CAMBRIDGE PHYSICAL SERIES.
CONTENTS OF Mr Whetham’s ‘Solution and Electrolysis.’
I. Thermodynamics.
II. The Phase Rule.
III. The Phase Rule. Two Components. Solutions.
IV. Solubility.
V. Osmotic Pressure.
VI. Vapour Pressures and Freezing Points.
VII. Theories of Solution.
VIII. Electrolysis.
IX. Conductivity of Electrolytes.
X. Galvanic Cells.
XI. Contact Electricity and Polarization.
XII. The Theory of Electrolytic Dissociation.
XIII. Diffusion in Solutions.
XIV. Solutions of Colloids.
Additions.
Table of Electro-chemical Properties of Aqueous Solutions.
Electricity and Magnetism: an Elementary Text-book, Theoretical and Practical. By R. T. Glazebrook, M.A., F.R.S., Director of the National Physical Laboratory and Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Crown 8vo. Cloth. 1–440 pp. 7s. 6d.
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PREFACE. Some words are perhaps necessary to explain the publication of another book dealing with Elementary Electricity. A considerable portion of the present work has been in type for a long time; it was used originally as a part of the practical work in Physics for Medical Students at the Cavendish Laboratory in connexion with my lectures, and was expanded by Mr Wilberforce and Mr Fitzpatrick in one of their Laboratory Note-books of Practical Physics.
When I ceased to deliver the first year course I was asked to print my lectures for the use, primarily, of the Students attending the practical classes; the lectures on Mechanics, Heat and Light have been in type for some years. Other claims on my time have prevented the issue of the present volume until now, when it appears in response to the promise made several years ago.
Meanwhile the subject has changed; but while this is the case the elementary laws and measurements on which the science is based remain unaltered, and I trust the book may be found of service to others besides my successors at the Cavendish Laboratory.
The book is to be used in the same way as its predecessors. The apparatus for most of the Experiments is of a simple character and can be supplied at no great expense in considerable quantities.
Thus the Experiments should all, as far as possible, be carried out by the members of the class, the teacher should base his reasoning on the results actually obtained by his pupils. Ten or twelve years ago this method was far from common; the importance to a School of a Physical Laboratory is now more generally recognized; it is with the hope that the book may be of value to those who are endeavouring to put the method in practice that it is issued now.
Heat and Light. An Elementary Text-book, Theoretical and Practical, for Colleges and Schools. By R. T. Glazebrook, M.A. Crown 8vo. 5s.
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General Editors: F. H. Neville, M.A., F.R.S. and W. C. D. Whetham, M.A., F.R.S.
Mechanics. By John Cox, M.A., F.R.S.C., Macdonald Professor of Experimental Physics in McGill University, Montreal. Demy 8vo. pp. xiv + 332. 9s. Net.
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The Theory of Experimental Electricity. By W. C. D. Whetham, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow of Trinity College. Demy 8vo. 8s. Net.
1. Niewenglowski, C. R. 122, p. 385, 1896.
2. Becquerel, C. R. 122, p. 559, 1896.
3. Troost, C. R. 122, p. 564, 1896.
4. Arnold, Annal. d. Phys. 61, p. 316, 1897.
5. Le Bon, C. R. 122, pp. 188, 233, 386, 462, 1896.
6. Becquerel, C. R. 122, pp. 420, 501, 559, 689, 762, 1086, 1896.
7. Mme Curie, Thèse présentée à la Faculté des Sciences de Paris, 1903.
8. Nature, 56, 1897; Phil. Mag. 43, p. 418, 1897; 45, p. 277, 1898.
9. Rutherford, Phil. Mag. Jan. 1899.
10. Ibid.
11. Le Bon, C. R. 130, p. 891, 1900.
12. Lenard, Annal. d. Phys. 1, p. 498; 3, p. 298, 1900.
13. Schmidt, Annal. d. Phys. 65, p. 141, 1898.
14. Mme Curie, C. R. 126, p. 1101, 1898.
15. Owens, Phil. Mag. Oct. 1899.
16. Rutherford, Phil. Mag. Jan. 1900.
17. M. and Mme Curie and G. Bemont, C. R. 127, p. 1215, 1898.
18. Giesel, Phys. Zeit. 3, No. 24, p. 578, 1902.
19. Giesel, Annal. d. Phys. 69, p. 91, 1890. Ber. d. D. Chem. Ges. p. 3608, 1902.
20. Demarçay, C. R. 127, p. 1218, 1898; 129, p. 716, 1899; 131, p. 258, 1900.
21. Runge, Astrophys. Journal, p. 1, 1900. Annal. d. Phys. No. 10, p. 407, 1903.
22. Exner and Haschek, Wien. Ber. July 4, 1901.
23. Crookes, Proc. Roy. Soc. 72, p. 295, 1904.
24. Runge and Precht, Annal. d. Phys. XIV. 2, p. 418, 1904.
25. Runge and Precht, Phil. Mag. April, 1903.
26. Watts, Phil. Mag. July, 1903; August, 1904.
27. Runge, Phil. Mag. December, 1903.
28. Debierne, C. R. 129, p. 593, 1899; 130, p. 206, 1900.
29. Giesel, Ber. d. D. Chem. Ges. p. 3608, 1902; p. 342, 1903.
30. Debierne, C. R. 139, p. 538, 1904. Miss Brooks, Phil. Mag. Sept. 1904. Giesel, Phys. Zeit. 5, p. 822, 1904. Jahrbuch. d. Radioaktivität, no. 4, p. 345, 1904.
31. Giesel, Ber. d. D. Chem. Ges. 37, p. 1696, 1904; Hartmann, Phys. Zeit. 5, No. 18, p. 570, 1904.
32. Mme Curie, C. R. 127, p. 175, 1898.
33. Mme Curie, Thèse, Paris, 1903.
34. Crookes, Proc. Roy. Soc. May, 1900.
35. Berndt, Phys. Zeit. 2, p. 180, 1900.
36. Marckwald, Phys. Zeit. 4, No. 1 b, p. 51.
37. Marckwald, Ber. d. D. Chem. Ges. p. 2662, No. 12, 1903.
38. Elster and Geitel, Annal. d. Phys. 69, p. 83, 1899.
39. Giesel, Ber. d. D. Chem. Ges. p. 3775, 1901.
40. Hofmann and Strauss, Ber. d. D. Chem. Ges. p. 3035, 1901.
41. Hofmann, Gonder and Wölfl, Annal. d. Phys. No. 13, p. 615, 1904.
42. Hofmann and Zerban, Ber. d. D. Chem. Ges. No. 12, p. 3093, 1903.
43. Baskerville and Zerban, Amer. Chem. Soc. 26, p. 1642, 1904.
44. J. J. Thomson and Rutherford, Phil. Mag. Nov. 1896.
45. The word ion has now been generally adopted in the literature of the subject. In using this word, it is not assumed that the ions in gases are the same as the corresponding ions in the electrolysis of solutions.
46. A minute current is observed between the plates even if no radio-active matter be present. This has been found to be due mainly to a slight natural radio-activity of the matter composing them. (See chapter XIV.)
47. This nomenclature has arisen from the similarity of the shape of the current-voltage curves to the magnetization curves for iron. Since, on the ionization theory, the maximum current is a result of the removal of all the ions from the gas, before recombination occurs, the terms are not very suitable. They have however now come into general use and will be retained throughout this work.
48. J. J. Thomson, Phil. Mag. 47, p. 253, 1899; Conduction of Electricity through Gases, p. 73, 1903.
49. Rutherford, Phil. Mag. Jan. 1899.
50. Townsend, Phil. Mag. Feb. 1901.
51. Rutherford, Phil. Mag. Nov. 1897, p. 144, Jan. 1899.
52. Townsend, Phil. Trans. A, p. 157, 1899.
53. McClung, Phil. Mag. March, 1902.
54. Langevin, Thèse présentée à la Faculté des Sciences, p. 151, Paris, 1902.
55. Owens, Phil. Mag. Oct. 1899.
56. Rutherford, Phil. Mag. p. 429, Nov. 1897.
57. Zeleny, Phil. Trans. A, p. 193, 1901.
58. Langevin, C. R. 134, p. 646, 1902.
59. Zeleny, Phil. Mag. July, 1898.
60. Rutherford, Phil. Mag. Feb. 1899.
61. Zeleny, Phil. Trans. 195, p. 193, 1900.
62. Langevin, C. R. 134, p. 646, 1902, and Thesis, p. 191, 1902.
63. Rutherford, Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 9, p. 410, 1898.
64. Langevin, Thesis, p. 190, 1902.
65. Helmholtz and Richarz, Annal. d. Phys. 40, p. 161, 1890.
66. Wilson, Phil. Trans. p. 265, 1897; p. 403, 1899; p. 289, 1900.
67. Thomson, Phil. Mag. p. 528, Dec. 1898.
68. Wilson, Phil. Trans. A, 193, p. 289, 1899.
69. Thomson, Phil. Mag. p. 528, Dec. 1898, and March, 1903. Conduction of Electricity through Gases, Camb. Univ. Press, 1903, p. 121.
70. Wilson, Phil. Mag. April, 1903.
71. Townsend, Phil. Trans. A, p. 129, 1899.
72. Townsend, loc. cit. p. 139.
73. Some difference of opinion has been expressed as to the value of V required to produce ions at each collision. Townsend considers it to be about 20 volts; Langevin 60 volts and Stark about 50 volts.
74. Rutherford, Phil. Mag. Jan. 1899.
75. Rutherford, Phil. Mag. Jan. 1899.
76. Strutt, Phil. Trans. A, p. 507, 1901 and Proc. Roy. Soc. p. 208, 1903.
77. McClung, Phil. Mag. Sept. 1904.
78. Eve, Phil. Mag. Dec. 1904.
79. Rutherford, Phil. Mag. p. 137, Jan. 1899.
80. Child, Phys. Rev. Vol. 12, 1901.
81. Rutherford, Phil. Mag. p. 210, August, 1901; Phys. Rev. Vol. 13, 1901.
82. Rutherford, Phil. Mag. Aug. 1901.
83. A simple and excellent account of the effects produced by the motion of a charged ion and also of the electronic theory of matter was given by Sir Oliver Lodge in 1903 in a paper entitled “Electrons” (Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, Part 159, Vol. 32, 1903). See also J. J. Thomson’s Electricity and Matter (Scribner, New York, 1904).
84. J. J. Thomson, Phil. Mag. April, 1887.
85. Heaviside, Collected Papers, Vol. II. p. 514.
86. Searle, Phil. Mag. Oct. 1897.
87. Abraham, Phys. Zeit. 4, No. 1 b, p. 57, 1902.
88. A full account of the path described by a moving ion under various conditions is given by J. J. Thomson, Conduction of Electricity in Gases (Camb. Univ. Press, 1903), pp. 79–90.
89. J. J. Thomson, Phil. Mag. p. 293, 1897.
90. Lenard, Annal. d. Phys. 64, p. 279, 1898.
91. Kaufmann, Annal. d. Phys. 61, p. 544; 62, p. 596, 1897; 65, p. 431, 1898.
92. Simon, Annal. d. Phys. 69, p. 589, 1899.
93. A complete discussion of the various methods employed to measure the velocity and mass of electrons and also of the theory on which they are based will be found in J. J. Thomson’s Conduction of Electricity through Gases.
94. Goldstein, Berlin Sitzber. 39, p. 691, 1896; Annal. d. Phys. 64, p. 45, 1898.
95. Wien, Annal. d. Phys. 65, p. 440, 1898.
96. Larmor, Phil. Mag. 44, p. 593, 1897.
97. J. J. Thomson, Phil. Mag. Feb. 1897.
98. Barkla, Phil. Mag. June, 1903.
99. Soddy, Trans. Chem. Soc. Vol. 81, p. 860, 1902.
100. Wilson, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vol. 68, p. 152, 1901.
101. If the apparatus is required to be air-tight, the gold-leaf system can be charged by means of a piece of magnetized steel wire, which is made to touch the rod R by the approach of a magnet.
102. It is sometimes observed that the motion of the gold-leaf, immediately after charging, is irregular. In many cases, this can be traced to air currents set up in the electroscope in consequence of unsymmetrical heating by the source of light used for illumination.
103. Wilson, Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. Vol. 12, Part II. 1903.
104. Walker, Phil. Mag. Aug. 1903.
105. Strutt, Phil. Trans. A, p. 507, 1901.
106. Dolezalek, Instrumentenkunde, p. 345, Dec. 1901.
107. It is very desirable that care should be taken not to release large quantities of the radium emanation inside a laboratory. This emanation has a slow rate of decay and is carried by currents of air throughout the whole building and finally leaves behind an active deposit of very slow rate of change (see chapter XI.). Eve (Nature, March 16, 1905) has drawn attention to the difficulty of making refined radio-active measurements under such conditions.
108. J. J. Thomson, Phil. Mag. 46, p. 537, 1898.
109. Bronson, Amer. Journ. Science, Feb. 1905.
110. J. and P. Curie, C. R. 91, pp. 38 and 294, 1880. See also Friedel and J. Curie, C. R. 96, pp. 1262 and 1389, 1883, and Lord Kelvin, Phil. Mag. 36, pp. 331, 342, 384, 414, 453, 1893.
111. In an examination of uranium the writer (Phil. Mag. p. 116, Jan. 1899) found that the rays from uranium consist of two kinds, differing greatly in penetrating power, which were called the α and β rays. Later, it was found that similar types of rays were emitted by thorium and radium. On the discovery that very penetrating rays were given out by uranium and thorium as well as by radium, the term γ was applied to them by the writer. The word “ray” has been retained in this work, although it is now settled that the α and β rays consist of particles projected with great velocity. The term is thus used in the same sense as by Newton, who applied it in the Principia to the stream of corpuscles which he believed to be responsible for the phenomenon of light. In some recent papers, the α and β rays have been called the α and β “emanations.” This nomenclature cannot fail to lead to confusion, since the term “radio-active emanation” has already been generally adopted in radio-activity as applying to the material substance which gradually diffuses from thorium and radium compounds, and itself emits rays.
112. This method of illustration is due to Mme Curie, Thèse présentée à la Faculté des Sciences de Paris, 1903.
113. Giesel, Annal. d. Phys. 69, p. 834, 1899.
114. Meyer and Schweidler, Phys. Zeit. 1, pp. 90, 113, 1899.
115. Becquerel, C. R. 129, pp. 997, 1205, 1899.
116. Curie, C. R. 130, p. 73, 1900.
117. Rutherford, Phil. Mag. January, 1899.
118. Rutherford and Grier, Phil. Mag. September, 1902.
119. Becquerel, C. R. 130, pp. 206, 372, 810, 979. 1900.