Remarks on the Uses of some of the Bazaar Medicines and Common Medical Plants of India / With a full index of diseases, indicating their treatment by these and other agents procurable throughout India; to which are added directions for treatment in cases of drowning, snake-bites &c.

Hing (Hind., Duk., Beng., Pung., Mah., Guz.), Yang (Kash.), Káyam, Perun-gáyam (Tam.), Inguva (Tel.), Perun-gáyam, Káyam (Mal.), Perun-káyam (Cing.), Shinkhu or Shingu (Burm.), Hingu (Malay).

34. Asafœtida of good quality may be obtained in most bazaars. The moister and most strongly smelling kinds should be chosen for medical purposes. It may be given in the form of pill, in doses of from five to ten grains; or in that of mixture, prepared by rubbing down in a mortar five drachms of Asafœtida in a pint of hot water, and straining and setting aside to cool. Of this solution, which is thick and milky, the dose is from one to two table-spoonfuls. Its nauseous taste is a great objection to its use.

35. In Hysterical Fits and in Fainting, Nervous Palpitations, and other affections connected with Hysteria, Asafœtida proves most useful. When the symptoms are urgent, as in fits, &c., it is best given in the liquid form (ante), but where the object is rather to combat the tendency to this state, and to make an impression on the system, the solid form should be preferred. For this purpose it may be advantageously combined with Aloes, as advised in Sect. 19.

36. In Flatulence, Flatulent Colic, and Spasmodic Affections of the Bowels, especially when connected with hysteria, it is best given in the form of enema (30 grains in four ounces of water); but if this is not practicable, it may be given by mouth in the liquid form advised above. A teaspoonful of the mixture, with a little Omum water, is often very effectual in relieving the Flatulent Colic of Children. It may also be tried in the Convulsions of pale, weakly children. An Asafœtida enema is an effectual means of removing Thread worms from the rectum and lower bowel.

37. In the obstinate Coughs of Childhood, remaining after attacks of inflammation, and also the advanced stages of Hooping Cough, the mixture has also occasionally been found of great service in doses of a teaspoonful four or five times daily. It has also been recommended in the Chronic Bronchitis and Asthma of Adults; its disagreeable smell and taste is a great bar to its use, but this may, in a great measure, be obviated by giving it in the form of pill.

Talmakháné, Gokshura (Hind.), Kolsí (Duk.), Kánta-koliká (Beng.), Tálmakhánáh (Punj., Kash.), Nir-mulli (Tam.), Niru-gobbi (Tel.), Vayal-chulli (Mal.), Kolava-like (Can.), Tál-makháná (Mah.), Ikkiri (Cing.), Súpadán (Burm.).

39. The whole of this plant, common in moist sites throughout India, but especially the root, which in the dried state is sold in the bazaars, enjoys a high repute amongst the natives as a diuretic in Dropsical cases, which European experience has, in a great measure, tended to confirm. It may be given in the form of decoction, prepared by boiling one ounce of the root in a pint of water for ten minutes, straining, and taking the whole in divided doses during the day. The following is advised by Baboo Kanny Lall Dey: Take of freshly dried Asteracantha leaves, two ounces; Distilled Vinegar, 16 ounces; macerate for three days; press and strain. Of this, the dose is from one to three tablespoonfuls in water thrice daily.

Atís (Hind.), Atviká (Duk.), Atis, Batis, Patis (Punj.), Mohand-i-guj-saféd, Hong-i-saféd (Kash.), Ati-vadayam (Tam.), Ati-vasa (Tel.).

41. Atís, as met with in the bazaars, occurs in the form of small tuberous roots, tapering towards a point, from one to one and a half inches or more in length, and from three-eighths to a quarter of an inch in thickness; grey externally, slightly wrinkled longitudinally, and marked here and there with rootlet scars, easily friable; internally white, farinaceous, inodorous, and of a pure bitter taste, devoid of acidity or astringency. This last character serves to distinguish it from all other roots sold under the same name. Every root should be broken across, and all which are not pure white, with a short, starchy fracture and pure bitter taste, should be discarded. Further, if on placing a small piece on the tongue it cause a feeling of tingling or peculiar sensibility, followed by even the smallest degree of numbness or altered sensibility, it should on no account be used. Mr. Boughton discovered in it an alkaloid to which he gave the name of Atisine.

42. The chief use of Atís is in the treatment of Intermittent Fever and other periodical fevers, and in these it often proves most valuable. It should be given in doses of half a drachm (30 grains), mixed with a little water, every four or six hours during the intermissions, commencing its use during or towards the close of the sweating stage. For children the dose may be reduced one-half, or three-fourths, according to age. For combating the Debility after Fevers and other diseases, Atís is an excellent tonic, in doses of five to ten grains thrice daily.

Bél, Si-phal (Hind., Beng., Punj.), Bél-phal (Duk.), Vilva or Bilva-pazham (Tam.), Bilva-pandu, Márédu-pandu (Tel.), Kúvalap-pazham (Mal.) Bilapatri-hannu (Can.) Bél-phal (Guz.), Bélá-chaphala, Bela (Mah.) Bélli, Bélli-ka (Cing.), Ushi-si, Ushi-ti (Burm.), Buah Bail (Malay), Bil-kath (the entire fruit), Shífal-gúj, the pulp and seeds with the rind removed (Kash.).

44. The half-ripe fruit is best suited for medical use, and that freshly gathered is preferable to that which has been kept a long time, as is generally the case with the bazaar article. In bazaar specimens, the Wood-apple (fruit of Feronia Elephantum) is often substituted for Bael. Though they bear a close resemblance externally, they can easily be distinguished by opening them. In the true Bael there are, in the centre of the pulp, a number of cells, from five to eighteen, each containing one or more seeds and glutinous mucus, whilst in the Wood-apple there are no cells, and the seeds are embedded in the pulp. European experience has confirmed the native opinion that it is a remedy of much value in cases of obstinate Diarrhœa and Dysentery when unattended by fever, and the patient is weak and dyspeptic. It proves especially serviceable when any signs of Scurvy are present. It is best given as follows: Take of the soft gummy fluid from the interior of the fruit two ounces, mix this with three or four ounces of water, sweeten to taste, and, if procurable, add a lump of ice. This draught should be repeated twice or thrice daily. In the obstinate Diarrhœa and Dysentery of Children it may safely be given in doses of from one quarter to one half the above quantity, according to age. The Fluid Extract of the dried Bael is regarded by many as superior to any other preparations of this fruit. The dose is from half a drachm to a drachm, twice or thrice daily for an adult. Dietetic Bael is also a valuable preparation. Dr. Aitchison suggests that a supply of Dietetic Bael (prepared by Messrs. Bathgate & Co., of Calcutta) should be kept in store. "It consists," he remarks, "of the pulp of dried Bael fruit carefully pulverised and mixed with a certain proportion of arrowroot. It is an excellent preparation to be used in those cases when Bael is prescribed, and where the fresh fruit cannot be got of good quality, e.g., the Bael fruit grown in the Punjaub is not to be compared with that of the more moist and tropical regions. Besides using this in actual disease it makes a good substitute in a patient's diet owing to its pleasant aromatic flavour."

45. In Irregularity of the Bowels, presenting alternations of Diarrhœa and Constipation, one draught, as described in the last section, taken in the early morning, often exercises a most beneficial effect in regulating the bowels. Where much debility exists, and the stomach is weak and irritable, it is apt to disagree, occasioning eructations, &c., in which case it may be tried in smaller doses, or be given at bedtime in place of early morning.

Pán (Hind., Duk., Beng., Punj., and Guz.), Vettilai (Tam.), Tamala-páku, Nága-valli (Tel.), Vetrila (Mal.), Viledele (Can.), Videchapána (Mah.), Balát (Cing.), Kún-yoe (Burm.), Seereh (Malay).

47. These leaves are in almost universal use amongst the natives of India as a masticatory, in conjunction with lime and areca-nut; and can now be purchased, almost fresh, in any of the larger bazaars of the Punjaub, as they are forwarded by rail and post. There are two ways in which they may be usefully employed medicinally:

48. In Coughs, especially those of Infancy and Childhood, where there is difficulty of breathing, the application of betel leaves, warmed, smeared with oil, and applied in layers over the chest, often affords speedy and marked relief. It is a native practice, the utility of which has been confirmed by European experience. It can do no harm, may do much good, and is therefore worthy of a trial in all cases. The same application has been recommended in Congestion and other affections of the Liver.

49. For the purpose of Arresting the Secretion of Milk, when from any cause this may be desirable, betel leaves, warmed by the fire, and placed in layers over the breast, are stated to be very effectual. Thus employed they are also said to be useful in reducing Glandular Swellings.

Kat-kalijá, Kat-karanj (Hind.), Gajgá (Duk.), Nátá, Nátú-koranjá (Beng.), Kanjúá (Punj.), Kazhar-shik-káy (Tam.), Gech-chak-káyá (Tel.), Kalan-chik-kuru (Mal.), Gajaga-káyi (Can.), Gajaga (Mah.), Gájgá (Guz.) Kumbura-atta (Cing.), Kalén-zi (Burm.), Buah gorah (Malay).

51. These nuts, common in all the bazaars of India, are roundish or ovoid in shape, about half an inch, or more, in diameter, smooth, hard, of a grey or leaden colour externally, and contain a white starchy kernel of a pure, bitter taste. Their efficacy appears to reside in a bitter oil. Mr. Broughton failed to detect in them any special crystalline principle.

52. In Intermittent Fevers, especially in those of the natives, this remedy has been found very useful. It is adapted only for mild, uncomplicated cases, and is best given in the following form: Take of Bonduc seeds, deprived of their shells and powdered, one ounce; Black Pepper, powdered, one ounce; mix thoroughly, and keep in a well-stoppered bottle. Of this the dose is from 15 to 30 grains three times a day for adults. In smaller doses it is a good tonic in Debility after Fevers and other diseases. The bark of the root of the Bonduc shrub in 10 grain doses is reported to be even more effectual in the above cases than the seeds themselves.

Sohágá, Tinkál (Hind.), Sohágá (Beng., Duk., Punj.), Vávut, Váwuth (Kash.), Venkáram (Tam.), Elegáram (Tel.), Ponkáram, Vellakaram (Mal.), Biligára (Can.), Vengáram, Puskara (Cing.), Lakhiya, Let-khya (Burm.), Pijar (Malay).

54. Borax of good quality is met with in most bazaars; if good it should be in transparent, colourless, crystalline masses or pieces of various sizes, inodorous, with a cool, saltish taste. After having been exposed to the air for some time, as that found in the bazaars has generally been, it becomes covered with a whitish powder or efflorescence, which being removed shows the transparent crystal beneath. If brown or dirty, or otherwise impure, it may be rendered fit for medical use by dissolving one pound of it with one drachm of quicklime in three pints of water, straining through cloth and evaporating by exposure to the sun in an open vessel or over a gentle fire. Dose from 20 to 40 grains for an adult.

55. In Aphthæ or Thrush (small white spots and ulcerations in the mouths of infants and young children) a mixture of powdered Borax (1 drachm) and Honey (1 ounce) is one of the best applications which can be used; it should be applied by means of the finger to the spot twice or thrice daily. In Fissures or Cracks in the Tongue in adults, which occur in the advanced stages of Consumption, Fever, &c., an application, twice the strength of the above, proves highly serviceable. In Mercurial Salivation, a solution of Borax (half an ounce), in water (eight ounces) forms an excellent gargle.

56. To Sore Nipples a solution of Borax, one drachm to one ounce of water, should be applied before and after suckling the infant, or it may be employed in the form of ointment (a drachm of Borax to an ounce of Ghee). These applications are also serviceable when applied to inflamed and painful Piles.

57. As a means of allaying the distressing Irritation of the Genital Organs, both of males and females, the latter especially, a solution of Borax (half an ounce) in eight ounces of water or Camphor julep (67) sometimes affords more relief than anything else. Cloths saturated with it should be kept to the parts, and in the case of women it should also be used in the form of vaginal injection. It also proves very useful in allaying the Irritation of Nettlerash, Prickly Heat, and other Skin Diseases.

58. In prolonged and tedious Labours dependent apparently on want of action or power in the uterus to expel the fœtus, and in Abortion under the same circumstances, 30 grains of Borax with 10 grains of powdered Cinnamon in a little warm conjee, may be given every one or two hours to the extent of three or four doses. This may also be given in Convulsions attendant on Labours. In doses of 10 grains, with 10 grains of Cinnamon, thrice daily, it also occasionally proves useful in Suspension or Irregularity of the Menstrual Discharge and in some Chronic Uterine Affections.

59. To Ulcerated Buboes, and Sloughing Ulcers, a solution of Borax (two drachms in a pint of water or Camphor julep) often proves very useful by cleansing the surface and hastening the healing process. It should be applied on rags well over the whole sore, and renewed frequently by night and day. For dressing Delhi Sores, and stimulating them to healthy action, a favourite application is composed of Borax, Sulphur, and Catechu, of each, finely powdered, one drachm, and Ghee one ounce. This may be advantageously used in other forms of Ulceration.

60. For Ringworm, a solution of Borax (one drachm) in distilled vinegar (two ounces) is stated to be an effectual application.

Palás-kí-gond (Hind., Duk.), Pálásh-gun (Beng.), Dhák-kí-gond (Punj.,), Kamar-kash (Kash.), Muruk-kan-pishin, Palásha-pishin (Tam.), Palásha-banka, Móduga-banka (Tel.) Plách-cha-pasha (Mal.), Muttaga-góndu (Can.), Phalása-cha-gónda (Mah.), Khákar-nu-gún (Guz.), Káliya-melliyam (Cing.), Páv-si (Burm.).

62. Butea Gum occurs in the form of irregular shining fragments, seldom as large as a pea, more or less mixed with adherent pieces of greyish bark, of an intense ruby colour and astringent taste. Its astringency is due to the presence of tannic and gallic acids. It is an excellent astringent, similar to Catechu, but, being milder in operation, it is better adapted for children and delicate females. The dose of the powdered gum is 10 to 30 grains, with a few grains of powdered Cinnamon. It may be used with advantage in Chronic Diarrhœa, Pyrosis (Water-brash), and in those forms of Dyspepsia attended with increased secretion. In these cases the addition of a small portion of opium increases its efficacy.

Palás-ké-bínj (Hind.), Palás-Páprá (Duk., Beng.), Dhák-papri, Palás-páprí (Punj.), Khálás-pápúr (Kash.), Porasum-virai, Murukkam-virai (Tam.), Palásha-vittulu, Moduga-vittulu (Tel.), Pláshu, Murukka-vitta (Mal.), Muttaga-bíjá (Can.), Phalásá-cha-bí (Mah.), Palás-páparo (Guz.), Kaliya-atta (Cing.), Páv-si (Burm.).

64. Butea seeds are thin, flat, oval or kidney-shaped, of a mahogany brown colour, 1¼ to 1¾ inches in length, almost devoid of taste and smell. European experience has confirmed the high opinion held by the Mohammedan doctors as to their power in expelling Lumbrici, or Round Worm, so common amongst the natives of India. The seeds should be first soaked in water, and the testa, or shell, carefully removed; the kernel should then be dried and reduced to powder. Of this the dose is 20 grains thrice daily for three successive days, followed on the fourth day by a dose of Castor Oil. Under the use of this remedy, thus administered in the practice of Dr. Oswald, 125 lumbrici in one instance, and between 70 and 80 in another, were expelled. It has the disadvantage of occasionally purging when its vermifuge properties are not apparent; in some instances also it has been found to excite vomiting and to irritate the kidneys; and though these ill effects do not ordinarily follow, yet they indicate caution in its employment.

65. For destroying Maggots in Unhealthy Ulcers, so commonly met with amongst the natives, Raghupatie Mohun Rao (Indian Medical Gazette, Dec. 2, 1879, p. 346) directs the powder of these seeds to be sprinkled over the surface to kill them.

Káfúr (Hind., Punj.), Káphúr (Beng.), Karruppúram or Karppúram (Tam.), Karpúram (Tel., Mal.), Karpúra (Can.), Kapúra (Mah.), Kapúr, Karpúr (Guz.), Kapuru (Cing.), Payo, Piyo (Burm.), Kapor baroos (Malay).

Several varieties of Camphor are met with in the bazaars. That best suited for medicinal use should be in masses or lumps, white, translucent, of a crystalline structure, of a powerful penetrating odour, and pungent taste. Much of the camphor sold in the bazaars is worthless. Dose, from two to five grains or more for an adult.

67. Camphor Water, or Julep, as it is commonly called, may always be advantageously kept ready prepared for domestic use; it is made by adding two drachms of Camphor to a quart bottle of water, and setting aside for a few days. Of this the dose for an adult is about a wine-glassful. It is a good vehicle for other medicines.

68. Camphor Liniment is formed by dissolving one ounce of Camphor in four ounces of Cocoa-nut, Sesamum, or other bland oil. It is an excellent application in Chronic Rheumatism, Lumbago, Enlargement of the Joints, Glandular Swellings, Bruises, Sprains, Muscular Pain, especially that of the loins, to which women are subject during Pregnancy and the Menstrual periods, and other cases attended with local pain. It should be well rubbed in night and morning for 10 or 15 minutes; friction in these cases playing an important part.

69. In Chronic Rheumatism, in addition to its use externally, as advised in the last paragraph, it may be given internally in a dose of five grains with one grain of Opium at bedtime; it affords relief by causing copious perspiration, which should be promoted by a draught of infusion of Ginger (154) and by additional bedclothes. An excellent vapour bath for these cases may be made by substituting half an ounce of Camphor placed on a heated plate for the chattie of hot water described in Section 397. Thus employed, it causes speedy and copious perspiration. Care, however, is necessary to prevent the patient inhaling the vapour, which is of comparatively little consequence when simple water is being employed.

70. In Asthma, Camphor in four-grain doses, with an equal quantity of Asafœtida, in the form of pill, repeated every second or third hour during a paroxysm, affords in some instances great relief. Turpentine stupes (362) to the chest should be used at the same time. Many cases of Difficulty of Breathing are relieved by the same means. These pills also sometimes relieve violent Palpitation of the Heart. In the Coughs of Childhood, Camphor Liniment (68), previously warmed, well rubbed in over the chest at nights, often exercises a beneficial effect. For young children, the strength of the liniment should be reduced one half or more by the addition of some bland oil.

71. In Rheumatic and Nervous Headaches, a very useful application is one ounce of Camphor dissolved in a pint of Vinegar, and then diluted with one or two parts of water. Cloths saturated with it should be kept constantly to the part.

72. In Spermatorrhœa, and in all involuntary Seminal discharges, few medicines are more generally useful than Camphor in doses of four grains with half a grain of Opium, taken each night at bedtime. In Gonorrhœa, to relieve that painful symptom, Chordee, the same prescription is generally very effectual; but it may be necessary to increase the quantity of Opium to one grain, and it is advisable to apply the Camphor Liniment (68) along the under surface of the penis as far back as the anus. To relieve that distressing Irritation of the Generative Organs which some women suffer from so severely, it will be found that five or six grains of Camphor taken in the form of pill twice or three times daily, according to the severity of the symptoms, will sometimes afford great relief. In each of these cases it is important to keep the bowels freely open.

73. In Painful Affections of the Uterus Camphor in six or eight grain doses often affords much relief. The Liniment (68) should at the same time be well rubbed into the loins. In the Convulsions attendant on Childbirth, the following pills may be tried: Camphor and Calomel, of each five grains. Beat into a mass with a little honey, and divide into two pills; to be followed an hour subsequently by a full dose of castor oil or other purgative.

74. In the advanced stages of Fever, Small Pox, and Measles, when the patient is low, weak, and exhausted, and when there are at the same time delirium, muttering, and sleeplessness, three grains of Camphor with an equal quantity of Asafœtida, may be given even every third hour; Turpentine stupes (362) or Mustard poultices (247) being applied at the same time to the feet or over the region of the heart. It should be discontinued if it causes headache or increased heat of the scalp. Its use requires much discrimination and caution.

75. To Prevent Bed Sores, it is advisable to make a strong solution of Camphor in arrack or brandy, and with this night and morning to bathe, for a few minutes, the parts which from continued pressure are likely to become affected. Gangrenous or Sloughing Ulcerations often sensibly improve, and heal under the local application of powdered Camphor.

Lál-mirch, Gách-mirch (Hind.), Mirchí, Lál-mirchí (Duk.), Lal-morich, Lanká-morich (Beng.), Lal-mirch (Punj.), Mirch-wángun (Kash.), Mulagáy, Milagáy (Tam.), Mirapa-káya (Tel.), Kappal-melaka (Mal.), Ménashiná-káyi (Can.), Mir-singá (Mah.), Lál-mirich, Marchu (Guz.), Miris (Cing.), Náyu-si (Burm.), Chalie, Loda-cheena (Malay).

77. A powerful stimulant; the bruised fruit applied locally in the form of poultice acts energetically as a rubefacient, and, added to Mustard poultices, greatly increases their activity. In the absence of mustard, Capsicum poultices may be substituted, but, being more energetic in operation, require more care; if left on too long they will cause blisters.

78. In Scarlatina, the following mixture has attained much repute in the West Indies. Take two table-spoonfuls of bruised Capsicum and two teaspoonfuls of Salt; beat them into a paste, and add half a pint of boiling Water; when cold, strain, and add half a pint of Vinegar. Dose for an adult, one table-spoonful every four hours; to be diminished for children according to age, or the severity of the attack. The same formula forms an excellent gargle in the Sore Throat which accompanies this disease, as well as in ordinary Relaxed Sore Throat, Hoarseness, &c.

79. Capsicum is a very useful adjunct to Aloes and other remedies for Dyspepsia, Loss of Appetite, &c. In Diarrhœa, arising from the use of putrid food, especially fish, Capsicum in five-grain doses in the form of pill has been found most useful.

Dádmurdan, Dád-ká-pát (Hind.), Dádmurdan, Dádmari (Beng.), Dát-ká-pattá, Viláyatí-agtí (Duk.), Shimai-agatti, Vandu-kolli (Tam.), Shíma-avishi-chettu (Tel.), Shima-akatti (Mal.), Shíme-agase (Can.), Attóra (Cing.), Timbó-mezali, Mezali-gi (Burm.).

81. This handsome shrub, with its large conspicuous spike of yellow flowers, is common in gardens and waste places throughout India. Its leaves have attained a well-earned repute as a local remedy in Skin Diseases, especially in Ringworm; hence one of its common English names of Ringworm Bush or Shrub. The ordinary form of application is a sort of ointment made by bruising the fresh leaves with Sesamum, Cocoa-nut, or other bland oil; but a far better preparation is made by bruising the fresh leaves, with lemon or lime juice, into a thick paste. Whichever preparation is employed, it should be thoroughly well rubbed in over the affected part twice daily till a cure is effected. The more recent the case the greater will be the prospect of a speedy cure. Long-standing chronic cases often resist its influence.

Arandí-ká-tél (Hind., Punj.), Yarandí-ká-tél (Duk.), Bhérandá-tail (Beng.), A'manak-kenney (Tam.), A'mudam (Tel.), Kottenná (Mal.), Haralenne (Can.), Eran-déla (Mah.), Dívás, Yerandi-nu-tél (Guz.), Endaru-tel (Cing.), Kesú-si (Burm.), Miniak jarak (Malay).

83. Castor Oil, of various degrees of purity, is met with in most bazaars. The dark brown viscid oil (obtained by boiling, and subsequent expression of the seeds) should be avoided, on account of its acridity. The best kind is clear, of a pale straw colour, and with a slightly nauseous taste. The "cold-drawn expressed oil" should always be used when procurable, as it generally is in most large bazaars. It is an excellent purgative when the object is simply to clear out the bowels. It is especially adapted for children and for women after confinements. The ordinary dose for a child is about a teaspoonful but it may be gradually raised according to the age of the patient, to two table-spoonfuls (one ounce), which is the full dose for an adult. It is best given floating on milk, strong coffee, or Omum water. In Painful Affections of the Rectum Castor Oil in small doses is often of great service, softening the fæces and lubricating the passages without weakening the patient. (Mr. Curling.) The same remark applies to Piles, or when it is desirable to prevent the patient straining at stool, but, as a general rule, it is inferior to Sulphur, q. v.

84. For Sore Nipples nothing, according to Dr. Conant Foster (Practitioner, April 1872), is so beneficial as Castor Oil. The nipple should be smeared freely with it each time the child is removed from the breast. Rags or lint are unnecessary and injurious.

85. The leaves of the Castor Oil plant deserve notice as a means of increasing the secretion of Milk. For this purpose a decoction is made by boiling a large handful of the plant in six or eight pints of water. With this the breasts are bathed for a quarter of an hour, and then the boiled leaves, in the form of a poultice, spread over them. In a few hours the effects of the application are manifest. A simpler mode of application, said to be equally effectual, consists in applying layers of the fresh leaves, simply warmed before a fire, over the breasts.

Kát, Kath (Hind., Punj.), Kát (Beng.), Kathah (Duk.), Khairah, Kuth (Kash.), Káshu, Kátta-kámbu (Tam.), Kánchu (Tel.), Kátta (Mal.), Káchu (Can.), Kath-tho (Guz.), Kaipu (Cing.), Sházi (Burm.), Gambir or Kachu (Malay).

87. Several varieties of Catechu are met with in the bazaars. That best adapted for medical use occurs in the form of masses consisting of layers, occasionally enveloped in rough leaves of a blackish-brown colour, easily fractured, of a very astringent taste.

88. In Diarrhœa unattended by Fever Catechu is of much value; ten or fifteen grains in powder, with an equal quantity of powdered Cinnamon, may be given in honey or jaggery three or four times a day if necessary; or it may be given in infusion prepared by macerating three drachms of bruised Catechu, and one drachm of bruised Cinnamon in half a pint of boiling water for two hours, and straining. Dose from one and a half to two ounces thrice daily. From five to ten drops of Laudanum to each dose add to its efficacy, or one grain of Opium may be given at bedtime. These doses are suited only for adults; for the Diarrhœa of Children, three or four grains of finely powdered Catechu, with an equal quantity of powdered Cinnamon, generally answer well.

89. In Mercurial Salivation, in Ulceration and Sponginess of the Gums, a small piece of Catechu allowed slowly to dissolve in the mouth is often of great service. The same measure is often useful in Relaxed Sore Throat, Hoarseness, Loss of Voice, &c. In Toothache, where there is a decayed tooth, with a piece of loose flesh growing within, great relief sometimes results from inserting into the hollow a small piece of Catechu, and retaining it there till it is dissolved.

90. Chronic Ulcerations, attended by much or Fœtid Discharge, often speedily improve under the use of an ointment composed of a drachm of finely powdered Catechu and an ounce of Ceromel (167). In obstinate cases the addition of sixteen grains of finely powdered Sulphate of Copper to the above greatly increases its efficacy. Another mode of treating these old ulcers is bathing them twice or thrice daily with an infusion of Catechu (six drachms to a pint of water), and dressing in the intervals with Ceromel. The above infusion proves effectual in some instances as a preventive of Sore Nipples, for which purpose the breasts should be bathed with it daily, for some six weeks prior to the confinement, and thus the tissues become so hardened that when the infant begins to suck any ill-effects are obviated.

Lakrí ka-kóyelah (Hind.), Lákri-ká-kólsá (Duk.), Kásh-tha-kóyalá (Beng.), Aduppu-kari (Tam.), Katta-boggu (Tel.), Atuppa-kari, Muttí-kari (Mal.), Kattige-iddallu (Can.), Láka-dácha-kólasé (Mah.), Lákdu-kóelo (Guz.), Thén-misu-e (Burm.), Anguru (Cing.), Ahrang (Malay), Kóiláh (Punj.), Tsuíng (Kash.).

91. Charcoal is an article of great importance in a sanatory and medical as well as in an economical point of view. It possesses no mean power as a deodoriser, and in close sick rooms the smell of the air is deprived of much of its unpleasantness by hanging about the apartment thin muslin bags loosely filled with roughly powdered charcoal. The charcoal requires to be renewed occasionally. For purifying water an effectual plan is to boil it with a good-sized piece of freshly prepared charcoal; it also forms an excellent filter, placed in alternate layers with river sand, as is in use by the natives of Southern India. Charcoal, especially that of the Areca or Betel nut, forms an excellent tooth-powder; but it is essential that it should be very finely powdered, or it may scratch the enamel of the teeth. Lastly, it is of great value in forming the Charcoal poultice, which is made by adding finely powdered charcoal to a common Rice poultice (322 c.) in the proportion of one part of the former to three of the latter. A little of the Charcoal should also be sprinkled over the surface of the poultice previous to applying it. This is a valuable application to Ulcers and Wounds attended by a fœtid discharge; it proves useful in correcting the bad odour and stimulating to healthy action.

Chaulmúgra or Chál-mogré-ké, bínj (Hind.).

93. Chaulmúgra seeds are about an inch in length, of an ovoid form, rendered more or less irregular by mutual compression. The shell, greyish brown, smooth and fragile, contains a large kernel, which by expression yields a fixed oil which has a peculiar and slightly unpleasant smell and taste. The oil procured from the bazaars is usually impure, and hence objectionable for internal administration.

94. In Leprosy Chaulmúgra has been used with excellent effect; it has also been advantageously administered in Scrofula, Skin Diseases, and Chronic Rheumatism. The dose of the seeds coarsely powdered is about six grains, thrice daily, in the form of pill, gradually increased to three or four times that amount, or until it causes nausea, when the dose should be diminished, or the use of the remedy suspended for a time. This is the best form of administration. The dose of the oil is from five to six drops, gradually increased as in the case of the seeds. During the use of this remedy it is advisable to avoid all salt meats, acids, spices, and sweetmeats; on the other hand, its operation is aided by butter, ghee, and oily articles of diet. It might, perhaps, be advantageously combined with a course of fish-liver oil.

95. An ointment, prepared by beating the seeds, deprived of their shells, into a paste of the requisite consistence, with a little ghee, or simple ointment, has been found of great service as a local application in some obstinate Skin Diseases.

Charáyatah (Hind., Duk.), Shirat-kuch-chi, Nilavémbu (Tam.), Nelá-vému (Tel.), Cherota (Beng.), Chiraita, Kiraita (Punj.), Chiraiet (Kash.), Chiráyitá (Mah.), Chírayata (Guz.), Bincohamba (Cing.), Sekhági (Burm.), Chrita (Malay).

97. Stems about three feet long, of the thickness of a goose-quill, round, smooth, pale-brown, branched, branches opposite; flowers small, numerous, panicled; the whole plant intensely bitter. These characters belong to the officinal Chiretta, but there are met with, in almost every part of India, numerous varieties which differ more or less from it in many respects, except in bitterness, which pervades them all. They also partake, for the most part, in the same medicinal properties.

98. Chiretta is a good bitter tonic, and renders the practitioner in India independent of imported articles of the same class. It is best given as follows: take Chiretta, bruised one ounce, Hot Water a pint; infuse for six hours or more and strain. Dose from two to three ounces three times daily. A drachm of bruised Cloves, or Cinnamon, or Cardamom seeds, increases its efficacy and improves its flavour. It may be given in all cases of Debility, especially after Fevers, in Indigestion, Loss of Appetite, &c. It may also be given in mild cases of Ague or Intermittent Fever; but this is spoken of in Art. Galls, q. v.

99. A good form of employing Chiretta as a tonic is to add two ounces of the bruised stems to a bottle of Sherry and let it stand for a week. Of this a wineglassful should be taken once or twice daily, one hour before meals, in Indigestion, Loss of Appetite, and other cases mentioned in the last section.

Dár-chīnī (Hind., Punj.), Dál-chíní (Duk., Beng., Kash., Guz.), Lavanga-pattai, Karuvá-pattai, (Tam.), Lavanga patta (Mal., Tel.), Dála-chini (Can., Mah.), Kurundo (Cing.), Timbo-tik-yobo (Burm.), Kulit-manis (Malay).

101. The above names belong only to the true Cinnamon, which is procurable in most bazaars; it requires to be distinguished from the country Cinnamon, the bark of Cinnamomum iners (Jangli-dal-chiní, Hind., Kattu-karuvá-pattai, Tam.), which is very inferior. The former occurs in small closely rolled quills, containing several smaller quills within them of a light yellowish-brown colour, fragrant odour, and warm, sweet, aromatic taste; the latter is a much larger and thicker bark, generally curved, but seldom completely quilled, the taste less sweet, with some degree of astringency, and the smell less fragrant.

102. Cinnamon is a pleasant aromatic stimulant and carminative, closely allied in medical properties and uses to Cloves (105), for which it may be substituted when the latter are not available. It is an agreeable adjunct to many other medicines.

Lóng (Hind., Beng.), Lavang (Duk.), Kirámbu, Ilavangap-pú (Tam.), Lavango-pú, Lavangálu (Tel.), Karámpu (Mal.), Lavanga (Can., Mah.), Lavang (Guz.), Krábu-nati (Cing.), Láúng (Punj.), Raung (Kash.), Leniah-poén, Lenang-poén (Burm.), Bunga Chingkeh (Malay).

104. The Cloves met with in the bazaars are often old and worthless. Those suited for medical use should have a strong, fragrant odour, a bitter, spicy, pungent taste, and should emit a trace of oil when indented with the nail.

105. Cloves are a good useful stimulant and carminative, stronger than Cinnamon, which, however, may be advantageously substituted when the former are either of inferior quality or not procurable. A pleasant and serviceable mixture is made by infusing three drachms of bruised Cloves in a pint of boiling water, and straining when cold. Of this the dose is from one or two ounces in Indigestion, Flatulence, Colic and Spasmodic Affections of the Bowels. It sometimes succeeds in checking Vomiting, especially that attendant on Pregnancy. A mixture of equal parts of the infusions of Cloves and Chiretta (98) has often excellent effect in Debility, Loss of Appetite, and in Convalescence after Fevers.

Kákmárí-ke-bínj (Hind., Duk.), Káká-mári (Beng.), Kákkáy-kolli-varai, Pén-kottai (Tam.), Káka-mári, Káki-champa (Tel.), Karanta-kattin-káya, Pollak-káya (Mal.), Kaka-mári-bíjá (Can.), Tit-taval (Cing.).

107. The dried fruit, sold in most bazaars, is rather larger than a full-sized pea, somewhat kidney-shaped, blackish-brown, wrinkled, containing a yellowish, oily, bitter, kidney-shaped kernel enclosed in a two-valved shell. It is powerfully poisonous and is never administered internally; its sole use, and in this respect it is very effectual, is as an insecticide, i.e., as an agent, for destroying pediculi, or lice, which infest the body. For this purpose 80 grains of the seeds, divested of shell, should be beaten up into a paste in a mortar, and then thoroughly incorporated with an ounce of kokum butter, or ghee. In applying this ointment, care should be taken to avoid all abraded or ulcerated surfaces, on account of the danger of absorption of the poisonous principle of the seeds.