The author surveys the growth and changing conditions of serious musical life in the United States during the twentieth century, tracing early dependence on European models and the gradual emergence of native institutions, audiences, and teachers. He examines concerts, musical theater, education, and public opinion, and analyzes composers' attitudes toward nationalism, popularity, and countercurrents within composition. Personal recollections illustrate obstacles faced by early American composers and the arrival of immigrant mentors. The work considers institutional and social forces shaping musical production and reflects on cultural and practical questions that will influence the future prospects of art and individual creators.