Queen Anna's New World of Words; or, Dictionarie of the Italian and English Tongues

Remember also that all third persons plurall of this tence, may at the pleasure of the speaker or writer loose the last sillable No. and in liew of Ameránno. Vedránno. Scriueránno, Moriránno. They may say. Amerán'. Vedrán'. Scriuerán'. Morirán. For so much as N. is counted as a liquid.

Note also that placing the Aduerbe of time, Quándo, before any person of this tence, Hauerò, and the Participle of any verbe whatsoeuer, you frame and learne the Future tence of the Subiunctiue or potentiail moode of all Actiue or Transitiue verbes. As for example.

As in it's due place shall more at large be shewed.

Of the Imperatiue moode or Commanding manner of speech.

Of the vse of this tence, and what may be obserued by it.

Concerning this moode no other rule can be giuen, but that it hath euer correspondency with the Present tences of of the optatiue and subiunctiue moodes, as being in a manner all one with them, sauing that the Imperatiue hath most commonly the Pronoune after the verbe, and they haue it before, except in questions, and that the Imperatiue moode wanted euer his first person singular. The terminations are all one, and therefore he that knowes the Present tence of the Optatiue of any verbe, knowes the same of the Imperatiue and Subiunctiue thereof, as elsewhere shall more particularly be showen.

Note also that Imperatiuely and in commanding wise you may liew of this tence vse the Infinitiue of any verbe speaking to an equall or inferior person, or the second person plurall of the Present tence of the Indicatiue moode, speaking to one whom you will seeme to respect with this particle, Nón, before it. Whereas the English put euer the word Not, after the verbe, as for example.

With some few verbes as namely Hauére, and Volére, you must in liew of the second person plurall of the Present tence of the Indicatiue moode, vse the second person plurall of the present tence of the Optatiue moode, and say thus. Non habbiáte paúra. Non vogliáte partíre, &c.

Note also that the second person singular of all verbes of the first Coniugation in this tence, end euer in A. and the third in I. as for example. Ama tù. Cánta tù. Sálta tù. Mángia tù. &c. Ami lúi. Cánti lúi. Sálti lúi. Mángi lúi. &c. except the foure Irregular, as you shall perceiue in them. Whereas the second persons singular of the same tence of all verbes of the second, third, and fourth coniugations endeth euer in I. and the third in A. as for example. Védi tù. Córri tù. Lẻggi tù. Scríui tù. Dórmi tù. &c. Véda lúi. Córra lúi. Lẻgga lúi. Scríua lúi. Dórma lúi. &c. Of the three persons plurall of this tence I will speake in the Present tence of the Optatiue moode.

Of the Optatiue Mood or wishing maner of Speech.

Note first that whereas the Latins haue for a helpe or signe of the Optatiue or wishing moode the word, Vtinam: the French Dieu vueille, or Pleut á Dieu, and the English, God graunt, Would to God, Oh God that, or else, Oh that: the Italians haue in their Grammars placed these signes, Dio vóglia chè, Dio volésse chè, Piáccia a Dio chè, Oh Dío chè. All which indeed are good and true Italian. But for as much as they are not so generally vsed as this one, Ochè, I haue therefore thoughout all this moode in all verbes vsed and placed no other signe or helpe, expressing fully as much as any of the rest, as for example:

The present or definite tence.

Of the vse, and what may be obserued in this tence.

First it is to be noted, that all three persons Sing. of this tence, of all verbs of the first Coniugation, end commonly in I. as O che io ámi, Oche tù ámi. Oche lúi ámi, &c. whereas in the second and third coniugations the first and third persons end all in A. and the second in I. as thus, O chè io góda. O chè tù gódi. O chè lúi góda. or Ochè io scríua. Ochè tù scríui. although some make them to end all in A. which is not greatly amisse: whereas all three persons Sing. of the fourth coniugation end in A. or O chè Io dórma. O chè tù dórma. O chè lúi dorma, &c.

The three persons Plu. of this tence of verbes of the first coniugation, are commonly framed thus: To the first person Sing. which is Ami, adde euer Amo, and that makes the first Plu. as Amiámo. Danziámo. Mangiámo. Saltiámo, &c. To the said first person Sing. adde euer Ate, and that makes the second Plu. as Amiáte. Danziáte. Mangiáte. Saltiáte, &c. To the said first person Sing. adde euer No. and that makes the third Plu. as Ámino. Dánzino. Mángino. Sáltino, &c. The same rule doth serue for the verbes of the second and third Coniugations: so that you change the A. into I. or take the second person Sing. of this tence of them all, as of Gódi, or of Scríui, which make in the Plu. Godiámo, Godiáte. Gódino. Scriuiámo. Scriuiáte. Scríuino, &c. The three persons Plu. of this tence of verbs of the fourth Coniugation, are framed by adding Ámo. Áte. and No. to the second person Sing. of the present tence of the Indicatiue mood, which euer ends in I. or thus by changing the A. of the Sing. of this tence in I. which makes Dormiámo. Dormiáte. Dórmino, &c.

Note also as an especiall thing, that whosoeuer hath the present tence of the Optatiue moode of this verbe, hath also (as hath beene said) first the Imperatiue moode, by placing the Pronoune after the verbe; Secondly he hath the present tence of the subiunctiue mood; Thirdly, only by adding any Participle vnto it, he hath the determined Preterperfect tences of the Optatiue and of the Subjunctiue moods of all actiue or transitiue verbes, as thus, Io hábbia amáto. Tù hábbi vedúto. Lúi hábbia scritto, &c. Nói habbiámo saltáto. Vói habbiáte lẻtto. Lóro hábbino dormíto, &c. Fourthly, he hath also the future tence of the Optatiue moode of all actiue verbes, by placing this Aduerbe of time, Da qui inánzi, after the verbe, as you shall see in its place. So that whosoeuer hath this present tence, or of any verbe else, hath sixe tences, and nothing is left him to learn but the imperfect or vndetermined tence, which he may learn by this ensuing tence, which also sheweth the tence called respectiue of the subiunctive mood.

The Preterimperfect or vndetermined tence.

Of the vse of this Tence.

First remember that who hath the terminations of this tence, hath also the same tence of all verbs of the second & third c[on]iugations (except of Éssere, as in his place shal appear) w[hich] is framed by the infinitiue moode, by leauing out the last sillable Re. and adding Ssi. for the first and second Sing. Sse. for the third Sing. Ssimo. for the first Plur. Ste. for the second Plur. and Ssero. or Ssino. for the third Plur. as Io vedéssi. Tù sapéssi. Lúi corrésse. Noi godéssimo. Vói Leggéste. Lóro Corréssero. or Corréssino. &c. And changing the E. of this tence into A. he hath the same tence of all the verbes of the first coniugation, as thus. Io amássi. Tù cantássi. Lúi saltásse. Nói amássimo. Vói cantáste. Lóro saltássero. or Saltássino. &c. And changing the said E. into I. he hath the same tence of all verbes of the fourth coniugation, as thus. Io vdíssi, Tù patíssi, Lúi dormísse, Noi vdíssimo, Voi patíste, Lóro dormíssero, &c.

Secondly, note that in steede of the wishing signe, O chè, vsing, Se, chè, Benchè, Purchè, or Quándo, or any of them, he hath also the conditionall Preterimperfectence of the Subiunctiue moode of all verbes actiue. And putting any participle vnto it, he hath first the preterpluperfectence of the optatiue, and then the first or conditionall preterpluperfectence of the subiunctiue moode of all verbes actiue, and of all coniugations, as in their proper places may apeare.

Thirdly, note that all third person plur. of this tence may loose the last vowell O. and you may as well say, Amásser', Amássin', Hauésser', Hauéssin', Dormísser', &c. as Amássero, Amássino, Hauéssero, Hauéssino, Dormíssero, &c.

The Preterperfect or Determined tence.

The Preterpluperfect or vndetermined tence.

The Future tence or time to come.

Of these three tences little neede be said, forsomuch as I haue already spoken of them in the vse of the Present tence of this verbe, to which I referre your Maiestie.

The Subiunctive, Dependent, or Potentiall moode, whose proper signes or helps, are euer, Chè, Se, Benchè, Pur chè, Acciochè or Quándo, without some one of which it neuer commeth, one tence excepted.

The Present or Deffinite tence whose helps or signes are, Chè, Benchè, Purchè, or Quándo.

Little neede be said of this tence because it hath been spoken of before.

The first Conditionall, Doubtfull, Dependent, or vndetermined Preterimperfectence, whose helps are, Se, Chè, Benchè, Accióche, Purchè, or Quándo.

The second respectiue, relatiue, or limited Preterimperfect tence, which doth euer eyther expressiuely or inclusiuely answere or regard the former, which I call conditonall or doubtfull, and hath no signe or helpe.

Of the necessary vse of these two tences, and what may be obserued vpon them.

These two tences are so frequent and ordinary in vse both in speaking and writing, namely of things, accidents or actions that be doubtfull, contingent, potentiall, in suspence, vncertaine, or that may be, of which men oftener vse to speake and write, then of things or actions already past, certain, determined, and undoubted. And there is such coherency and dependency betweene them, and they haue such relation and respect one to the other, that they are seldome separated or farre asunder: and if they be (as they are often) they are notwithstanding relatiuely, respectiuely, and inclusiuely meant or vnderstood. And I could yet neuer see Grammar that did directly set downe eyther the true difference betweene them, or demonstrate the right vse of them, yea most Grammarians are so simple, as they make then both one and indifferent, when the difference is most great, and the seuerall vse of them most necessary to be knowne, which is this, that the first hath euer one of these signs or helps before it, as Se, if, or if so be, Chè, that, Benchè, albeit, Acciochè to the end that, Purchè, so that, Quándo, when or if. And the second as hauing relations or respect & answer to the former, hath no signe at all. And that is the reason that I haue named them by their effects; the first conditionall, doubtfull, dependent or vnlimited, and the second, respectiue, relatiue, or limited. The first you shall neuer heare or fine without the second, eyther spoken, written, or specifed, though the second be sometimes written or spoken without the first, yet is it euer more meant, vnderstood, and some condition implied or included. And there is no tence in the Italian tongue, where English men commit more incongruities. And remember what is said of these two tences, the like may said of the two ensuing Preterpluperfect tences, not onely of this verbe, but of all other actiue verbes, as they that are composed of the two former, with the addition of any Participle.

Note also that knowing the termintion of the second respectiue or relatiue, you learn to frame the said tence of all other verbes, and of all coniugations, as for example, Io amerẻi or amería. Tù amerésti. Lui amerẻbbe or Amería. Nói amerémmo. Vói ameréste. Lóro amerẻbbero. Amerẻbbono, or ameríano. Io vederẻi, or vedería. Tù vederésti. Lui vederẻbbe or vedería. Lóro vederẻbbero, vederẻbbono, or vederíano. Io leggerẻi, or leggería. Tù leggerésti. Lui leggerẻbbe, or leggería. Nói leggerémmo. Vói leggeréste. Lóro leggerẻbbero, leggerẻbbono, or leggeríano. Io dormirẻi, or dormiría. Tù dormirẻsti. Lui dormirẻbbe or dormiría. Nói dormirémmo. Vói dormiréste. Lóro dormirẻbbero, dormirẻbbono or dormiríano, &c.

Note also that all third persons plu. of this tence may both in speaking and writing lose the last vowell O. and instead of Amerẻbbero. Amerẻbbono or Ameríano. Vederẻbbero. Vederẻbbono or vederíano. Scriuerẻbbero. Scriuerẻbbono, or Scriueríano. Morirẻbbero. Morirẻbbono, or Moriríano, you may at your pleasure say, Amerẻbber'. Amerẻbbon'. Amerían.' Scriuerẻbber'. Scriuerẻbbon'. Scriuerían'. Dormirẻbber'. dormirẻbbon'. dormirían'. &c.

The Preterperfect or determined tence, whose helps or signes are euer Chè, Benchè, Purchè, or Quándo.

The vse of this tence, and the framing thereof in all other verbes hath been spoken of before.

The first conditionall, doubtfull, dependent or determined Preterpluperfect tence, whose signes are euer Se, Chè, Benchè Purchè, or Quándo.

The second respectiue, relatiue or limited Preterpluperfect tence, expressiuely inclusiue, by hauing respect vnto, or answering the former, and hauing no signe at all.

• Io hauerẻi, or hauería hauúto.
• Tù hauerésti hauúto.
• Lui hauerẻbbe, or hauería hauúto.
• Nói hauerémmo hauúto.
• Vói haueréste hauúto.
• Lóro hauerẻbbero, or Haueríano hauúto.

For the vse of these two tences, I referre you to the two former Preterimperfect tences, from which they are composed.

The future tence or time to come, whose helpe is Quándo.

Of the vse of this tence.

Change but the Participle, and take that of any other verbe whatsoeuer, and you frame the same tence of all actiue or transitiue verbes, as thus, Quándo io hauerò mangiáto tù hauerái vedúto, lúi hauerà spedíto. Nói hauerémo lẻtto, vói haueréte corrẻtto. Lóro haueránno sentíto, &c.

The present Infinitiue or vndetermined moode.

Hauére.

The past or preter Infinitiue or vndetermined mood.

Hauére hauúto.

The future or indetermined Infinitiue moode.

Hauére ad hauére, Douére hauére, Éssere per hauére.

Of the vse of these three Infinitiues, and what is to be obserued by them.

First you may learne to frame all other Infinitiues, as thus: Those of the first coniugation by changing the middle E. of this into A. with the accent euer vpon the last A. as Amáre, Balláre Cantáre, Danzáre, Mangiáre, &c.

Those of the second coniugation, by keeping the termination of this verbe, with the accent vpon the last E. sauing one, as thus, Cadére, Vedére, Godére, Parére, Tacére, &c.

Those of the third coniugation by keeping the termination of this verbe, with the accent ouer the last vowell sauing two, as thus, Córrere, Lẻggere, Estóllere, Nuócere, Náscere, Scríuere, &c.

Those of the fourth coniugation by changing the middle E. of this Verbe into I. with the accent ouer the said I. as thus, Dormíre, Moríre, Patíre, Soffríre, Vbidíre. Veníre, &c.

Secondly note, that to frame the future infinitiue of any verbe, you must take the Infinitiue present of this verbe Hauére, and before any other Infinitiue beginning with a vowell, ioyne Ad. and before a consonant A. as thus. Hauére ad amáre. Hauére a scríuere. or else take the Infinitiue Douére or Éssere pẻr, and place them before any other Infinitiue present, as thus. Hauére ad amáre. Douére amáre. or else Éssere pẻr amáre. Hauére a scríuere. Douére scríuere. Ésser pẻr scríuere. and so of all the rest.

Note also that all Infinitiues may at the pleasure of the speaker or writer loose the last vowell E. and in steede of Amáre, Godére, Córrere, or Dormíre, you may say, Amár', Godér', Córrer', or Dormír', &c.

Note also that all Infinitiue moodes may be made substantiues (as among nounes hath beene said) which admit no Article but the Masculine, agreeing with Nounes, with Verbs, with indeclinable parts, and with all cases, as for example, L'amáre ẻ cósa naturále. Il fáre béne ẻ laudábile. Il túo descináre mi cósta cáro. Il tróppo dormíre non ẻ sáno. In vn báttere d'ócchio, &c. all which Nounes or manner of speech the English expresse very elegantly with a gerond, as thus. Louing is a naturall thing. Doing good is commendable. Thy dinner or dining cost me deare. Too much sleeping is not wholesome. In the twinkeling of an eye &c.

Note also that certain Infinitiues of the third coniugation doe in the midst of them sometimes loose a letter and sometime a sillable, whereby they become irregular not only in the Infinitiue, but also in the Future tence of the Indicatiue, and in the second or respectiue Inperfectence of the subiunctiue moode, as also many times in the Participle. As for example, Sciógliere, maketh, Sciórre, Sciorrò, Sciorrẻi, and Sciólto, Scẻgliere, maketh, Sciẻrre, Sciẻrrò, Sciẻrrẻi, Sciẻlto, Tógliere, maketh, Tórre, Torrò, Torrẻi, Tólto, Béuere, maketh, Bére, Berrò, Berrẻi, Beúto, Ponere, maketh, Pórre, Porrò, Porrẻi, Pósto, with all his compounds, as Compórre, Dispórre, Frapórre, Espórre, Oppórre, &c. Dúcere, makes, Dúrre, Durrò, Durrẻi, Dútto, with all his compounds, as Addúrre, Condúrre, Dedúrre, Prodúrre, Ridúrre, Sedúrre, Tradúrre, &c. Fácere, maketh, Fáre, Farò, Farẻi, Fátto, with all his compounds, as Confáre, Disfáre, &c. and so becommeth of the first coniugation: Dícere, maketh, Díre, Dirò, Dirẻi, Détto, with all his compounds, as Disdíre, Ridíre, &c. and becommeth of the fourth coniugation.

Note also that the Italians haue a great liberty and facility to frame certaine verbes of the first coniugation, whereby they may elegantly declare, forcibly expresse, and significiently inforce the quality, action, condition, or the nature of any thing, person or creature, which is by adding, ggiáre, or záre vnto any Noune (alwaies prouided it end in E.) be it of Person, Office, Beast, Bird, or any thing else aliue or dead. As for example. Caneggiáre, to play the Dog. Carneualeggiáre, to Shroue. Nataleggiáre, to keep Christmasse. Lioneggiáre, to play the Lyon. Dottoreggiáre, to play the Doctor. Villeggiáre, to liue in the Countrey. Pasqueggiáre, to keepe Easter. Porcheggiáre, to play the Swine or wallow in filth. Pasteggiáre, to fare well as if one were still eating of pasties. Vaccheggiáre, to play the Kow or sensuall beast. Vescoueggiáre, to play the Bishop or idle Prelate. Volpeggiáre, to play the Foxe or crafty companion, and so infinite others which a man may frame at his pleasure or humour.

Note also that the Italians make some verbes end in Acchiáre, which are spoken either in ill part and derision, or else in signe of pouerty and compassion, as Viuacchiáre, to liue poorely, as we say to rub out the world. Scriuacchiáre, to scribble simply or write foolishly. Sonnacchiáre, to slumber or not to sleep soundly. Pacchiáre, to feede like a Hog, or play the Hog. Basciucchiáre, to kisse smackingly or slouenly. Stiracchiáre, to wrest in ill part, and infinite others as pleaseth mans fansie.

Of the Participle, which is as an act, effect or performance of the Verbe.

The present or neare participle.

Hauúto, or Haúto.

The past or distant participle.

Hauére hauúto.

Of the vse of these Participles.

First note that all participles of verbes of the first coniugation must end in Ato. and you may frame them by taking Re. from the Infinitiue, and in steede of it put To. vnto it, with the accent ouer the last A. as Amáto. Balláto. Cantáto. Mangiáto. &c. except that of Fáre, which makes Fátto.

Note also that some haue vsed the first person singular of the Indicatiue moode for a participle of some verbes (and it is tollerable) as Cómpro. Mózzo. Pésto. Sólco. Tócco. &c. in place of Compráto. Mozzáto. Pestáto. Solcáto, Toccáto. &c.

Note that the participles of the second and third coniugation (nothwithstanding all variations) doe generally end in V´to, and may be framed by taking Ere. from the Infinitiue, and putting V´to vnto the same with the accent ouer the V´. yea there are many verbes that haue no other, as Dolúto, Godúto, Hauúto, Nociúto, Pasciúto, Possedúto, Taciúto, Tẻssúto, &c. as also, Parúto, Vedúto, Piangiúto, Nasciúto, &c. For Párso, Vísto, Piánto, Náto, &c. whose variations, and which of them is most in vse, are euery one set downe in my Dictionaire, ioyned vnto the Infinitiue, and here vnder among the Irregular verbes: indeede there are some of the third coniugation that haue altogether lost their ending in V´to, as Cínto, Dútto, Circoncíso, Cólto, Cótto, Dipínto, Decíso, Fínto, Pósto, Rótto, Sciẻlto, Sciólto, Tínto, Vccíso, &c. of Cíngere, Dúrre, or Dúcere, Circoncídere, Cógliere, Cuócere, Dipíngere, Decídere, Fíngere, Pónere, or Pórre, Rómpere, Sciẻgliere, or Sciẻrre, Sciógliere, or Sciorre, Tíngere, Vccídere, &c. except Éssere, which makes Státo. although some haue vsed Súto. but more in verse then in prose, Fáre sincopated of Fácere, makes Fátto, Díre, of Dícere, makes Détto, &c.

The Participles of the fourth coniugation end commonly in Íto. with the accent ouer the last vowell except Attónito, which hath it vpon the last sauing two, as Addolcíto, Fallíto, Dormíto, Fastidíto, Patíto, Vbidíto, Vscíto, Vdíto, &c. of Addolcíre, Dormíre, Fallíre, Fastidíre, Patíre, Vbidíre, Vdíre, Vscíre, &c. Apríre, Conuẻrtíre, Copríre, Moríre, Soffríre, make Apẻrto, Conuerso, Coperto, Mórto, Sofferto, for you may not say, Apríto, Copríto, Moríto, Soffríto, although Conuẻrtito be sometimes vsed, &c.

Note that ioyning any Participle vnto Hauére, you frame the past Participle of all verbes actiue, as Hauére amáto. Hauére godúto. Hauére scrítto. Hauére vdíto. &c. Concerning the Participles ending in Ánte. or Énte. whereof the Latines are so well stored, the Italians make but little vse of them, and may well spare them; for, it were but harsh and vnused Italian to say, Beáto il temẻnte Iddío, ẻ credẻnte álla súa paróla, ẻ speránte nélle súe promésse, or thus. Io víddi úno saltánte cóme vn párdo. A good Italian will rather say Beáto chi téme Dío, ẻ créde álla súa paróla, ẻ spẻra nélle súe promésse, and Io víddi vno chè saltáua cóme vn párdo, &c. Of the variation, of the vse, or diuersly accommodating of Participles, as either vnto the party speaking, spoken of, spoken vnto, thing meant or mentioned, hath already beene spoken in the Indicatiue of this verbe.

Of the Gerond or signe of the acting or dependant doing of the verbe.

The present or neare Gerond.

Hauẻndo.

The past or distant Gerond.

Hauẻndo hauúto.

The future Gerond.

Hauẻndo ad hauére, Douẻndo hauére, Essẻndo pẻr hauére.

Of the vse of these Geronds.

Note that all Geronds of the first coniugation must end in Ándo. as Amándo, Cantándo, Mangiándo, of Amáre, Cantáre, Mangiáre, &c. with the accent euer ouer the last vowell sauing one, except that of Fáre, which makes Facẻndo.

Those of the second, third, and fourth coniugation ought euer to end in Éndo. as Vedẻndo. Tacẻndo. Leggẻndo. Scriuẻndo. Dormẻndo. Morẻndo. &c. The E. being pronounced open.

The past Geronds of all verbes actiue are framed by adding any present participle vnto Hauẻndo, as Hauẻndo amáto. Hauẻndo godúto. Hauẻndo scrítto. Hauẻndo dormíto, &c. and all past Geronds of verbes passiue are framed by adding any present participle vnto, Essẻndo. as Essẻndo amáto. Essẻndo feríto. Essẻndo vedúto. Essẻndo tẻssúto, &c.

Note that the Italians doe many time in expressing the past Gerond, leaue the helpe of Hauẻndo in actiue verbes, and of Essẻndo in passiue verbes, vsing in place of them both in speaking and writing only the present Participle, placing it in the beginning of the sentence, as thus, Hauúto il mio libro me ne andái á scuóla. Fátta colatióne io vádo á spásso. Státo a Róma trè mési me ne tornái á cása. Which is as good as to say, Hauẻndo hauúto il mio líbro me ne andái a scuóla. Hauẻndo fátta colatióne io vádo a spásso, or Essẻndo státo a Róma trè mesi me ne tornái a cása, &c.

Note that all future Geronds may be framed by adding any Infinitiue moode vnto, Hauẻndo ad, before a vowell, or Hauẻndo a, before a consonant, or else, Douẻndo, or else, Esẻndo per, as thus, Hauẻndo ad amáre. Hauẻndo a lẻggere. Hauẻndo a scríuere. Douẻndo godére. Douẻndo mangiáre. Douẻndo moríre. Essẻndo pẻr vdíre. Essẻndo pẻr partíre. Essẻndo pẻr vedére, and so of all others.

Pardon me, I beseech you Maiesty, if I haue beene somewhat ouer-long about this verbe, of which much more might be said: the necessity of it is such as no man can truely speake or write Italian without it, and knowing this verbe perfectly, he may boldy assume to know and frame all other verbes.

Of the second Auxiliare and most necessary verb Éssere.

Forasmuch as this verbe Éssere is irregular, and yet as necessary and of as much vse for coniugating of passiue verbes in the Italian tongue, as Hauére is for actiues, I haue therefore set it downe, and how it ought to be vsed, as also what vse may be made of it, both in speaking and writing, and according to the method vsed in Hauére, for the naming of tences; the rather for that it is most absurdly and falsly set downe in all the Grammars that are seen in England, desiring your Maiesty to make Hauére your rule, and directorie for names of moodes and tences, for the vse and difference of them, as also for the helpes and signes to them.

The Indicatiue or Demonstratiue moode.

The present or definitiue tence.

Of the vse of this tence.

Note that adding any Participle vnto it, you frame the second Gerond or determined Preterperfect tence of the Indicatiue mood of all passiue verbes, as Io sóno amáto, Tù sẻi vedúto. Lúi ẻ scríto. Nói siámo andáti. Vói séte pasciúti. Lóro sóno scrítti, &c.

The doubtfull Preterimperfect tence.

Of the vse of this tence.

Note that adding any Participle vnto this tence, and you frame the first vncertaine and very distant Preterpluperfect tence of the Indicatiue mood of passiue verbes, as thus, Io ẻro amáto. Tú ẻri vedúto. Lúi ẻra feríto. Nói ẻrauámo andáti. Vói ẻrauáte pasciúti. Lóro ẻrano scrítti,&c.

The first vncertaine or distant Preterperfect tence.

• Io fúi.
• Tú fósti, or fústi.
• Lúi fù, or fúe.
• Nói fúmmo.
• Vói fóste, or fúste.
• Lóro fúrono, fúron, fúrno, or fúro.

Of the vse of this tence.

Note that adding any Particle vnto this Tence, you frame the second, most certaine and but somwhat distant Preterpluperfect tence of the Indicatiue mood of all passiue Verbes, as for example, Io fúi amáto, tù fósti vedúto. Lui fù feríto. Nói fúmmo andáti. Vói fóste scrítti. Lóro fúrono pasciúti, &c.

The second, neare, or determined Preterperfect tence.

Note here that the Participles of this Verbe, which are Státo or Súto, vary not as that of Hauére, but doth euer agree with the Nominatiue case, as for example, Il vẻcchio ẻ státo ingannáto. La dónna ẻ státa ingrauidáta. Gli ingánni sóno státi scopẻrti. Le Amazóne sóno státe dónne bẻllicose, &c. Súto may passe for a neede, but I haue seldome seene it in good authors, and that rather in verse then prose.

The first vncertaine or very distant Preterpluperfect tence.

The second, certaine, or but somewhat distant Preterpluperfect tence.

The future tence, or time to come.

Of the vse of this tence.

Note that placing Quándo before any person of this tence, and any Participle after it, you frame the future tence of the subjunctiue or potentiall moode of all Verbes passiue, as for example, Quándo io saró amáto. Quándo tù sarái vedúto. Quándo lúi sarà feríto. Quándo nói sarémo pasciúti. Quándo vói saréte fuggíti. Quándo lóro saránno ritornáti. &c.

The Imperatiue or commanding moode.

The Optatiue moode or wishing manner of speech.

The Present or definite tence.

Of the vse of this tence.

Note that hauing this tence perfectly, you haue besides this, first the Imperatiue moode: Secondly the Present tence of the Subjunctiue moode, and placing beside it, Quándo, and after it, Da qui innánzi, the future tence of the Optatiue, then added a participle thereunto, and obseruing their signes, you haue the two determined Preterprefectences of the Optatiue and Subjunctiue moodes of all Passiue or Reciprocall verbes, as in their places you may obserue.

The Preterimperfect or vndetermined tence.

Of the vse of this tence.

Note that adding any Participle vnto this tence, you haue first the Preterpluperfectence of the Optatiue, and secondly the first Conditionall or Dependent Preterpluperfectence of the Subjunctiue moode of all verbes Passiue, and of all coniugations, as in their due places may appeare.

The Preterperfect or Determined tence.

The preterpluperfect or vndetermined tence.

The future tence or time to come.

The Subiunctiue Dependent or potentiall moode, whose proper signes or helps are euer, Chè, Sè, Benchè, Acciòchè, Purchè, or Quándo.

The Present or Deffinite tence, whose signes are, Chè, Benchè, Acciochè, Purchè, or Quándo.

The first Conditionall, Doubtfull, Dependent, or Vndetermined preterimperfectence, whose signes are, Sè, Chè, Benchè, Acciochè, Purchè, or Quándo.

The second Respectiue, Relatiue, or limited Preterimperfectence, which euer answereth the former or Conditionall, and hath no signe or helpe.

• Io Sarẻi, saría or Fóra.
• Tù sarésti.
• Lúi sarẻbbe, saría, or Fóra.
• Nói Sarémmo.
• Vói saréste.
• Lóro sarẻbbero, sarẻbbono, saríano, or Fórano.

The vse of this tence.

Note that adding any participle to this tence you frame the second respectiue or Relatiue and limited Preterpluperfectence of the Subiunctiue moode of all verbes passiue, the true difference and vse whereof you may learne by that of the verbe, Hauére, &c. and that Fóra, and Fórano, are not much vsed in prose.

The Preterperfect or Determined tence, whose helps and signes are, Chè, Benchè, Acciochè, Purchè, or Quándo.

The first Conditionall, Dependent, or Doubtfull Preterpluperfectence, whose helps are, Se, Chè, Benchè, Purchè, Acciochè, or Quándo.

The second Respectiue or Relatiue Preterpluperfectence, answering the first or conditionall.

The future tence or time to come, whose helpe is,

The Present Infinitiue or vndetermined moode.

Éssere.

The past or preter Infinitiue moode.

Éssere státo or súto.

The future Infinitiue moode.

Éssere pẻr ẻssere. Douér' ẻssere. Hauére ad ẻssere.

The present Participle.

Státo, or else Súto.

The past participle.

Éssere státo or Súto.

The present Gerond.

Essẻndo.

The past Gerond.

Essẻndo státo, or Súto.

The future Gerond.

Essẻndo Pẻr ẻssere. Douẻndo ẻssere. Hauẻndo ad ẻssere.

Of the vse, and what may be obserued by this most necessary verbe Essere.

Note that adding any Participle to any Tence or Person of this verbe, you frame the said tence or person of any Passiue or reciprocall verbe, as by these following examples may appeare. Io sóno amáto. Io ẻro andáto. Io fúi pẻrsuáso. Io Sóno státo molestáto. Io fúi státo vedúto. Io ẻro státo ingannáto. Io sarò ẻlẻtto. Sij tù ẻssaltáto. O chè io sía pẻrdonáto. O chè io fóssi accẻttáto. O chè io sía státo ricordáto. O chè io fóssi stato insegnáto. O chè io sía riceuúto da quà innanzi. Chè, Benchè, Acciochè, or Purchè io sia rimandáto. Se io fossi rimésso in grátia, Io sarẻi foortunáto apiéno. Che io sia státo essaudíto. Se io fóssi státo auuẻrtíto, Io sarẻi státo vdito. Quándo io sarò státo guaríto. Essere feríto. Essere státo instrútto. Hauére ad éssere legáto. Douére ẻssere raccólto. Éssere pẻr ẻsser castigáto. Státo pẻrseguitáto. Súto mál menáto. Éssẻndo condótto. Essẻndo pẻr ẻsser circoncíso. Douẻndo ẻssere pasciúto. Hauẻndo ad ẻsser nodríto.

How the Participle of this verbe is to be vsed, hath bene declared before in the second or determined Preterperfectence of the Indicatiue, and examples giuen. And after this manner may all other passiue verbes be framed and coniugated.

Note also that the Italians haue another way to frame passiue verbes, which is by adding, Si, either before or after the third persons singular or plurall of any verbes, alwaies remembred that you speake of or haue relation vnto things dead, as before hath bene touched speaking of the Particle, Si. as for example. Si áma. Ámasi. Si ámano. Ámansi. Si véde. Védesi. Si véggono. Véggonsi. Si scríue. Scríuesi. Si scríuono. Scríuonsi. Si óde. Ódesi. Si ódono. Ódonsi. Si amáua. Amáuasi. Si amáuano. Amauánsi. Si amò. Amóssi. Si amórono. Amóronsi. Si ẻ amato. Éssi amáto. Si sóno amáti. Si fù amáto. Si fúrono amáti. Si amerà. Amerassi. Si amerànno. Ámisi. Áminsi. O che si ámi. O che si amásse. Se si amásse. Si amerẻbbe. Amerẻbbesi. Purche si sia amáto. Se si fósse amáto. Si sarẻbbe amato. Quándo si sarà amáto. Amársi. Essersi amato, amáti, amáta or amáte, according to the Genders or Numbers not onely in this, but in all other tences. Essendosi amáto. Douẻndosi amáre. Amátosi. And after this manner are many impersonall verbes to be coniugated.

Of Impersonall verbes.

The precedent passiue verbes seeme to be verie like Impersonals, and to haue sone affinitie with them, both because they are framed after one manner with the adiunct of the Particle, Si, eyther before or after; as also because they haue onely the third persons. But they are easie to be knowne by their signification, which euer differs in construction and is alwaies without the Nominatiue case, as also by the number which is euer singular. They haue bene deuided into Actiue and Passiue impersonals. The chiefest Actiue are these. Si appartiéne. Appartiénsi. Si conuiéne, or Conuiénsi. Si dẻbbe. Dẻbbesi. Si díce. Dícesi. Si disdíce. Disdícesi. Si confà. confássi. Si può. Puóssi. Si cérca. Cércasi. Si vuóle. Vuólsi, Vsed passiuely by Dánte when he said, Vuólsi così lassù dóue si puóte quél ché si vuóle.

All which may be vsed passiuely, as thus, Acconuiénsi a nói L'ẻsser modẻsti; or Non si dẻbbe fár così. &c. Some there be that may be vsed without. Si, as thus. Accáde. Auuiéne. Bisógna. Cále. Duóle. Incrésce. Interuiẻne. Lice. Occórre. Souuiéne. Tócca, &c. Some haue only the third person singular, and no part else, as these. Égli fólgora. Égli lampéggia. Égli néuega. Égli néua. Égli pióue Égli tuóna. Which among some Poets haue also bene vsed personally, as, Dà bẻgl'ócchij vn piacér si cáldó pióue, or thus: Pióuonmi amáre lágrime dál viso. How the Impersonall Passiues be coniugated, hath bene shewed in, Si áma. Si véde. Si scríue, &c.

Of the Auxiliare verbes volére. Potére and Douére.

For as much as the verbes volére, Potére, and Douére are verbes much in vse, and most necessary to be knowne, as being also Auxiliare verbes, I haue thought it conuenient to set downe the true coniugating of them.

The Indicatiue Moode or Demonstratiue manner of speech. The Present or Deffinite Tence.

• Io vò or vóglio.
• Tù vuói or vuóli.
• Lúi vuóle or vuól'.
• Nói volémo or vogliámo.
• Vói voléte.
• Lóro vógliono or vóglion'.

The Doubtfull or Indefinite Preterimperfect tence.

The first vncertaine or distant Preterperfect tence.

The second, Certaine or Neere Preterperfect tence.

The first, vncertaine or very distant Preterpluperfect tence.

The second, Certaine or Neere Preterpluperfect tence.

The future Tence or time to Come.

The Imperatiue or commanding manner of Speech.

The optatiue Moode or wishing manner of Speech.

The present or Definite tence.

The Preterimperfect or vndetermined Tence.

The Preterperfect or determined Tence.

The Preterpluperfect, or vndetermined Tence.

The future Tence or time to Come.

The Subiunctiue dependant, or Potentiall Moode, whose signes are Chè, Sè, Benchè, Acciochè, Purchè, or Quándo.

The Present, or deffinite Tence.

The first, conditionall, dependent, or doubtfull Preterimperfect tence.

The second, respectiue, or limited preterimperfect tence.

• Io vorrẻi or vorría.
• Tù vorrésti.
• Lúi vorrébbe or vorría.
• Nói vorrémmo.
• Vói vorréste.
• Lóro vorrẻbbero or vorríano.

The preterperfect or determined tence.

The first, conditionall, or doubtfull preterpluperfect tence.

The second, respectiue, relatiue, or limited preterpluperfect tence.

• Io hauerẻi volúto.
• Tù hauerésti volúto.
• Lúi hauerẻbbe volúto.
• Nói hauerémmo volúto.
• Vói haueréste volúto.
• Lóro hauerẻbbero volúto.

The future tence or time to come.

The Present Infinitiue moode.

Volére.

The past or preter Infinitiue moode.

Hauére volúto.

The future Infinitiue moode.

Hauére a volére. Douére volére. Éssere pẻr volére.

The Present or neare Participle.

Volúto.

The Past or distant Participle.