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Revolutionary Europe, 1789-1815

Chapter 14: APPENDICES
By H. Morse Stephens
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About This Book

The author traces Europe’s transformation between 1789 and 1815, arguing that emerging ideas of popular sovereignty, nationality, and personal liberty reshaped governments and societies. A concise introductory chapter outlines these principles, followed by chronological national studies that treat the French Revolution’s continental impact, revolts such as in Belgium and Liège, administrative and military reforms in states like Prussia, and the diplomatic reordering after Napoleon, including the Congress of Vienna. Battles and campaigns are summarized sparingly while political, social, and institutional changes receive fuller treatment, connecting events to longer-term shifts in boundaries, state structures, and civil rights.

APPENDICES

APPENDIX I.

The Rulers and Ministers of the Great Powers of Europe, 1789–1815.
(Capitals indicate Rulers; small capitals, Chief Ministers; and italics, Foreign Ministers.
  Holy Roman Empire;
after 1805, Austria.		 Great Britain. France. Prussia. Russia. Spain.  
1789. JOSEPH II. (Emperor since 1765; ruler of Austria since 1780).
Kaunitz (since 1756).
Philip Cobenzl (since 1780).		 GEORGE III. (since 1760).
William Pitt (since Dec. 1783).
Duke of Leeds (since Dec. 1783).		 LOUIS XVI. (since 1774).
Comte de Montmorin (since 1787).		 FREDERICK WILLIAM II. (since 1786).
Hertzberg (since 1756).		 CATHERINE II. (since 1762).
Ostermann (since 1775).		 CHARLES IV. (since Dec. 1788).
Florida Blanca (since 1773).		 1789.
1790. LEOPOLD II. (Feb.).           1790.
1791.   Lord Grenville (June). A. de Valdec de Lessart (Nov.). Schulemburg (May).     1791.
1792. FRANCIS II. (March).   REPUBLIC (Sept.)
Dumouriez (March).
Chambonas (June).
Bigot de Ste. Croix (Aug.)
Lebrun Tondu (Aug.)		 Haugwitz (Oct.)   Aranda (July).
Godoy (Nov.).		 1792.
1793.     Deforgues (June).       1793.
1794. Colloredo
Thugut (June).		   (Ministry abolished—April ’94-Oct. ’95).       1794.
1795.     DIRECTORY (Oct.)
Delacroix (Nov.)		       1795.
1796.         PAUL I. (Nov.)
Ostermann. Panine.		   1796.
1797. Louis Cobenzl (April).   Talleyrand (July). FREDERICK WILLIAM III. (Nov.)     1797.
1798.           Saavedra (March).
Urquijo (August).		 1798.
1799. Thugut (Jan.)
Lehrbach (Oct.)		   CONSULATE (Nov.)
Reinhardt (July).
Talleyrand (Nov.)		       1799.
1800.           Godoy (Dec.) 1800.
1801. Louis Cobenzl Henry Addington (March).
Lord Hawkesbury (March).		     ALEXANDER I. (Mar.)
Panine.
Kotchoubey.		   1801.
1802.         Voronzov.   1802.
1803.             1803.
1804.   William Pitt (May).
Lord Harrowby  〃		   Hardenberg (Aug.) Adam Czartoryski (May).   1804.
1805.   Lord Mulgrave (Jan.) NAPOLEON, Emperor.       1805.
1806. Philip Stadion Lord Grenville (Feb.)
Charles James Fox (Feb.)
Viscount Howick (Sept.)		   Haugwitz (Feb.)
Hardenberg (Nov.)		 Baron Budberg (Aug.)   1806.
1807.   Duke of Portland (March).
George Canning (March).		 Champagny (Aug.) Stein (July).
Goltz (July).		 Roumianzov (Sept.)   1807.
1808.           JOSEPH BONAPARTE. Azanza. 1808.
1809. Metternich Spencer Perceval (Dec.)
Lord Bathurst (Oct.)
Lord Wellesley (Dec.)		         1809.
1810.       Hardenberg (July). Roumianzov.
Nesselrode.		   1810.
1811.     Maret (April).       1811.
1812.   Lord Castlereagh (March).
Earl of Liverpool (June).		         1812.
1813.     Caulaincourt (Nov.)       1813.
1814.     LOUIS XVIII.
Talleyrand (April).		     FERDINAND VII. 1814.