seeke how to expresse it, or how to giue rules for it. For I could neuer yet see the Grammar that did giue me satisfaction, or that did in any sort show the true vse of it, or the diuers significations it hath, as your Highnesse may perceiue, if you compare their rules vnto mine. For if you duely consider it, eyther in writing or speaking, and withall examine the thing written or spoken of, there is no part of speech more certain, more regular, and more ornamentall, although it sometimes seeme to contrary it selfe, especially if it be ioyned vnto Verbes (as it is very often) and makes the Verbe to which it is affixed to be sometimes directly Actiue or Transitiue, and other times Passiue or Reciprocall, as indeed it is: and fauour me I beseech you, with the patience to consider these few rules, you shall finde is very easie and certaine, both how to be vnderstood, and how to be vsed.

Sì. is often an Aduerbe of swearing or affirmation, yea, yes, yea marry as thus, Sì in verità, yes in truth. Signor sì, yes, Sir. Sì veraménte, yes forsooth. &c. and then is it euer accented.

Sì. serueth often for an Aduerbe of similitude or comparison in stead of Così, in English So, As, or Thus, as for example, Huómo sì cortése, sì nóbile, ẻ sì gentíle non víddi mái, A man so courteous, so noble, and thus gentle, did I neuer see, &c. and should euer be accented.

Sì. is sometimes an Aduerbe of quantity, comparatiuely, or relatiuely spoken, in liew of Tánto, or Quánto, in English As much, As well, So well, So much, hauing euer relation vnto Cóme or Quánto, as thus, Sì lui cóme vn'altro, As much or as well he as another. Sì bene pẻr il mio interẻsse quánto pẻr il vóstro, As well, or as much for mine interesse as for yours. Or else it may be placed before Pẻr, or Pẻrchè, or Pẻr tánto, or, Pẻr quánto, as thus, Sì pẻr amór vóstro, cóme pẻr súo, As much or as well for your sake as for his. Sì pẻrchè ti ámo, quánto pẻrchè tù sẻi vertuóso, As well because I loue thee, as because thou art vertuous, &c. and should euer be accented.

Sì. hath beene vsed for a Coniunction of continuing sense or yeelding reason, in place of Nondiméno, yet or neuerthelesse, as thus, Se áltro non mi vì facésse volér béne, Sì vi vóglio béne, pẻrchè lo meritáte, If nothing else should make me to wish you well, yes or neuerthelesse I will loue you because you deserue it, &c.

Sì. hath beene vsed for the Preposition Insíno, vntill, as thus, Nón si riténne di córrere sì fù a cása di lui, he staide not his running vntill he came to his house, &c.

Si. hath beene vsed sometimes for an ornament, as thus, Andò et si gli apẻrse, et si gli disse, &c.

Si. being ioyned or affixed vnto the third person of any verbe, be it singular or plurall, or to any Infinitiue moode, or to any Gerond, or to any Participle, as it is most often, and that both before and after them, your Maiesty ought diligently to consider and obserue whether, Si, hath reference and relation vnto persons animated, or creatures hauing life, namely men or women, or otherwise vnto creatures or things dead, and hauing no life, as also vnto actions of men or women, or as a man may say, whether in speech or writing the partie be ment and vnderstood himselfe, or whether but his action, and any dead thing else; for to some one of those two must euery verbe spoken, read or written necessarily haue relation, and of one of the two al meane and vnderstand. If Si. haue relation and reference vnto persons animated and hauing or hauing had life, you shall assuredly finde the Verbe to which Si. is affixed, to be of the Actiue or Transitiue signification, and Si. to be a Pronoune Primitiue, or as some say, deriuatiue, both of the singular and plurall number, both of the Masculine and Feminine gender, and but of the Datiue or of the Accusatiue cases, signifying To him, to herselfe, to themselues, Him, her, themselues, as also sometimes, one another, as for example, Lui si dà a crédere d'ẻsser sáuio, ẻ si stíma ẻsser' huómo da béne, ẻt non si rauéde dẻ suói erróri, di che si douerẻbbe vergognáre conoscẻndosi. That is in English, He giueth himselfe to beleeue that he is wise, and thinketh himselfe to be an honest man, and himselfe perceiueth not his owne faults, whereof he should be ashamed himself, knowing himselfe. Or thus: Lóro si pénsano ẻsser sauij, mà si ingánnano, They thinke themselues wise men, but they deceiue themselues. Or thus: Lui si ẻ fátto mále, pensándosi di fársi béne, He hath done hurt to himselfe, thinking to doe himselfe good. Or thus: Lóro si dánno a crédere d'ẻssersi feriti, They perswade themselues that they haue hurt themselues, or to haue hurt one another; for in the sense of One another it is often found. Here remember also (as I haue before touched) that Si. being affixed vnto verbs of priuation, and speaking of persons animated, it may be of some Ablatiue case, as thus, Lui si ẻ cauáto la máschera, He hath pulled the maske or vizard from himselfe. Or thus: Lóro si sóno leuáta la libertà, They haue taken liberty from themselues, &c.

Secondly, if Si, be ioyned or affixed to any verbe, hauing relation to any dead or liuelesse thing, or to any action performed, be sure that it is a signe or inference of a passiue signification, which in English is expressed with these signes, It is, Men, Are, They, The world, Be it, or To be, namely with Infinitiues, as for example, Si díce chè le cattíue cóse non si stímano, It is said that euill things are not esteemed. Or thus: Mólte cóse si fánno, che non si conuẻngono, Many things are done that are not conuenient, &c. And so you may vnderstand it being ioyned vnto the third persons, eyther singular or plurall, of all the tences throughout the Verbe, as also with an Infinitiue mood, as thus, Quésto dẻbbe fársi, this thing is to be done, &c. Or with a Participle, as thus, Fáttosi nótte si féce ánco oscúro, Night being made, darkenesse was also made, &c.

Note also as a speciall thing, that if there be two or more verbes in a sentence, and that one of them be an Infinitiue, although they be farre asunder, and that Si. be ioyned to any one, yet must it still gouerne the Infinitiue passiuely, as this, Si può manifestaménte vedére, che gli huómini si póssono ingannáre, It may manifestly be seene, that men may easily be deceiued, &c.

Of Ne.

The reason why so few can directly vnderstand, or truely make vse in speaking or writing of this Particle Ne, which in the Italian tongue is so often and so gracefully vsed, proceedeth of this, that as yet (as farre as I haue seene) none did euer shew directly, or rightly set down the essentiall proprietie, the certaine and distinct significations, and the vndoubted vse thereof, amusing the learner and stranger, with saying that it is but an ornament and affected grace of the tongue, and that it might well, or for the most part be spared; when if your Maiesty rightly examine the same, you shall finde it to be a most necessary, a most gracefull, and most significant part of speech: yea, and so significant, so gracefull, and so necessary, as the Italian tongue is lame, harsh, imperfect and gracelesse without it. I haue therefore as briefly as I could set downe the seuerall significations, and direct vses therof, and what it doth import, or may signifie, and without the compasse of which I would yet neuer heare, reade, or finde it. Remember therefore that Ne hath onely fiue seuerall significations, and more it cannot haue.

First Nè, is sometimes an Aduerbe of distinction, or as some count it, of deniall or refusall, and is commonly accented, and without a verb, and in the beginning of a sentence, or immediately after a Comma, signifying in English, Nor, or Neither, or thus, Nè ti sóno amíco, nè ánco lo vóglio ẻssere, per chè, nè tù lo mẻriti, nè se ne contẻnterẻbboro i miẻi amíci. I neither am thy friend, nor will I be, because neither dost thou deserue it, nor would my friends be therewith contented. Or thus, Nè quésto, nè quéllo ti concẻdo, imperochè, nè mi ámi, nè mi puói vedére. Nor this, nor that doe I graunt to thee, for thou dost neither loue me, nor canst abide to see me, &c.

Secondly, Ne is somtimes an Aduerb local or of place, or as some cal it, a Preposition, importing In, In the, or Into, but then is the Article I. included, and somtimes apostrophed, and somtimes not, as thus, Spasseggiándo ne' cámpi, m'imbattéi ne' miẻi nemíci, walking in the fields, I chanced to fal into mine enemies. Or thus, Trouándomi ne' cámpi, finding my selfe in the fieldes. Or thus, Leggẻndo ne' libri, reading in the bookes, Or thus, Ne' sáuij si truóuano buóni consíglij, in wise men are good counsels found, &c.

Thirdly, Ne. being ioyned to a verbe of motion, as Andáre, Fuggíre, Voláre, Veníre, &c. is sometimes an Aduerbe locall or of place, signifying in English Thence, Hence, or Away, as Lui se ne ẻ andáto; He is gone away. Io me ne vádo, I goe hence. Io me ne vóglio fuggíre, I will runne away or flie hence, Lui se ne ẻ fuggito, He is fled away thence or hence. Volándosene via, Flying thence away. Venitéuene, Come away thence, &c.

Fourthly, Ne. serueth sometimes for the Pronoune primitiue, Noi, Vs, being euer of the Datiue or Accusatiue cases, except with verbes of priuation, with which it is of the Ablatiue. As for example, Vedẻndone giuocáre lui ne diẻde denári, Seeing vs play he gaue vs money. Incontrándone lui ne diẻde il buón giórno, Meeting vs, he bade vs good morrow, with priuatiue verbes, let this example serue. Lui ne hà tólto il nóstro ripóso, furátone i nóstri denári, ẻd ascóstone i nóstri béni, He hath taken from vs our rest, stolne our money from vs, and hidden our goods from vs.

Fifthly and lastly, Ne. being ioyned with a verbe doth most often and most commonly serue for an Aduerbe of quantity, or relation, signifying in English, Some, Of it, Any, Part of, There of, Of them, and sometimes, Therewith, hauing euer relation vnto the chief substantiue, mentioned, spoken of, or glanced at in the sentence, at being reciprocall vnto it, and is most elegantly and gracefully so often vsed of all the best Italians, to auoide that harshnesse or trouble of often iterating the same vpon euery occasion, and in continuance of the sense, as for example, Di grátia Signór mio se hauéte denári fátemene párte, Signóre Io non ne hò, se ne hauéssi, ve ne farẻi párte, quándo ne hauerò, ne potréte dispórre, mi dispiáce non hauérne, vísto chè tánti ne hánno, chè non ne sóno degni, &c. which in English is thus. Of courtesie Sir if you haue any money, lend me some. Sir I haue none, if I had any you should haue part thereof, when I shall haue some, you may dispose of it. I am sorry I haue not any, seeing so many haue some that are not worthy of it, &c. much more might be said of the vse thereof, but I thinke this sufficient. Now let vs come vnto the verbes.

Of verbes in generall.

A Verbe is a part of speech which varieth in times; for Verbe is that which signifieth time, or sheweth variation of time, implying euer an action or working either of body or minde. Amongst all the Verbs some are vnder certaine orders, and are called Regular, some are not, and they are called Irregular. All Uerbs that maybe reduced vnder certaine orders and infallible rules, haue heretofore by the Fathers and best writers of the Italian tongue (in imitation of the Latin) beene deuided and ranged into foure squadrons by them named Coniugations.

All those of the first Squadron or Coniugation are such as in their Infinitiue moodes end in Áre. with the accent ouer the last A. as Amáre, Balláre, Cantáre, Mangiáre, Saltáre, Tagliáre, and infinite others.

All those of the second Squadron or Coniugation are those that in the Infinitiue moode end in Ére, with the accent ouer the last E. sauing one, as Hauére, Godére, Possedére, Temére, Vedére, and infinite others.

All those of the third Squadron or Coniugation are those that in their Infinitiue moodes doe likewise end in Ére. with the accent ouer the last vowell sauing two, as Córrere, Frémere, Lẻggere, Nuócere, Rídere, Strídere, Tẻssere, and infinite others.

All those of the fourth Squadron or Coniugation are those that in their Infinitiue moodes end in Íre. with the accent ouer the first vowell sauing one, as Dormíre, Moríre, Nutríre, Obedíre, Patíre, Sentíre, Vdíre, &c.

All those Uerbes that may be reduced vnder certaine orders are called Regular, the number of which is infinite of euery Coniugation; where as those that more or lesse doe varie and estrange themselues from rules or order are called Irregular, whereof the number is but few, as shall appeare hereafter.

All Verbs be either Actiue and Transitiue, or Passiue & Reciprocall, or else Personall or Impersonall, of which we will say somewhat and of their seuerall vses: and because some tences of all verbes are coniugated either with the Participle and helpe of the Auxiliar, or as I may call it Mother-verbe, Hauére, or else with the Participle and helpe of the other Auxiliar and helping verbe Éssere. Know therefore that all Actiue or Transitiue verbs, that is to say, that passe into the subiect treated, meant, or spoken of, vse the helpe of the Auxiliar verbe Hauére, as Io hò veduti ẻt lẻtti mólti libri. Io hó trouáti póchi amíci. Io me l'hauéuo guadagnáto con l'árme in máno, &c. And the Passiue or Reciprocall verbs, that is to say, that returne vnto themselues with Mi. Ti. Si. Ci. Vi. which answere vnto Io. Tù. Lúi. Nói. Lóro. vse euer the helpe of the other Auxiliar verbe Éssere, as for example, Io mi sóno rallegráto del túo béne, ẻ tù ti sẻi dolúto del mío. Noi ci siámo accostáti a lui, ẻ vói vi siéte vergognáti di fárlo. Quándo loro si saránno partíti dál mál fáre, noi ci consolerémo, &c.

Note here that these two verbs, Pósso and Vóglio, may be vsed and ioyned with both the Auxiliar verbs, Hauére and Éssere. The reason why I call them Auxiliar, is, because they are as helps to coniugate all other verbs both Actiue and Passiue, and I deeme them most necessary to be perfectly learned of him that is curious truly to vnderstand, rightly to speake, or exactly to write the Italian tongue, forsomuch as whosoeuer can readily coniugate Hauére, may without any doubt or difficulty (knowing but the Infinitiue moode, which is as the roote and ground of all) coniugate and frame all the rest of the verbs, both regular and irregular of the Italian tongue, except three tences, and of those three tences but one person of each: that is to say, the Present tence of the Indicatiue moode; Secondly, the first distant or vndetermined Preterperfectence of the same moode; Thirdly, the Present tence of the Optatiue moode: as by coniugating of this verbe Hauére, shall manifestly appeare, which I humbly entreate your Maiestie to learne carefully.

Of the verbe Hauére.

The Indicatiue moode or Demonstratiue manner of speech.

The Present or Deffinite tence.

Of the vse, and what may be learned by this Tence.

Note that adding any Participle vnto this tence, you frame the second Certaine, Neare, or Determined Preterperfectence of the Indicatiue moode of all Actiue or Transitiue verbes, and of all coniugations, as for example.

The Preterimperfect, Doubtfull, Vnlimited, or Vndetermined tence.

Of the vse, and what may be learned by this Tense.

First note, that adding any Participle of what verbe soeuer vnto this tence, you frame the first vncertaine, vndetermined, and very distant Preterpluperfectence of the Indicatiue moode of all Actiue or Transitiue verbes, as for example.

Secondly note, that this tence of all the verbes of the second, of the third, and of the fourth coniugation, may at the pleasure of the speaker or writer lose and leaue out the last V. in the third persons singular and plurall, as thus, Lui hauéa, Lui scriuéa, Lui dormía, Lóro hauéano, Lóro scriuéano, Lóro dormíano, as also it may lose the last vowell, or O. of the said third persons plurall; for you may also say Lóro hauéan', Lóro scriuéan'. Lóro dormían, &c.

Thirdly note, that all third persons plurall of all Italian verbes must haue the accent placed vpon the last vowell sauing two, as Lóro amáuano, Lóro vedéuano, Lóro scriuéuano, Lóro dormíuano, &c. except that of the future tence of the Indicatiue, where the accent is vpon the last vowell sauing one, by reason of the double Nn. which followes the same, as Lóro ameránno, Lóro vederánno, Lóro scriueránno, Lóro moriránno, &c.

Fourthly note, that knowing the termination of this tence and of this verbe alone, you may therby learne how to frame the doubtfull or vnlimited Preterimperfectence of the Indicatiue moode of all the verbes of the Italian tongue, as for example of the first Coniugation by changing the E. of this verbe Hauére, into A. as thus.

Of the second and third Coniugation by keeping the very same desinence or termination of this tence, and of this Verbe, as for example.

Of the fourth Coniugation by changing the E. into I. as for example.

The first vncertaine, vndetermined, or distant Preterperfect tence.

Of the vse of this tence, and what may thereby be learned.

First note, that adding the Participle of what Verbe soeuer vnto this tence, you frame a tence, which although some Grammarians haue made no mention of, yet is so necessary, and so often vsed of good Italians, both in speaking and writing, as I am perswaded, that no man can truely speake or write without it; or that it is a second, vndoubted, most certaine and determined Preterpluperfect tence of all Actiue or Transitiue Verbes, as for example.

Secondly, you may learne by this tence to know, that whereas the first Preterperfect tences of the Indicatiue moode of most Italian Verbes, of the second and third coniugations are somewhat difficile, vncertaine, and irregular, that it is but in three persons, that is to say, in the first and third singular, and in the third plurall, yet are they not so vncertaine, but that if you finde only the first person singular, which doth euer end inI, as Hẻbbi. Sẻppi. Tácqui. Nácqui. Víddi. &c. change that I. into E. and vndoubtedly you haue the third person singular, as Hẻbbe. Sẻppe. Tácque. Nácque. Vídde. and to the third person singular addingRo, you haue infallibly the third person plurall, as Hẻbbero, Sẻppero, Tácquero, Nácquero, Víddero. &c. wheras the other three persons, to wit, the second singular, and the first and second plurall of this tence are euer regular, and keepe one certaine termination, and may be framed by the Infinitiue, as thus, Take Re, from the Infinitiue moode, and adde Sti, vnto the rest you haue the second person singular, as Hauésti, Sapésti, Tacésti, Nascésti, Vedésti, and likewise take Re. from the Infinitiue, and vnto it adde Mmo, you haue the first person plural, as Hauémmo, Sapémmo, Tacémmo, Nascémmo, Vedémmo. And likewise take Re, from the Infinitiue, and thereunto adde Ste, as thus, change the last I. of the second person singular of this tence into E. you haue the second person plurall, as Hauéste, Sapéste, Tacéste, Nascéste, Vedéste. Yet remember that this tence is not so strictly vncertain but that it may for a shift be made regular, as those of the first coniugation, as thus, Hauéi, hauésti, hauétte, Hauémmo, Hauéste, Hauéttero, and so Tacéi, Tacésti, Tacétte, Tacémmo, Tacéste, Tacéttero, Godéi, Godésti, Godétte, Godémmo, Godéste, Godéttero, &c.

Now for your Maiesties more facility, and to know certainly what verbes of the second or third coniugation varie in this tence, I haue throughout my Dictionarie set downe next to all Infinitiues, the first person singular of this tence, as also all the participles, because they are somewhat irregular and variable, as I will shew when I come to speake of them which I haue done for the ease of such as delight in the tongue, and haue not readily Italians by to aske, or good Grammarians at hand to resolue them. As for the verbes of the first and fourth coniugations, they are almost all regular in this tence, and who knowes one, may say he knowes all, except foure of the first, and some few of the fourth; which I will note when I come to speak of irregular verbes. Of which I will say more then euer yet was said of any other.

The second, certaine, neare, or determined Preterperfect tence.

Of the vse, and what may be learn't by this tence.

The chiefe thing that is to be noted in this tence is this; The first, or (as I may rightly call it) distant, vncertaine, or vndertermined Preterperfect tence, Hẻbbi, or that of any other verbe, is most commonly vsed (or at least should be) in speaking of times or things gone or past, and that ended their time the present morning, wherein you speak of them.

And this second, certaine, nearer, or determined Preterperfect tence is euer vsed (or should be vsed) in speaking of times or things, hauing relation vnto, or ended in the day present, and wherein you speake: and therefore doe I call it nearer and certaine. As for example, if you demaund of me, Quándo hauéte vedúto il tále? When saw you such a one? If I saw him this day, I must answere, Io l'hò vedúto hoggi. But if I saw him at any other time before, I must say, Io lo víddi l'áltro giórno, &c. And looke what is said of this tence of Hauére, the same may be said of the same tence of all other verbes, wherein English men erre so much; but indeed they may be excused, because they neuer yet saw Grammar that shewed the difference betweene them: for most make them indifferently all one.

The first, vncertaine, very distant, or vnderdetmined preterpluperfect tence.

The second, certaine, somewhat distant, or determined Preterpluperfect tence.

Of the vse of these two Tences, and what is to be obserued by them.

The chiefest thing that is to be obserued in these two Tences, is, that Io hẻbbi hauúto. Io hẻbbi amáto. Io hẻbbi scrítto. Io hẻbbi vdíto, haue euer refference vnto times and things further off, and so hapned that some other time, action or chance hath succeeded betweene: and Io hauéuo hauúto. Io hauéuo amáto. Io hauéuo scrítto. Io hauéuo vdíto, haue euer refference vnto times, actions, or chances hapned long time since, and a great distance off; which is the reason that I haue placed them vnder titles of very distant or vndetermined, and of somewhat distant or determined, by which your Maiesty may easily distinguish them, and know their differences, as thus. Quándo io hò mangiáto, desídero di bére, whereas Io hẻbbi hauúto answereth a time more certaine and deffinite, as thus. Quándo l'hẻbbi vedúto, di súbito il conóbbi, and Io hauéuo hauúto, hath relation vnto a time or distance further off, and indeffinite, as thus. Io l'hauéuo bén vedúto, ma nón lo conoscéuo, &c.

Here I thinke it not impertinent to desire your Maiesty to remember, that the Participles of all the verbes of the Italian tongue, ioyned vnto any tence of what verbe soeuer, may at the discretion or choise of the speaker or writer be accommodated and referred to both numbers and genders, or as you would say more plainly, to the person speaking, or spoken of; as also to the substantiue or things meant or spoken of, as thus. Io hò desideráto il túo cómmodo. Io hó desideráta la túa commodità. Io hò desideráti i tuói cómmodi. Io hò desideráte le túe commodità, or thus. La tua essortatióne ha mutáto il mio disségno, mutáti i miẻi disségni, mutáta la mia opinióne, mutáte le mie opinióni, &c. all which participles haue relation vnto the substantiue, whereas you may as well make them to haue relation vnto the person speaking, as thus, Io hò desideráto il tùo cómmodo, la túa commodità, i tuói cómmodi, le túe commodità, or thus. La túa essortatióne hà mutáto il mio disségno, i miẻi disségni, la mia opinióne, le mie opinióni, &c. Yet note that the Participles ioyned vnto any tence of the other Auxiliar verbe Éssere, doe commonly agree with the Nominatiue case, as in that verbe shall appeare.

Of the future Tence or time to come.

• Io hauerò, haurò, or harò.
• tù hauerái, haurái, or harái.
• lúi hauerà, haurà, or harà.
• nói hauerémo, haurémo, or harémo.
• vói haueréte, hauréte, or haréte.
• lóro haueránno, hauránno, or haránno.

Of the vse of this Tence, and what may thereby be learned.

The chiefest thing to be obserued in this Tence, is, that whosoeuer hath the terminations or last sillables of this tence of any verbe, hath also those of the future tences of all verbes of what coniugation soeuer of the Italian tongue without exception: For, all first persons singular must end in Rò with the accent ouer the last vowell, as thus. Io amerò, Io vederò, Io scriuerò, Io morirò, &c.

All second persons singular must end in Rái. with the accent ouer the last A. as Tù amarái, Tù vedrái, Tù scriuerái, Tù morirái, &c.

All third persons singular must end in Rà. with the accent ouer the last vowell, as Lúi amerà, Lúi vederà, Lúi scriuerà, Lúi morirà, &c.

All first persons plurall must end in Rémo, with the accent ouer the last vowell sauing one, as Noi amerémo. Noi vedrémo. Noi scriuerémo. Noi morirémo, &c.

All second persons plurall must end in Réte, with the accent ouer the last vowell sauing one, as Vói ameréte, Vói vedréte, Vói scriueréte, Vói moriréte, &c.

All third persons plurall must end in Ránno, with the accent ouer the last vowell sauing one, as Lóro ameránno, Lóro vedránno, Lóro scriueránno, Lóro moriránno, &c.

And so all the rest both regular and irregular; alwaies remembred that in verbes of the first coniugation, the last A. of the Infinitiue moode in this tence must be changed into E. and in steede of Amarò, Danzarái, Cantarà, Andarémo, Saltaréte, Mangiaránno, the best Italians vse to say and write, Amerò, Danzerái, Canterà, Anderémo, Salteréte, Mangieránno, &c. whereas all those of the second, third, and fourth coniugations doe euer keep the last vowell sauing one of the Infinitiue moode in framing of this tence, as Io tacerò, Tù correrái, Lúi scriuerà, Noi vederémo, Voi dormiréte, Lóro moriránno. Yet note that the foure Irregulars of the first coniugation doe in this tence, keepe the A. of the Infinitiue moode, as Andarò. Darò. Farò. Starò. and so throughout, although the first is most times written and pronounced, Andrò, Andrái. Andrà. Andrémo. Andréte. Andránno. loosing the middle vowell. And so are diuers verbes of the second and third coniugations vsed more often sincopated of the middle vowell, yea sometimes of a whole sillable, then not, as namely, Haurò. Berò. Tẻrrò. Sciẻrrò. Cadrò. Parrò. Potrò. Rimarrò. Varrò. Vedrò. Vorrò. Condurrò. &c. with some others, in steede of Hauerò. Beuerò. Tenerò. Scẻglierò. Sciorglierò. Caderò. Parerò. Poterò. Rimanerò. Valerò. Vederò. Volerò. Conducerò. &c. and so throughout all the persons of this tence. I remember but one of the fourth coniugation, that is sincopated or varied in this tence, and that is in steede of Io morirò. &c. Io morrò. Tu morrái. Lui morrà. Noi morrémo. Voi morréte. Loro morránno.