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Ragnarok : the Age of Fire and Gravel

Chapter 1: RAGNAROK:
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The author examines widespread drift deposits and argues they result from a catastrophic comet passage that produced heat, fires, and gravel rather than conventional glaciation, surveying geological evidence about unstratified till, wave and iceberg effects, and glacial theories, then considers comet physics and impact consequences. He correlates myths and legends from many cultures—stories of conflagration, darkness, cave life, and recovery—with the proposed catastrophe, and concludes with speculation about pre-drift human survival, migration pathways, repeated cometary impacts, and the geographic scenes where human communities may have persisted.

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Title: Ragnarok : the Age of Fire and Gravel

Author: Ignatius Donnelly

Release date: February 1, 2004 [eBook #5109]
Most recently updated: November 5, 2021

Language: English

Credits: J.B. Hare

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RAGNAROK : THE AGE OF FIRE AND GRAVEL ***

[Redactor's Notes: "Ragnarok" is a sequel to "Atlantis" but goes far beyond presaging the pseudo-science of Velikovsky's "Worlds in Collision". The original scans and HTML were provided by Mr. J.B. Hare. In this edition the illustrations and figures have been replaced by the glyph "###". Because of the numerous notes, they have been retained on the original page. Searching on "[" will reveal the set of notes for the current page. The page numbers of the original have been retained as {p.117} for example. The HTML is plain vanilla with no illustrations. For a fully illustrated version the reader is referred to the website http://www.sacred-texts.com/atl/rag/index.htm where other explanatory material prepared by Mr. Hare is available.]


RAGNAROK:

THE AGE OF FIRE AND GRAVEL.

BY
IGNATIUS DONNELLY,

AUTHOR OF "ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD."

"I am not inclined to conclude that man had no existence at all before the epoch of the great revolutions of the earth. He might have inhabited certain districts of no great extent, whence, after these terrible events, he repeopled the world. Perhaps, also, the spots where he abode were swallowed up, and the bones lie buried under the beds of the present seas."--CUVIER.

[1883]

###

THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE DRIFT.

CONTENTS.

PART I. THE DRIFT.

I. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DRIFT 1
II. THE ORIGIN OF THE DRIFT NOT KNOWN 8
III. THE ACTION OF WAVES 10
IV. WAS IT CAUSED BY ICEBERGS? 13
V. WAS IT CAUSED By GLACIERS? 17
VI. WAS IT CAUSED BY A CONTINENTAL ICE-SHEET?     23
VII. THE DRIFT A GIGANTIC CATASTROPHE 43
VIII. GREAT HEAT A PREREQUISITE   58

PART II. THE COMET.

I. A COMET CAUSED THE DRIFT 63
II. WHAT IS A COMET? 65
III. COULD A COMET STRIKE THE EARTH? 82
IV. THE CONSEQUENCES TO THE EARTH 91

PART III. THE LEGENDS.

I. THE NATURE OF MYTHS 113
II. DID MAN EXIST BEFORE THE DRIFT? 121
III. LEGENDS OF THE COMING OF THE COMET 132
IV. RAGNAROK 141
V. THE CONFLAGRATION OF PHAËTON 154
VI. OTHER LEGENDS OF THE CONFLAGRATION 166
VII. LEGENDS OF THE CAVE-LIFE 195
VIII. LEGENDS OF THE AGE OF DARKNESS 208
IX. THE TRIUMPH OF THE SUN 233
X. THE FALL OF THE CLAY AND GRAVEL 251
XI. THE ARABIAN MYTHS 268
XII. THE BOOK OF JOB 276
XIII. GENESIS READ BY THE LIGHT OF THE COMET 316

PART IV. CONCLUSIONS.

I. WAS PRE-GLACIAL MAN CIVILIZED? 341
II. THE SCENE OF MAN'S SURVIVAL 366
III. THE BRIDGE 376
IV. OBJECTIONS CONSIDERED 389
V. BIELA'S COMET 408
VI. THE UNIVERSAL BELIEF OF MANKIND 424
VII. THE EARTH STRUCK BY COMETS MANY TIMES 431
VIII. THE AFTER-WORD 437

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE DRIFT Frontispiece.
TILL OVERLAID WITH BOWLDER-CLAY 5
SCRATCHED STONE, FROM THE TILL 6
RIVER ISSUING FROM A SWISS GLACIER 19
TERMINAL MORAINE 20
GLACIER-FURROWS AND SCRATCHES AT STONY POINT, LAKE ERIE 26
DRIFT-DEPOSITS IN THE TROPICS 38
STRATIFIED BEDS IN TILL, LEITHEN WATER, PEEBLESSHIRE, SCOTLAND 54
SECTION AT JOINVILLE 54
ORBITS OF THE PERIODIC COMETS 83
ORBIT OF EARTH AND COMET 88
THE EARTH'S ORBIT 89
THE COMET SWEEPING PAST THE EARTH 92
THE SIDE OF THE EARTH STRUCK BY THE COMET 93
THE SIDE NOT STRUCK BY THE COMET 93
THE GREAT COMET OF 1811 95
CRAG AND TAIL 98
SOLAR SPECTRUM 105
SECTION AT ST. ACHEUL 122
THE ENGIS SKULL 124
THE NEANDERTHAL SKULL 125
PLUMMET FROM SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA 180
COMET OF 1862 137
COURSE OF DONATI'S COMET 157
THE PRIMEVAL STORM 220
THE AFRITE IN THE PILLAR 270
DAHISH OVERTAKEN BY DIMIRIAT 272
EARTHEN VASE, FOUND IN THE CAVE OF FURFOOZ, BELGIUM 347
PRE-GLACIAL MAN'S PICTURE OF THE MAMMOTH 349
PRE-GLACIAL MAN'S PICTURE OF REINDEER 350
PRE-GLACIAL MAN'S PICTURE OF THE HORSE 351
SPECIMEN OF PRE-GLACIAL CARVING 352
STONE IMAGE FOUND IN OHIO 353
COPPER COIN, FOUND ONE HUNDRED AND FOURTEEN FEET UNDER GROUND, IN ILLINOIS {front} 356
COPPER COIN, FOUND ONE HUNDRED AND FOURTEEN FEET UNDER GROUND, IN ILLINOIS {back} 356
BIELA'S COMET, SPLIT IN TWO 409
SECTION ON THE SCHUYLKILL 432