INDEX.
The numbers refer to the pages.
- α rays
- discovery of, 141
- nature of, 141
- magnetic deviation of, 142 et seq.
- electrostatic deviation of, 146
- velocity of, 148
- value of e/m for, 148
- charge carried by, 151 et seq.
- number of α particles expelled from one gram of radium, 155
- mass and energy of, 156
- origin of, in atomic disintegration, 157
- scintillations produced by, 158 et seq.
- absorption of, by matter, 161 et seq.
- increase of absorption with thickness of matter traversed, 163
- relative absorption of α rays from radio-elements, 164
- absorption of, by gases, 165 et seq.
- connection between absorption and density, 169
- relation between ionization and absorption, 170
- theory of absorption of, 170 et seq.
- range of ionization of, 172 et seq.
- complexity of α rays from radium, 174 et seq.
- effect of thickness of layer of radiating matter on emission of, 195
- relative ionization produced by α and β rays, 196 et seq.
- phosphorescence by α rays, 202 et seq.
- connection of, with radio-active changes, 235, 444 et seq., 455
- from the emanations, 263
- emission of energy from radio-elements in form of α rays, 419 et seq.
- connection of heat emission of radium with α rays, 421 et seq.
- number of ions produced by an α particle, 433
- absence of, in rayless changes, 454
- emission from active products, 454 et seq.
- loss of weight due to expulsion of, 473
- α particles consist of helium, 479 et seq.
- magnetic deflection of, from radium C, 543
- velocity and e/m for, from radium C, 543 et seq.
- diminution of velocity of, in passing through matter, 545
- diminution in velocity of, in passing through aluminium, 545
- velocity of, when ionization ceases, 545 et seq.
- connection of phosphorescent, photographic, and ionization effects produced by, 546 et seq.
- energy required to produce an ion by α rays, 551
- Abraham
- Absorption
- law of, in gases, 64 et seq.
- relative absorption of α, β and γ rays by matter, 111
- connection between absorption and ionization, 134 et seq., 170 et seq.
- of β rays by solids, 134 et seq.
- connection between absorption and density for β rays, 137
- of β rays in radio-active matter, 140
- of α rays by solids, 161 et seq.
- of α rays in gases, 167, 170 et seq.
- connection between absorption and density for α rays, 169
- theory of, 170 et seq.
- of γ rays by solids, 179 et seq.
- connection between absorption and density for γ rays, 181
- of rays from the emanations, 263
- of penetrating rays from the earth, 520, 540
- Actinium
- methods of separation of, 20 et seq.
- properties of, 21
- similarity to “emanating substance” of Giesel, 21
- possible connection with radio-activity of thorium, 28
- emanation from, 249
- excited activity produced by, 311
- effect of magnetic field on excited activity from, 324
- separation of actinium X, 365
- decay of actinium X, 365
- source of actinium emanation, 365
- analysis of active deposit of, 366
- radiations from products of, 368
- penetrating power of β and γ rays from, 368
- products of, 369
- table of products of, 448
- possible origin of, 464
- Actinium A
- separation and period of, 367 et seq.
- Actinium B
- Actinium X
- Adams
- Age
- Allan, S. J.
- Allan and Rutherford
- Allen, H. S. and Lord Blythswood
- radium emanation in Bath springs, 513
- Anderson and Hardy
- action of radium rays on the eye, 217
- Armstrong and Lowry
- radio-activity and phosphorescence, 444
- Arnold
- rays from phosphorescent substances, 4
- Aschkinass and Caspari
- action of radium rays on microbes, 216
- Atmosphere
- excited activity from, 501 et seq.
- radio-activity of, due to emanations, 504
- diffusion of emanations into, from the earth, 507
- effect of temperature, pressure, &c. on radio-activity of, 517 et seq.
- presence of very penetrating radiation in, 520
- comparison of radio-activity of, with radio-elements, 521 et seq.
- amount of radium emanation in, 524 et seq.
- ionization of, due to radium emanation, 526
- Atom
- Atomic weight
- β rays
- discovery of, 113
- magnetic deflection of, 114
- complexity of, 116
- examination by the electrical method, 118
- effect of, on a fluorescent screen, 119
- charge carried by the, 120 et seq.
- electrostatic deviation of, 124
- velocity of, and value of e/m for, 126
- variation of e/m with velocity of, 127 et seq.
- distribution of velocity amongst β particles, 131
- absorption of, 134 et seq.
- variation of absorption with density, 136 et seq.
- number of β particles stopped by matter, 137 et seq.
- variation of intensity of, with thickness of layer, 140
- secondary β rays, 189 et seq.
- relative ionization produced by α and β rays, 196
- relative energy emitted in form of α and β rays, 196 et seq.
- phosphorescent action of, 201 et seq.
- physical action produced by, 207 et seq.
- chemical action of, 213
- physiological action of, 216
- from Ur X, 347
- from active deposit of radium, 377 et seq.
- significance of appearance of, only in last radio-active changes, 455
- change of weight due to expulsion of, 473
- Barium platinocyanide
- Barkla
- polarization of X rays, 80
- Barnes and Rutherford
- Bary
- phosphorescence under radium rays, 202
- Baskerville
- Baskerville and Kunz
- phosphorescence of substances under radium rays, 204
- Beattie, Smolan and Kelvin
- discharging power of uranium rays, 7
- Becquerel
- rays from calcium sulphide, 4
- rays from uranium, 5 et seq.
- permanence of uranium rays, 6
- discharging power of uranium rays, 6
- magnetic deflection of radium rays by photographic method, 114 et seq.
- curvature of radium rays in a magnetic field, 115 et seq.
- complexity of radium rays, 116 et seq.
- electrostatic deflection of β rays of radium, 124 et seq.
- value of e/m for β rays of radium, 126 et seq.
- magnetic deviation of α rays of radium and polonium, 145
- trajectory of rays of radium in magnetic field, 148
- scintillations due to cleavage of crystals, 160
- γ rays from radium, 179
- secondary rays produced by active substances, 187
- phosphorescence produced by radium rays, 201
- conductivity of paraffin under radium radiation, 210
- effect of temperature on uranium rays, 210
- chemical action of radium rays, 214
- removal of activity from uranium by precipitation with barium, 219
- theory of radio-activity, 438
- Bemont et M. et Mme Curie
- discovery of radium, 13
- Berndt
- spectrum of polonium, 23
- Blanc
- thorium in sediments from hot springs, 514
- Blythswood, Lord and Allen, H. S.
- radium emanation in Bath springs, 513
- Bödlander and Runge
- evolution of gases from radium, 215
- Boltwood
- Boys
- rate of dissipation of charge, 531
- Bragg and Kleeman
- Bronson
- Brooks, Miss
- Brooks and Rutherford
- Bumstead
- presence of thorium emanation in atmosphere, 512
- Bumstead and Wheeler
- Burton
- radium emanation in petroleum, 516
- Burton and McLennan
- Campbell
- radio-activity of ordinary materials, 540
- Canal rays
- Capacity
- Carbonic acid
- radio-activity of natural, 516
- Caspari and Aschkinass
- action of radium rays on microbes, 216
- Cathode rays
- Caves
- Changes
- (see Transformations)
- Charge
- Chemical nature
- Chemical actions of radium rays
- Child
- Clouds
- Collie and Ramsay
- spectrum of emanation, 292
- Collision
- Coloration
- Concentration
- Condensation
- Conductivity
- of gases exposed to radiations, 31 et seq.
- variation of, with pressure, 61 et seq.
- variation of, with nature of gas, 64
- comparison of, for gases exposed to α, β, and γ rays, 64
- comparison of, when exposed to γ rays and to hard X rays, 184
- of insulators, 209
- of air in caves and cellars, 507 et seq.
- of air in closed vessels, 531 et seq.
- variation of, in closed vessels with pressure and nature of gas, 534
- variation of, with temperature for air in closed vessels, 536
- increase of, with time, in a closed vessel, 537
- Conservation of radio-activity
- examples of, 469 et seq.
- Cooke, H. L.
- Cooke, W. T. and Ramsay
- radio-activity produced by radiations of radium, 472
- Corpuscle
- (see Electron)
- Crookes, Sir W.
- spectrum of radium, 17
- spectrum of polonium, 23
- nature of cathode rays, 73
- nature of α rays, 142
- scintillations produced by radium, 158
- spinthariscope, 158
- number of scintillations independent of pressure and temperature, 159
- phosphorescence of diamond, 204
- separation of Ur X, 219
- theory of radio-activity, 441
- Crookes and Dewar
- absence of nitrogen spectrum in phosphorescent light of radium at low pressures, 206
- Crystallization
- effect of, on activity of uranium, 349
- Curie, Mme
- permanence of uranium rays, 6
- discovery of radio-activity of thorium, 10
- radio-activity of uranium and thorium minerals, 11
- relative activity of compounds of uranium, 12
- coloration of radium crystals, 15
- spectrum of radium, 16
- discovery of polonium, 22
- nature of a rays, 142
- absorption of α rays from polonium, 163
- secondary radiation tested by electric method, 188
- slowly decaying excited activity from radium, 311
- recovery of activity of radium, 375
- bismuth made active by solution of barium, 417
- Curie, P.
- magnetic deviation of radium rays by electric method, 114
- conductivity of dielectrics under radium rays, 209
- radio-activity of radium unaffected by temperature, 210
- decay of activity of radium emanation, 247
- discovery of excited radio-activity from radium, 295
- heat emission of radium at low temperature and variation of heat emission with age of radium, 419
- nature of the emanation, 439
- Curie, M. et Mme
- Curie, J. et P.
- quartz piezo-électrique, 105 et seq.
- Curie, P. et Danne
- Curie, P. and Debierne
- Curie and Dewar
- production of helium by radium, 479
- Curie, P. and Laborde
- Current
- through gases, 31 et seq.
- variation of, with distance between the plates, 59 et seq.
- variation of, with pressure of gas, 61 et seq.
- variation of, with nature of gas, 64
- measurement of, by galvanometer, 84
- measurement of, by electroscope, 85 et seq.
- measurement of, by electrometer, 90 et seq.
- measurement of, by quartz piezo-électrique, 105
- Dadourian
- presence of thorium emanation in the earth, 512
- Danne
- on deposit of radium not containing uranium, 465
- Danne et Curie
- Danysz
- action of radium rays on skin, 216
- Darwin, G. H.
- age of sun, 492
- Debierne
- Debierne and Curie
- Decay
- of activity of Th X, 221
- of activity of Ur X, 223
- significance of law of, 229
- effect of conditions on the rate of, 232
- of activity of thorium emanation, 241
- of activity of radium emanation, 247
- of activity of actinium emanation, 249
- of excited activity due to thorium for long exposure, 302
- of excited activity due to thorium for short exposure, 304
- of excited activity due to radium, 306 et seq.
- excited activity of slow decay due to radium, 311
- of excited activity from actinium, 311
- of radium A, B and C, 377 et seq.
- of radium D, E and F, 397 et seq.
- of heating effect of emanation, 423
- of excited activity from atmosphere, 502
- of activity of rain and snow, 506
- of emanation from the earth, 508
- differences in, of excited activity from atmosphere, 521 et seq.
- Demarçay
- spectrum of radium, 16
- Deposit, active
- connection of, with excited activity, 301
- physical and chemical properties of, 312
- electrolysis of, 313
- effect of temperature on, 315
- effect of pressure on distribution of, 317
- transmission of, by positive carriers, 318 et seq.
- nomenclature of, 328
- theory of changes in, 331 et seq.
- theory of activity due to, 337 et seq.
- theory of rayless change in, 341 et seq.
- of thorium, 302 et seq., 351 et seq.
- of actinium, 311 et seq.
- of radium, 376 et seq.
- connection of excited activity with, 306
- general analysis of, 376 et seq.
- analysis of, of rapid change, 377 et seq.
- analysis of α ray curves, 377
- α ray curves of, 378
- β ray curves of, 379
- analysis of β ray curves, 381
- equations of activity curves, 389
- effect of temperature on, 390
- volatility of, 391
- of slow transformation, 311, 397
- variation of α ray activity of, 398
- variation of β ray activity of, 399
- separation of constituents of, 401 et seq.
- successive products in, 402
- variation of activity of, for long periods, 407
- presence in old radium, 408
- effect of, on variation of activity of radium with time, 409
- presence in pitchblende, 410
- connection with radio-tellurium, 411
- connection with polonium, 411, 412
- connection with radio-lead, 413
- connection of, with radio-active induction, 415 et seq.
- heat emission of, 425 et seq.
- use of, to determine number of β particles from radium, 435
- use of, as source of α rays, 543
- Des Coudres
- Dewar
- emission of heat from radium in liquid hydrogen, 420
- Dewar and Crookes
- absence of nitrogen spectrum in phosphorescent light of radium at low pressures, 206
- Dewar and Curie
- production of helium by radium, 479
- Dielectrics
- condition of, under radium rays, 209
- Diffusion
- Discharge
- action of rays on spark and electrodeless, 208
- Disintegration
- Dissipation of charge
- Dolezalek
- electrometer, construction of, 94 et seq.
- Dorn
- Dreyer and Salomonsen
- coloration of quartz by radium rays, 213
- Dunston
- analysis of thorianite, 486
- Durack
- ionization by collision of electrons of great velocity, 171
- Dust
- Earth
- Ebert
- Ebert and Ewers
- emanation from the earth, 508
- Electrolysis
- Electrometer
- description of, 90 et seq.
- use of, in measurements, 90
- construction of, 91 et seq.
- Dolezalek, 94
- adjustment and screening of, 95
- special key for, 97
- application of, to measurements of radio-activity, 97 et seq.
- measurement of current by, 100
- capacity of, 101
- use with steady deflection, 103
- use with quartz piezo-électrique, 105
- Electron
- Electroscope
- Elster and Geitel
- radio-active lead, 27
- effect of magnetic field on conductivity produced in air by β rays, 113
- scintillations produced by active substances, 158
- action of radium rays on spark, 208
- photo-electric action of body, coloured by radium rays, 214
- radio-active matter in earth, 494
- discovery of excited activity in atmosphere, 501
- emanations from the earth, 507
- radio-activity of air in caves, 507
- radio-activity of the soil, 515
- radio-activity of fango, 516
- variation of radio-activity in atmosphere with meteorological conditions, 517
- effect of temperature and pressure on atmospheric radio-activity, 518
- Emanation
- of thorium, discovery and properties of, 238
- methods of measurement of, 240
- decay of activity of, 241
- effect of thickness of layer on amount of, 243
- increase of, with time to a maximum, 245
- of radium, 246
- decay of activity of, 247
- of actinium, properties of, 249
- of radium, phosphorescence produced by, 251
- rate of emission of, 254
- effect of conditions on rate of emission of, 255
- regeneration of emanating power, 256
- continuous rate of production of, 257
- source of thorium emanation, 261
- source of radium and actinium emanation, 263
- radiations from, 263
- effect of pressure on production of, 265
- chemical nature of, 267
- experiments to illustrate gaseous nature of, 268
- rate of diffusion of radium emanation, 269
- rate of diffusion of thorium emanation, 275
- diffusion of, into liquids, 276
- condensation of, 277
- temperature of condensation of, 280
- volume of, from one gram of radium and thorium, 288
- measurement of volume of, from radium, 289
- diminution of volume of, 290
- spectrum of emanation, 292
- connection between emanation and excited activity, 298
- effect of removal of, on activity of radium, 371 et seq.
- fraction of activity of radium due to, 374
- effect of rate of escape of, on activity of radium, 374
- heat emission of, 420, 431
- variation of heat emission with time, 421 et seq.
- enormous emission of energy from emanation, 431
- radio-activity of atmosphere due to emanations, 504
- sucked up from the earth, 507
- in caves, 507 et seq.
- rate of decay of activity of, from the earth, 508
- condensation of, from the atmosphere, 510
- in well water and springs, 510 et seq.
- from “fango,” 516
- effect of meteorological conditions on amount of, in atmosphere, 517 et seq.
- from metals, 538
- Emanating power
- Emanium or “emanating substance” of Giesel (see Actinium)
- Energy
- of α particle, 156
- of β particle, 196
- comparison of, for α and β particles, 196
- emitted from radium in form of heat, 419 et seq.
- emission of, from the emanation, 431
- emission of, from radio-active products of radium, 433
- total emission of, from 1 gram of radio-elements, 474 et seq.
- latent store of, in matter, 475
- Eve
- conductivity of gases exposed to X rays, 64
- conductivity of gases exposed to X rays and γ rays, 183, 184
- secondary rays produced by β and γ rays, 189 et seq.
- magnetic deflection of secondary rays from γ rays, 193
- variation of activity of radium with concentration, 467
- amount of radium emanation in the atmosphere, 524 et seq.
- ionization due to emanation in atmosphere, 526 et seq.
- Evolution of matter
- evidence of, 497
- Ewers and Ebert
- emanation from the earth, 508
- Excited radio-activity
- discovery and properties of, 295 et seq.
- concentration of, on negative electrode, 297
- connection of, with the emanations, 298
- removal of, by acids, 300
- decay of, due to thorium, 302
- decay of, for short exposure to thorium, 304
- effect of dust on distribution of, 305
- decay curves for different times of exposure, 306 et seq.
- decay of, from radium, 306
- decay curves of, measured by α rays, 308
- decay curves of, measured by β rays, 309
- decay curves of, from actinium, 311
- of radium, of very slow decay, 311
- effect of solution on, 312
- electrolysis of active solutions, 313
- effect of temperature on, 315
- variation with electric field, of amount of, 316
- effect of pressure on distribution of, 317
- transmission of, 318
- from actinium and emanium, 323
- heat emission due to, 425 et seq.
- from the atmosphere, 501 et seq.
- decay of, 502
- due to emanation in atmosphere, 504
- distribution of, on surface of the earth, 504
- concentration of, on prominences of the earth, 504
- of rain and snow, 506
- produced by emanation from tap water, 510
- effect of meteorological conditions on amount of, 517 et seq.
- amount of, at Niagara Falls, 520
- rate of decay of, dependent on conditions, 522 et seq.
- Exner and Haschek
- spectrum of radium, 17
- Eye
- action of radium rays on, 217
- Fehrle
- distribution of excited activity on a plate in electric field, 318
- Fluorescence
- Fog
- large amount of excited activity during, 518
- Forch
- loss of weight of radium, 474
- γ rays
- relative conductivity of gas exposed to γ and hard X rays, 64, 184
- discovery of, 179
- absorption of, by matter, 179 et seq.
- connection between absorption of, and density, 182
- discussion of nature of rays, 182 et seq.
- secondary rays produced by γ rays, 189
- measurement of radio-activity by means of, 442, 467
- conservation of radio-activity measured by, 471
- Gases
- Gates, Miss F.
- Geitel
- Geitel and Elster
- radio-active lead, 27
- effect of magnetic field on conductivity produced by radium rays, 113
- scintillations produced by active substances, 158
- action of radium rays on spark, 208
- photo-electric action of bodies coloured by radium rays, 214
- radio-active matter in earth, 494
- discovery of radio-active matter in atmosphere, 501
- emanations from the earth, 507
- radio-activity of air in caves, 507
- radio-activity of the soil, 515
- radio-activity of fango, 516
- variation of radio-activity of air with meteorological conditions, 517
- effect of temperature and pressure on radio-activity in atmosphere, 518
- Giesel
- coloration of bunsen flame by radium, 15
- separation of radium by crystallization of bromide, 15
- emanating substance, 21
- radio-active lead, 27
- magnetic deviation of β rays, 113
- decrease with time of luminosity of radio-active screen, 205
- spectrum of phosphorescent light of emanium due to didymium, 206, 207
- coloration of bodies by radium rays, 213
- evolution of gases from radium, 215
- action of radium rays on the eye, 217
- emanation from the emanating substance, 250
- luminosity produced by radium emanation, 251
- decay of excited activity of emanium, 312
- activity of radium dependent on age, 371
- bismuth made active by radio-active solution, 417
- temperature of radium bromide above air, 420
- Gimingham and Rossignol
- decay of thorium emanation, 242
- Glass
- Glew
- simple form of spinthariscope, and scintillations, 159
- Globulin
- action of radium rays on, 214
- Godlewski
- Goldstein
- Gonder, Hofmann, and Wölfl
- Grier and Rutherford
- Hardy
- coagulation of globulin by radium rays, 214
- Hardy and Miss Willcock
- coloration of iodoform solutions by radium rays, 214
- Hardy and Anderson
- action of radium rays on the eye, 217
- Harms
- number of ions per c.c. in closed vessel, 534
- Hartmann
- spectrum of phosphorescent light of emanium, 206
- Haschek and Exner
- spectrum of radium, 17
- Heat
- rate of emission of, from radium, 419 et seq.
- emission of, from radium at low temperatures, 420
- connection of heat emission with the radio-activity, 421 et seq.
- source of heat energy, 421 et seq.
- rate of emission of, after removal of the emanation, 422 et seq.
- rate of emission of, by emanation, 423, 431
- variation with time of heat emission of radium, and of its emanation, 423
- heating effect of the emanation, 423, 431
- heating effect of active deposit, 425
- proportion of heating effect due to radio-active products, 433
- origin of, in radium, 442 et seq.
- total heat emission during life of radio-elements, 474 et seq.
- heating of earth by radio-active matter, 493
- Heaviside
- Helium
- Helmholtz and Richarz
- action of ions on steam jet, 47
- Hemptinne
- action of rays on spark and electrodeless discharge, 208
- Henning
- Henning and Kohlrausch
- conductivity of solutions of radium bromide, 208
- Hertz
- electric deviation of cathode rays, 73
- Heydweiler
- loss of weight of radium, 474
- Himstedt
- Himstedt and Meyer
- production of helium by radium, 479
- Himstedt and Nagel
- action of radium rays on the eye, 217
- Hofmann, Gonder, and Wölfl
- Hofmann and Strauss
- radio-active lead, 27
- Hofmann and Zerban
- connection of activity of thorium with uranium, 29
- Huggins, Sir W. and Lady
- spectrum of phosphorescent light of radium bromide, 205
- Hydrogen
- production of, by radium rays, 215
- Induced radio-activity (see Excited radio-activity)
- Induction
- Insulators
- conduction of, under radium rays, 209
- Iodoform
- coloration produced in, by radium rays, 214
- Ionization
- theory of, to explain conductivity of gases, 31 et seq.
- by collision, 39, 57
- variation of, with pressure of gas, 61 et seq.
- variation of, with nature of gas, 64
- comparison of, produced by rays, 111, 194
- production of, in insulators, 209
- total, produced by 1 gram of radium, 433 et seq.
- natural ionization of gases, 531 et seq.
- connection of, with phosphorescent and photographic actions, 549
- Ions
- in explanation of conductivity of gases, 31 et seq.
- production of, by collision, 39, 57
- rate of recombination of, 40 et seq.
- mobility of, 42 et seq.
- difference between mobility of positive and negative, 43 et seq.
- condensation of water around, 46 et seq.
- difference between positive and negative, 49
- charge carried by, 50
- diffusion of, 51 et seq.
- charge on an ion same as on hydrogen atom, 54
- number of, produced per c.c., 54
- size and nature of, 55 et seq.
- definition of, 56 et seq.
- velocity acquired by, between collisions, 58
- energy required to produce, 58, 551
- comparative number of, produced in gases, 65
- disturbance of potential gradient by movement of, 65
- production of, in insulators, 209
- number of, produced by α particle, 433
- number produced per c.c. in closed vessels, 533 et seq.
- Joly
- Kaufmann
- Kelvin
- Kelvin, Smolan and Beattie
- discharging power of uranium rays, 7
- Kleeman and Bragg
- Kohlrausch
- conductivity of water altered by radium rays, 208
- Kohlrausch and Henning
- conductivity of solutions of radium bromide, 208
- Kunz
- phosphorescence of willemite and kunzite, 203
- Kunz and Baskerville
- phosphorescence of substance under radium rays, 204
- Kunzite
- phosphorescence of, under radium rays, 203
- Laborde and Curie
- Langevin
- Larmor
- Lead, radio-active
- Le Bon
- Lenard
- Lerch, von
- Lockyer
- inorganic evolution, 499
- Lodge, Sir Oliver
- Lorentz
- structure of atoms, 157
- Lowry and Armstrong
- radio-activity and phosphorescence, 444
- Luminosity
- Mache
- radium emanation in hot springs, 513
- Mache and von Schweidler
- velocity of ions in air, 528
- Makower
- Marckwald
- Mass
- Materials
- Matteucci
- rate of dissipation of charge in closed vessels, 531
- McClelland
- McClung
- McClung and Rutherford
- McLennan
- McLennan and Burton
- Metabolon
- Meteorological conditions
- effect of, on radio-activity of atmosphere, 517
- Methods of measurement
- Meyer and Himstedt
- production of helium by radium, 479
- Meyer and Schweidler
- Minerals, radio-active
- Mobility
- of ions, 43 et seq.
- Moisture
- Molecule
- number of, in 1 c.c. of hydrogen, 54
- Molecular weight
- Nagel and Himstedt
- action of radium rays on the eye, 217
- Niewenglowski
- rays from sulphide of calcium, 4
- Nomenclature
- of successive products, 328 et seq.
- Number
- Occlusion
- Owens
- Oxygen
- Ozone
- production of, by radium rays, 213
- Paraffin
- Paschen
- Patterson
- Peck and Willows
- action of radium rays on spark, 208
- Pegram
- Penetrating power
- Penetrating radiation
- from the earth and atmosphere, 520
- Perrin
- Phosphorescence
- production of, by radium, 19
- production of, by radium and polonium rays, 201 et seq.
- comparison of, produced by α and β rays, 202
- of zinc sulphide, 202
- of barium platinocyanide, 203
- of willemite and kunzite, 203
- produced by radium emanation in substances, 203, 252
- diminution of, with time, 205
- of radium compounds, 205
- spectrum of phosphorescent light of radium bromide, 205
- spectrum of phosphorescent light of “emanium,” 206
- production of by heat (thermo-luminescence), 207
- use of, to illustrate condensation of emanations, 279
- connection of with ionization, 547 et seq.
- Phosphorus
- Photo-electric action
- produced by radium rays in certain substances, 214
- Photographic
- Physical action of radium rays
- Physiological action of radium rays
- Piezo-électrique of quartz
- description of, 105
- Pitchblendes
- Polarization of uranium rays
- absence of, 7
- Polonium
- Potential
- Precht and Runge
- Pressure
- Products, radio-active
- Quartz piezo-électrique
- use of, in measurement of current, 105
- Quinine sulphate
- Radiations
- emitted by uranium, 8
- emitted by thorium, 10
- emitted by radium, 18
- emitted by actinium, 21
- emitted by polonium, 23
- method of measurement of, 82 et seq.
- methods of comparison of, 108
- three kinds of, 109
- analogy to rays from a Crookes tube, 110
- relative ionizing and penetrating power of, 111
- difficulties of comparative measurement of, 112
- β rays, 113
- α rays, 141
- γ rays, 179
- secondary rays, 187
- comparison of ionization of α and β rays, 194
- phosphorescent effect of, 201 et seq.
- physical actions of, 207 et seq.
- chemical actions of, 213 et seq.
- physiological actions of, 216
- from the emanation, 263
- from Ur X, 347
- connection of, with heat emission, 421 et seq.
- from different active products, 455
- conservation of energy of each specific type of, 469 et seq.
- Radio-lead
- Radio-tellurium
- Radium
- discovery of, 13
- separation of, 13
- spectrum of, 16
- atomic weight of, 17
- radiations from, 18
- compounds of, 19
- nature of radiations from, 109
- β rays from, 113
- α rays from, 141
- γ rays from, 179
- secondary rays from, 187
- production of phosphorescence by, 201 et seq.
- spectrum of phosphorescent light of, 206
- physical actions of, 207 et seq.
- chemical actions of, 213 et seq.
- physiological actions of, 216
- emanation from, 246
- properties of emanation from, 247 et seq.
- chemical nature of emanation from, 267
- diffusion of emanation from, 269
- condensation of emanation from, 277
- amount of emanation from, 288
- volume of emanation from, 289
- spectrum of emanation from, 292
- excited radio-activity from, 295 et seq.
- decay of excited activity from, 306 et seq.
- difference in properties of radium and the emanation, 327
- nomenclature of products, 328
- theory of successive changes in, 330
- alteration of activity of, by removal of emanation, 371 et seq.
- recovery of activity of, after removal of emanation, 372
- effect of escape of emanation on recovery of activity of, 374
- non-separable activity of, 375
- period and properties of radium A, B and C, 376 et seq.
- analysis of active deposit of rapid changes of radium, 377
- analysis of β ray curves, 381 et seq.
- analysis of α ray curves, 386 et seq.
- equations of activity curves, 389
- effect of temperature on active deposit of, 390
- relative activity due to products of, 395
- active deposit of slow transformation, 397
- physical and chemical properties of radium D, E and F, 398 et seq.
- effect of temperature on active deposit of slow change, 401
- separation of radium F by bismuth, 402
- products of, 402 et seq.
- rate of transformation of radium D, 404 et seq.
- variation of the activity of the active deposit over long periods of time, 407
- amounts of radium D, E and F in old radium, 408
- variation of activity of, with time, 409
- products of in pitchblende, 410
- origin of radio-tellurium, 411
- origin of polonium, 411, 412
- origin of radio-lead, 413
- temporary activity of inactive matter separated from pitchblende, 415 et seq.
- heat emission of, 419 et seq.
- heat emission of emanation from, 420, 431
- heating effects due to products of, 433
- theories of radio-activity of, 437 et seq.
- discussion of theories of radio-activity of, 441 et seq.
- energy of radiations, not derived from external source, 442 et seq.
- theory of radio-active change, 444 et seq.
- list of active products of, 448
- amount of products of, 452
- rate of change of, 457
- life of radium, 457
- origin of, 459 et seq.
- production of, by uranium, 459 et seq.
- amount of in 1 gram of uranium, 461
- amount of, in minerals, 461
- radio-activity of, independent of concentration, 466 et seq.
- disappearance of, 467
- life of, independent of concentration, 468
- conservation of radio-activity of, 469 et seq.
- loss of weight of, 473
- experiments to determine loss of weight of, 474
- total emission of energy from 1 gram of, 474 et seq.
- production of helium from, 476
- helium, disintegration product of, 479 et seq.
- amount of helium from, 480
- possible causes of disintegration of, 486 et seq.
- amount of, to account for heat of sun, 491
- possible connection of with heat of sun, 491
- possible connection of with heat of earth, 493
- probable amount of, in earth, 495
- amount of, in atmosphere, 495, 524
- presence of, in atmosphere, 521 et seq.
- Radium A
- Radium B
- Radium C
- radiations from, 381
- analysis of β ray curves of, 381 et seq.
- analysis of α ray curves of, 386 et seq.
- effect of temperature on, 390
- activity supplied by, 394 et seq.
- heating effect of, 425
- use of, as a source of β rays, 435
- explosive nature of change in, 456
- magnetic deflection of rays from, 543
- velocity and value of e/m for rays from, 544
- Radium D
- origin of name of, 376
- connection of, with active deposit, 403
- period of transformation of, 406
- effect of, on variation of activity, 407
- presence in old radium, 408
- effect of, on activity of old radium, 409
- presence in pitchblende, 410
- connection with radio-lead, 413
- amount of, in 1 ton of uranium, 454
- Radium E
- Radium F
- variation of activity due to, 398
- effect of temperature on, 401
- separation of, on bismuth plate, 402
- connection with active deposit, 403
- variation of activity of, over long periods of time, 407
- presence in old radium, 409
- effect of, on activity of old radium, 409
- presence in pitchblende, 410
- connection with radio-tellurium, 411
- connection with polonium, 411, 412
- connection with radio-lead, 413
- Rain
- Ramsay, Sir W.
- amount of helium in thorianite, 486
- Ramsay and Collie
- spectrum of emanation, 292
- Ramsay and Cooke
- radio-activity produced by radiation from radium, 472
- Ramsay and Soddy
- Ramsay and Travers
- amount of helium in fergusonite, 486
- Rayless changes
- Re, F.
- theory of radio-activity, 441
- Recombination
- Recovery
- Reflection
- Refraction
- no evidence of, for uranium rays, 7
- Regeneration
- of emanating power, 256
- Richarz and von Helmholtz
- action of ions on steam jet, 47
- Richarz and Schenck
- theory of radio-activity, 441
- Rossignol and Gimingham
- decay of thorium emanation, 242
- Runge
- spectrum of radium, 17
- Runge and Bödlander
- evolution of gas from radium, 215
- Runge and Precht
- Russel
- photographic action of substances, 83
- Saake
- amount of emanation in air at high altitudes, 519
- Salomonsen and Dreyer
- coloration of quartz by radium rays, 213
- Saturation current
- Schenck
- radium emanation in springs, 513
- Schenck and Richarz
- theory of radio-activity, 441
- Schmidt
- discovery of radio-activity of thorium, 10
- Schmidt and Wiedemann
- thermo-luminescence, 207
- Schuster
- Schweidler and Mache
- velocity of ions in air, 528
- Schweidler and Meyer
- Scintillations
- Searle
- Secondary rays
- Seitz
- absorption of electrons by matter, 137 et seq.
- Selenium
- action of radium rays on, 208
- Simon
- Simpson
- amount of excited activity in north of Norway, 519
- Slater, Miss
- effect of temperature on active deposit of thorium, 354
- Smolan, Beattie and Kelvin
- discharging power of uranium rays, 7
- Snow
- Soddy
- Soddy and Ramsay
- Soddy and Rutherford
- separation of Th X, 220
- decay of activity of Th X, 221
- recovery of activity of thorium freed from Th X, 221
- decay of activity of Ur X, 223
- recovery of activity of uranium freed from Ur X, 223
- explanation of decay and recovery curves, 224
- rate of production of Th X, 227
- theory of decay of activity, 229
- influence of conditions on rate of decay and recovery of activity, 233
- disintegration hypothesis, 234
- decay of activity of radium emanation, 247
- measurements of emanating power, 254
- effect of temperature, moisture, and solution, on emanating power, 255
- regeneration of emanating power, 256
- constant rate of production of emanation of radium and thorium, 257
- source of thorium emanation, 261
- radiations from the emanation, 264
- chemical nature of emanation, 267
- condensation of emanations of radium and thorium, 277
- temperature of condensation of emanation, 278
- effect of successive precipitations on activity of thorium, 358
- recovery of activity of radium, 372
- theory of radio-activity, 439
- theory of radio-active change, 445
- conservation of radio-activity, 469
- Soil
- Solution
- Source
- Spark
- action of radium rays on, 208
- Spectrum
- Spinthariscope
- description of, 158
- Springs
- emanation from water of, 513
- Stark
- energy to produce an ion, 58
- Stoney, Johnstone
- use of term electron, 76
- Strauss and Hofmann
- radio-active lead, 27
- Strutt
- conductivity of gases for radiation, 63, 64
- conductivity of gases produced by γ rays, 64, 183
- negative charge carried by β rays, 122 et seq.
- absorption of β rays proportional to density, 136
- nature of α rays, 142
- attempt to measure charge of α rays, 153
- constant ratio of uranium to radium in minerals, 462
- connection of thorium with helium, 483
- absorption of radium rays from sun by atmosphere, 492
- presence of radium in Bath waters, 513
- radio-activity of ordinary matter, 536
- Sun
- Temperature
- effect of, on intensity of radiations from uranium and radium, 210
- effect of, on luminosity, 210
- rate of decay of radium emanation unaffected by, 249
- of condensation of emanations, 283
- rate of decay of thorium emanation unaffected by, 287
- effect of, on excited activity, 315
- effect of, on active deposit of thorium, 354
- effect of, on active deposit of actinium, 368
- effect of, on active deposit of rapid change of radium, 390
- effect of, on active deposit of slow change, 401
- of radium above surrounding space, 419
- effect of, on amount of excited activity in atmosphere, 518
- effect of, on natural ionization of air, 536
- Theories
- Thermo-luminescence, 207
- Thomson, J. J.
- relation between current and voltage for ionized gases, 34
- difference between ions as condensation nuclei, 49
- charge on ion, 50
- magnetic field produced by an ion in motion, 69
- apparent mass of electron, 71
- action of magnetic field on moving ion, 72
- determination of e/m for cathode stream, 73
- origin of X rays, 80
- slow velocity electrons from radio-tellurium, 153
- charge carried by α rays, 154
- theory of radio-activity, 440
- cause of heat emission from radium, 442
- structure of atom, 487
- possible causes of disintegration of radium, 487
- nature of electrons, 496
- emanation from tap-water and deep wells, 510
- radio-activity of ordinary materials, 539
- Thomson, J. J. and Rutherford
- ionization theory of gases, 31 et seq.
- Thorium
- discovery of radio-activity of, 10
- emanation from, 11
- preparation of non-radio-active thorium, 29
- nature of radiations from, 109
- β rays from, 114
- α rays from, 141
- γ rays from, 180
- separation of Th X from, 220
- recovery of activity of, 221
- disintegration of, 234
- emanation from, 238
- properties of emanation from, 239
- diffusion of emanation from, 275
- condensation of emanation from, 277
- excited radio-activity from, 295 et seq.
- analysis of active deposit of, 351 et seq.
- rayless change in, 352
- explanation of initial portion of decay curve, 358
- explanation of initial portion of recovery curve, 358
- effect of successive precipitations on, 358
- recovery curve after large number of precipitations, 359
- products of, 363
- non-separable activity of, 363
- radiations from active products of, 363
- division of activity amongst active products of, 363
- rate of emission of energy by, 432
- theories of radio-activity of, 438
- discussion of theories of radio-activity, 441 et seq.
- source of energy of radiations, 442 et seq.
- theory of radio-active change, 444 et seq.
- table of radio-active products of, 448
- rate of change of, 458
- life of, 458
- conservation of radio-activity of, 469
- total emission of energy from 1 gram of, 475
- possible causes of disintegration of, 486 et seq.
- Thorium A
- Thorium B
- Thorium X
- methods of separation of, 220
- law of decay of activity of, 221
- law of recovery of activity of, 221
- theory to explain production of, 224
- material nature of, 226
- continuous production of, 227
- explanation of decay of activity of, 229
- effect of conditions on the rate of change of, 233
- disintegration hypothesis to explain production of, 234
- minute amount of, produced, 237
- effect of successive separations of, on activity of thorium, 358 et seq.
- analysis of decay and recovery curves of, 358
- radiations from, 363
- Tommasina
- scintillations produced by electrification, 160
- Townsend
- Transformations, successive
- theory of, 325 et seq.
- nomenclature of, 328
- activity due to, 337
- detection of a rayless change in, 341
- in uranium, 346 et seq.
- in thorium, 351 et seq.
- in actinium, 364 et seq.
- in radium, 371 et seq.
- list of, 448
- origin of radium in, 459
- helium, a result of, 476 et seq.
- possible cause of, 486 et seq.
- application of, to evolution of matter, 497 et seq.
- Transmission
- Travers and Ramsay
- amount of helium in fergusonite, 486
- Troost
- rays from hexagonal blende, 4
- Uranium
- discovery of radio-activity of, 5
- persistence of radiations of, 6
- discharging power of rays, 7
- absence of reflection, refraction and polarization, 7
- examination of uranium minerals, 11 et seq.
- relative activity of compounds of uranium, 12
- nature of radiations from, 109
- β rays from, 114
- α rays from, 141
- γ rays from, 180
- separation of Ur X from, 219
- recovery of activity of, 219
- changes in, 346 et seq.
- non-separable activity of, 347
- radiations from Ur X, 347 et seq.
- method of measurement of activity of Ur X, 347
- emission of energy by, 418
- theories of radio-activity of, 437 et seq.
- discussion of theories of radio-activity, 441 et seq.
- source of energy of radiation, 442 et seq.
- theory of radio-active change, 444 et seq.
- table of active products, 448
- rate of change of, 458
- life of, 458
- radium probable product of, 459 et seq.
- amount of radium in, 460 et seq.
- amount of, in radio-active minerals, 461
- growth of radium in, 463
- conservation of radio-activity of, 469
- total emission of energy from 1 gram of, 475
- possible causes of disintegration of, 486 et seq.
- Uranium X
- separation of, by Crookes, 219
- separation of, by Becquerel, 219
- decay of activity of, 223
- recovery of activity of, 223
- theory to explain production of, 224 et seq.
- material nature of, 226
- explanation of decay of activity of, 229
- changes in, 346 et seq.
- radiations from, 347 et seq.
- method of measurement of radiations from, 347
- effect of crystallization on activity of, 349
- diffusion of, 350
- Velocity
- Villard
- Vincenti and Levi Da Zara
- radium emanation in spring waters, 516
- Voller
- variation of activity of radium with concentration, 467
- Volume
- Walker, G. W.
- theory of electrometer, 90
- Walkhoff
- action of radium rays on skin, 216
- Wallstabe
- diffusion of radium emanation into liquids, 276
- Water
- Water-falls
- Watts, Marshall
- atomic weight of radium, 18
- Weichert
- velocity of cathode rays, 76
- Weight
- Wheeler and Bumstead
- Whetham
- Wiedemann
- thermo-luminescence, 207
- Wiedemann and Schmidt
- thermo-luminescence, 207
- Wien
- Willcock, Miss and Hardy
- coloration of iodoform solution by radium rays, 214
- Willemite
- Willows and Peck
- action of radium rays on spark, 208
- Wilson, C. T. R.
- ions as nuclei of condensation, 47 et seq.
- difference between positive and negative ions as condensation nuclei, 49
- equality of charges carried by positive and negative ions, 50
- construction of electroscope, 86, 88
- natural ionization of air in vessels, 501
- radio-activity of rain and snow, 505, 506
- loss of charge in closed vessels, 531 et seq., 534
- presence of ions in dust-free air shown by condensation, 533
- number of ions produced per c.c., 533
- effect of pressure and nature of gas on ionization in sealed vessels, 534
- Wilson, H. A.
- charge on ion, 51
- Wilson, W. E.
- radium in sun, 491
- Wölfl, Hofmann and Gonder
- Wood, A.
- radio-activity of ordinary materials, 540
- Zara, Levi Da and Vincenti
- radium emanation in spring waters, 516
- Zeeman
- action of magnetic field on light, 77
- Zeleny
- Zerban and Hofmann
- connection of activity of thorium with uranium, 29
- Zinc Sulphide