Roumania Past and Present

By the Convention above named each class was to receive the following land, to be paid for in certain cases by twenty-two days' labour, 1/10th of the harvest and 1/5th of the hay.

In 1864 these holdings, varying, therefore, from 5 to 14 acres, were converted into freeholds at about 2l. per acre, repayable (as stated in the text) in fifteen years, with 10 per cent. interest.

Mr. White, our Minister at Bucarest, has favoured us with the following information on the same subject:—

The peasant heads of families who were endowed with land (in 1864) received freeholds:

APPENDIX V.

List of Works.

The following works, all of which have been consulted in the preparation of this treatise, deal either with the past history or present condition of Roumania. The words italicised are those used in the notes appended to the text, where also references will be found to other books and official reports, of which the titles are given in full.

Almanach de Gotha. Justus Perthes, Gotha. 1882. 'Royaume de Roumanie,' pp. 898-907.

Annual Report of the Board of Trade, 1880.

Aurelian, Odobesco, and others (Commission princière). 'Notice sur la Roumanie.' Paris: A. Frank. 1867.

Aurelian, 'Terra Nostra.' Bucuresci, Tipografia Academiei Române. 1880.

Beaure et Mathorel. 'La Roumanie.' Calmann-Lévy, Paris. 1878.

Cantacuzene. 'Cenni sulla Romania.' (Roumanian Geographical Society.) 1875.

Carmen Sylva (the Queen of Roumania). 'Rumänische Dichtungen.' Leipzig: Friedrich. 1881.

Carra. 'Histoire de la Moldavie et de la Valachie.' Jassy. 1777.
Consular Reports on Roumania (referred to specially in the text)—
Consul-General Green. May 1873.
Consul-General Vivian. October 1876.
Consul-General Sanderson. 1877.
Vice-Consul Bonham. 1878.
Sold by King, King Street, Westminster.

Dierauer, Johannes. 'Beiträge zur Geschichte Trajan's.' Leipzig: Teubner. 1868.

Dion Cassius. 'Histoire Romaine' de, par E. Gros. Paris: Firmin Didot. 1867.

Engel. 'Geschichte der Moldau und Walachei' (in 'Allgemeine Weltgeschichte,' Band 49). Halle: Gebauer. 1801.

Felix, Doctor L. 'Miscarea Populatiunii Romaniei.' Bucuresci: Tipografia Academiei. 1880.

Fife-Cookson. 'With the Armies of the Balkans.' Cassell. 1880.

Filek von Wittinghausen. 'Das Königreich Rumänien.' Wien: Carl Gerold's Sohn. 1881.

Freeman, Edward A. 'Historical Essays.' Macmillan. 1879. 'General Sketch of European History.' Macmillan. 1877.

Gerando. A. de. 'Siebenbürgen und seine Bewohner.' Lorck, Leipzig. 1845.

Gibbon's 'Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.' Tegg's edition.

Hallam's 'Middle Ages.' Murray. 1860.

Hammer-Purgstall. 'Geschichte des Osmanischen Reiches.' 4 vols. Hartleben, Pesth. 1834-1836.

Hauer, Franz Ritter von. 'Geologie Siebenbürgen's.'

Henke, Rudolf. 'Rumänien, Land und Volk.' Leipzig: Otto Wigand. 1877.

Kogalnitchan, M. de. 'Histoire de la Dacie, des Valaques Transdanubiens et de la Valacie.' Berlin: Behr. 1854.

Kunisch. 'Eine Fahrt nach dem Orient.' Berlin: Effert & Lindtner. 1869.

Lauriani, A. Treb. 'Schneller Ueberblick der Geschichte der Romänen.' Bukuresti: Buchdruckerei des National-Collegiums. 1846.

Lesage, A. 'Atlas Historique.' Paris: P. Didot aîné. 1823.

Merivale. 'The Romans under the Empire.' London: Longmans. 1852-1862.

Michelet. 'Légendes démocratiques du Nord.' Madame Rosetti, 1848. Paris: Garnier. 1854.

Neigebaur, J.F. 'Moldau und Walachei.' J.U. Kern, Breslau. 1854.

Obédénare, M.C. 'La Roumanie Economique.' Paris: Leroux. 1876.

Ozanne. 'Three Years in Roumania.' Chapman & Hall. 1878.

Paget. 'Hungary and Transylvania.' London: Murray. 1850.

Peters, Prof. K.F. 'Die Donau und ihr Gebiet.' Leipzig: Brockhaus. 1876.

Petermann's 'Mittheilungen.' Ergänzungsheft 4. Justus Perthes, Gotha.

Photino, Dionysius. Ἱστορία τἧς πάλαι Δακίασ. Vienna: Svek. 1818.

Píč, Jos. Lad. 'Ueber die Abstammung der Rumänen.' Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot. 1880.

Piranese. Engravings of Trajan's Column.

Quinet, Edgar, Œuvres Complètes de. Tome vi., 'Les Roumains.' Pagnerre, Paris. 1857.

Raicewich. 'Bemerkungen über die Moldau und Wallachey.' Wien: Edeln von Kurzbeck. 1789.

Regnault. 'Histoire des Principantés Danubiennes. Paulin & Chevalier, Paris. 1855.

Reissenberger, Ludwig. 'Die bischöfliche Klosterkirche bei Kurtea d'Argyisch.' Wien: K.K. Hof-und Staatsdruckerei. 1860.

Roesler, Robt. 'Romianische Studien.' Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot. 1871.

Russo-Turkish War, Cassell's History of the. Cassell.

Russo-Turkish 'War Correspondence' of the 'Daily News.' Macmillan. 1878.

Smith, William. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography. Murray. Dictionary of Ancient Geography. Murray. 1872-1873.

Stanley. 'Rouman Anthology.' Hertford: Austin. 1856.

'Statistica din Romania.' Bucuresci: Tipografia Statululiu. 1880.

Tacitus, Bohn's.

Teutschländer, W. St. 'Michael der Tapfere.' Wien: Gräser. Bucarest: Sotschek. 1879.

Tocilesco. 'Dacia inainte de Romani.' Bucuresci: Tipografia Academiei Române. 1880.

Vaillant, J.A. 'La Românie.' Paris: A. Bertrand. 1845.

Wilkinson, W. 'An Account of the Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia,' London: Longmans. 1820.

Zallony, Marc. Philippe. 'Fassai sur les Phanariotes.' Marseille; Ant. Ricard. 1824.

INDEX.

A.

• Agriculture:
• cattle and sheep, 78, 79.
• cereals, nature, growth, and trade in, 6, 11, 31, 70, 76, 77.
• yield, and estimates of cost of growing, 76, 78.
• cheese and dairy products, 79.
• college (agricultural) of Ferestreu, 80-82.
• education, agricultural, 80.
• fanning, slovenly, 6, and note.
• flowers and fruits, 11, 12.
• implements of husbandry, 13, 75, 76.
• labourers, wages of, 13.
• landlordism in Roumania, 84, 85.
• land reforms, comparison between Roumanian and Irish, 85, 86.
• peasantry, character and condition of, 85, 86.
• peasant proprietary, history of the, 82-84, and Appendix IV.
• rotation of crops, 75.
• soil, nature and capabilities of, 6, 17, 75, 79.
• statistics of occupations, 87.
•  
• Archæology:
• collections in the Academy at Bucarest, 42.
• Constantine's bridge, 27.
• Curtea d'Ardges, cathedral of, 27, 58-65.
• its traditions and true history, 62-65.
• Gothic remains in Roumania, 27.
• Roman remains in Roumania, 26, 27.
• roads in Roumania, Transylvania, and Bulgaria, 26.
• Trajan's bridge, 23, 24.
• road on the Danube, 23.
• Tablet, 21, 23-25.

B.

• Bibliography (see Appendix V. 'List of Works').
•  
• Biography:
• Baasarab, Matthew, 201.
• Neagu, 63, 64, 174.
• Brancovano (Wallachia), 203, 206.
• Bratiano, M., 223, 265, 266.
• Cantemir (Moldavia), 204.
• Charles I., prince and king, 16, 17, 233-52, 258-60 (see 'History').
• Couza, Prince, 229-32 (see 'History').
• Decebalus, 119 et seq.
• Elisabeth, princess and queen, 55, 92.
• marriage, 257.
• personal description of, 260, 261.
• verses by, 261 note.
• Heliade, 221, 222, 223.
• Hunniad, Johann Corvin von, 167-69.
• Mavrocordato, Nicholas and Constantine, 208, 209.
• Mavrogeni, Nicholas, 214, 215, 218.
• Michael the Brave, 175, 176-98.
• Mircea the Old, 164-67.
• Rosetti, C.A., 223, 263-65.
• Madame, 262, 263.
• Serban II. (Cantacuzene), 64, 202, 203.
• Stephen, called the Good, 170, 178.
• Trajan, 122 et seq.
• Vladimiresco, 219.
• Ypsilanti, 219, 220.
•  
• Botany:
• Ferestreu, plants cultivated at, 80.
• garden flowers and fruits of Roumania, 11, 12.
• plants and trees of the plains, 6.
• of the hills, 11.
• of the mountains, 14.

C

• Commerce and Manufactures:
• building company, for public works, 56.
• cereals, imports from Roumania into Great Britain, 81.
• Danube, navigation of, 30.
• tonnage of vessels entering, 30.
• Danubian Commission, history of, 32-35.
• flannel factories, 70.
• flour mills, 70.
• Galatz, trade at, 68-70.
• Ibrail, trade at, 72.
• maize, imports into England from Roumania, 31.
• markets and exchanges, absence of, 55.
• match factories, 70.
• petroleum wells and distilleries, 14, 31.
• railways, extension of, 71.
• securities, Roumanian, &c., 270 note.
• salt mines of Roumania, 14, 106.
• saw mills, 70.
• statistics of trade between Roumania and Great Britain, 70.
• sugar factories, 70.

E.

• Education and Culture:
• Academy, the, 41, 42.
• its collections and appliances, 42-45.
• agricultural college at Ferestreu, 80-82.
• Asyle Hélène, girls' school, 92-94.
• education in Roumania, 88-95.
• compared with England, 89 note.
• of youths abroad, 89-91, 95.
• collegiate, 89.
• other schools, 94, 95.
• music, 52, 55, 97.
• popular instruction and culture, want of, 55.
• Savants—M, Aurelian, 80.
• M. Bacologlu, 43.
• M. Bernath, 19, 43.
• M. Cogalniceanu, 55, 267.
• Dr. Davila, 43, 92, 94, 238.
• M. Hasdeu, 55, 99.
• M. Jon Ghika, 165 note, 267, and Appendix IV.
• M. Stourdza, 42.
• M. Tocilesco, 27 note, 42.
• societies, learned, 55.
•  
• Ethnography:
• dances, in their relation to the descent of the Roumanians, 97, 98.
• language, in its relation to the descent of the Roumanians, 95-99.
• authorities on, 99.
• music and its relations to the people, 97.
• peasantry, types of, 7.
• Trajan's colonists and modern Roumanians, 132, 162.
• Wallachs, the, and the Roumanians, 151-64, 164.

G.

• Geography (see also 'Topography' and 'Geology'):
• boundaries of Roumania, 3.
• configuration of the surface, 5.
• dimensions, 4.
• hills, zone of, 11.
• Kazan Pass, the, 22.
• lakes, 25.
• mountains, zone of, 5, 14.
• plains, zone of, 6.
• rivers—the Danube, 20-25.
• other rivers, 25.
• Iron Gates, the, 22.
• population, 4.
• of cities, 39, 50, 51, 71.
• summary of geographical characters, 28.
•  
• Geology and Mineralogy:
• Balta Alba, mineral waters of, 25.
• basin of the Danube, 17, 18.
• Carpathians, slopes of, 18.
• summits of, 18.
• coal and lignite, 18.
• copper and other minerals, 19.
• iron, 18.
• ozokerit (hydrocarbon), 18.
• petroleum wells, 14.
• plains, geology of, 17.
• salt mines, 14, 106-9.

H.

• History (see also 'Biography'):
• Adrianople, treaty of, 221.
• Æneas Sylvius on the Wallachs, 153.
• Alexander, Philip, and Lysimachus, their wars with the Getæ, 115-17.
• Anna Comnena on the Wallachs, 152.
• Anonymous Notary of King Bela, the, 150, 151.
• Attila, his career and death, 141, 142.
• Aurelian evacuates Dacia, 135-37.
• Aurelius (Marcus) defeats the Goths, 134.
• Avari, the, 143.
• Bajazet I. overruns Wallachia, 165.
• Balta-Liman, convention of, 224, Appendix IV.
• bans, voivodes, and khans (early), 163, 164.
• barbarians, 138-60, and Appendix I. (see also 'Goths,' 'Huns,' &c.).
• Basilius Lupus, 201.
• Bassarab, the clan, 163.
• Basta (General), 192, 195, 198.
• Bathori, Sigismund, 182, 185, 196.
• Andreas, 189, 190, 191.
• Belgrade, treaty of, 216.
• Bessarabia (Lower) annexed to Moldavia, 228.
• retaken by Russia in exchange for the Dobrudscha, 253.
• Bogdan, Dragosch, 162, 170.
• son of Stephen, 172.
• Bonfinius on the Wallachs, 152.
• Brancovano treats with Peter the Great, 203.
• deposed and executed, 204, 205.
• his great treasures, 205, 206.
• Bratiano, M., 223, 266.
• Bucarest, treaty of, 218.
• Bulgari, their customs, 144-46.
• Bulgari, their rule, 147, 148.
• Bulgarians (modern), their revolt (1877), 236.
• their alliance with the Russians, 242.
• Cantemir treats with Peter the Great, 203.
• flees into Russia, 204.
• Capitulation of Mircea to the Turks, 165 and Appendix II.
• of Bogdan to the Turks, 172 and Appendix II.
• Charles, Prince, 16, 17.
• accession, 233.
• difficulties of rule, 234.
• services to army, 237.
• participation in war of 1877-8, 239, 241.
• commander-in-chief before Plevna, 243.
• meets Osman Pasha, 253.
• crowned king, 255.
• personal description, 258-60.
• Christianity, history of, 65-66 note.
• Consuls, Russian, established in Roumania, 217.
• English and French, established in Roumania, 218.
• Corvinus (see 'Hunniad').
• Couza, Prince, accession and reign, 229.
• surprised in his palace and deposed, 230.
• abdication and departure, 231, 232.
• Criminal codes of Matthew Bassarab and Basilius Lupus, 201, 202.
• Dacia, contests with Home, 117 et seq.
• Decebalus, King of, 119-29.
• Trajan's first invasion of, 122-27.
• second invasion of, 127-30.
• a Roman province, 131-34.
• evacuated by Aurelian, 195-97.
• Gibbon on the evacuation, 135-37.
• Dacians, the, their origin and character, 117-19.
• early wars with Rome, 119 et seq.
• Decebalus, King of the Dacians, 119-29.
• defeats Appius Sabinus, and Cornelius Fuscus, 120.
• is beaten by Tertius Julianus, 121.
• makes a treaty with Domitian, 121, 122.
• is defeated by Trajan, 124.
• breaks his treaty with Trajan, 127.
• attempts Trajan's life by assassination, 128.
• again defeated by Trajan and commits suicide, 129.
• Dion Cassius, the historian, 117, 118 note.
• Domitian, defeated by Decebalus, 120.
• Elisabeth, princess and queen, 55, 92, 257, 260-61, 261 note (see also 'Biography').
• Gellius (and other chiefs), tradition of, 150, 151 note.
• Gepidæ (a branch of the Goths), powerful in Northern Dacia, 142.
• defeated and exterminated by the Lombards, 143.
• Getæ, their supposed origin, 115, 116.
• at war with Alexander and other Greek generals, 116, 117.
• Gibbon on Aurelian's evacuation of Dacia, 135.
• his estimate of the Dacians, 136.
• Goths, their first appearance, 134.
• defeated by Marcus Aurelius, 135.
• negotiate with Aurelian, 136.
• rule in Dacia, 139, 140.
• end of their rule, and remains left by them, 140.
• Greek families, reference to histories of, 201 note.
• rulers of Wallachia and Roumania (see 'Phanariotes').
• rising under Vladimiresco and Ypsilanti, 219, 220.
• suppressed, 220.
• Grivitza Redoubt besieged by the Roumanians, 245, 246.
• its strength, 247.
• its capture by the Roumanians, 248, 249.
• Helena (Couza), Princess, 92, 229.
• Heliad, the regenerator of national literature in Roumania, 221-23.
• his political action, 223.
• Hospodars, Greek (see 'Phanariotes').
• origin of title, 208, 209 note.
• restoration of native, 220.
• Hungarians (see 'Ungri').
• Hunniad, Johann Corvin von, his birth and early life, 167, 168.
• viceroy of Siebenbürgen and regent of Hungary, 168.
• his wars with the Turks and death, 168.
• anecdotes concerning him, and his character, 160.
• Huns, appear in northern Dacia, 140, 141.
• their aspect and ferocity, 141.
• their king Attila, 141.
• defeated and driven out of Europe, 142.
• Innocent III., his correspondence with Joannitz, King of Wallacho-Bulgaria, 156-60.
• Jassy, Treaty of, 218.
• Jasyges, the, 118.
• Kainardji, treaty of, 217.
• Knights of St. John and Teutonic knights, 156.
• Kumani, the, 155, 156.
• Lauriani on the correspondence between Joannitz and Innocent III., 156-60.
• on the fall of Wallacho-Bulgaria, 160.
• Lombards, the, 143.
• Magyars, the (see 'Ungri').
• Matthew Bassarab, his criminal code, 201, 202.
• Mavrocordato, Alexander, 207.
• Nicholas, first Phanariote voivode, 208.
• Constantine, suppresses retainers of boyards, 208.
• appoints new officers of State, 208, 209.
• Mavrogeni, Nicholas, his nobles rebel, 214, 215.
• his defeat by the Austrians and Russians, 218.
• Michael the Brave, condition of Wallachia in his day, 176-81.
• classes of society, 176, 177, 178.
• taxes, 178.
• officials, 179.
• army, 180.
• political relations with other states, 181.
• career of Michael:
• early history and accession, 182;
• alliances, 182;
• massacre of the Turks, 183;
• conspiracy against him, 183;
• Achmed Pasha's invasion and defeat, 184;
• Sigismund of Transylvania, Michael's submission to him, 185;
• invasion of Sinan Pasha, 186;
• Kalugereni, Michael's great victory, 186, 187;
• retreat and rally of Michael, 187;
• expulsion of the Turks, 188;
• intrigues of Michael, 189;
• abdication of Sigismund and accession of Andreas Bathori, 189;
• Michael's invasion and conquest of Transylvania, 189-92;
• triumph at Weissenburg, 192;
• Michael overruns Moldavia, 192, 194;
• in the zenith of his power, 194;
• General Basta, 192, 195;
• revolt of Transylvanian nobles, 195;
• defeat of Michael at Miriszlo and Hight, 195, 196;
• appeals to the German Emperor, 196;
• recall of Sigismund Bathori, 196;
• Michael pardoned and reinstated, 196, 197;
• junction with Basta and defeat of the Transylvanians, 197;
• feud with Basta, 197;
• Michael assassinated by order of Basta, 198;
• his character, 198.
• Mircea the Old, allied with Hungary and Poland, defeats the Turks, 165.
• first 'capitulation' at Nicopolis, 165 and Appendix II.
• his army, 166.
• his character, and verses in his memory by Bolentineanu, 167.
• Moldavia, tradition of Bogdan Dragosch, 162.
• earliest historical records of, 170.
• early voivodes, 170, 171.
• Stephen 'the Good,' voivode of, 171-73.
• capitulation of Bogdan to the Turks, 172.
• conquered by Michael the Brave, 193, 194.
• Basilius Lupus, voivode of, 202.
• Cantemir, voivode of, treats with Peter the Great, 203.
• invasion by Peter the Great, 203.
• Greek rising in (1821), 223.
• Michael Stourdza seizes the boyards, who escape, 223.
• Moldavia, junction of, with Wallachia under Couza, 228.
• coronation of King Charles, 255.
• Muktar Pasha relieves Kars, 241.
• Neagu Bassarab, records in the Cathedral of Ardges, 63, 64.
• his good deeds, 174.
• Niamtz, verses on Stephen's flight to, 172.
• Nicholas, Czar of Russia, and the Crimean war, 225, 227.
• Grand Duke, watches the crossing of the Danube by the Russians, 240.
• meets Osman Pasha, 253.
• Officers of State in the Principalities, 179.
• Omar Pasha suppresses the Greek rising, 224.
• Osman Pasha repels the Russians at Plevna, 240.
• is repulsed at Plevna, 243.
• is defeated, and surrenders to the Russian and Roumanian generals, 253.
• Paris, treaty of, 227.
• Patzinakitai, the, 151.
• Peter, Asan, and John, founders of Wallacho-Bulgarian empire, 154, 155.
• Peter the Great, his invasion of Moldavia, 203.
• Phanariotes, the, their rise and early history, 206, 207.
• the first rulers, 207, 208.
• installation of hospodars, 209.
• extortion and tyranny of, 210-12.
• extravagance of the princesses, 211.
• their usual fate, 212.
• favourable aspects of their rule, 214.
• end of their domination, 220.
• Wilkinson on their character, 220.
• Pic, on the origin of the, Roumanians, 164 note.
• Plevna, siege and investment of, 240-52.
• Russian repulses before, 240, 245, 246.
• defences of, 244.
• fall of, 253.
• Radu Affumați, 175.
• Radu Negru, tradition of, 162.
• Revolution of, 1848, 223.
• suppressed, 224.
• Roesler on the origin of the Roumanians, 164 note.
• Romans invade Dacia under Domitian. 120.
• invade Dacia under Trajan, 122-27.
• second invasion under Trajan, 127-30.
• rule in Dacia, 131-34.
• at war with the Goths, 134, 135.
• evacuate Dacia, 135-37.
• Rosetti, C.A., his participation in the rising of 1848, 223;
• his career, 263-265 (see also 'Biography').
• Madame, liberates the Roumanian patriots from the Turks, 262, 263 (see also 'Biography').
• Roumania constituted a principality under Couza, 229.
• its provisional government after the fall of Couza, 231, 232.
• under Prince Charles, 233-57.
• erected into a kingdom, 255.
• review of its history, 255.
• the future of, 269, 270.
• Roumanian alliance with Russia against Turkey, 237.
• army, 237, 238 and note, 245.
• neutrality in 1877, 236.
• policy, 267-70.
• soldiers, Russian contempt of, at the commencement of the war, 242.
• praised for their coolness, 242.
• bravery at Grivitza, 248.
• sufferings of, after the capture of Grivitza, 248.
• securities, rise in the value of, 270 note.
• Russian invasion of Moldavia under Peter the Great (1709), 203, 204.
• of the Principalities under Anne (1755), 216.
• under Catherine IV. (1768), 216.
• rule in Wallachia (1774), 217.
• Russian consuls sent to Bucarest, 217.
• rule in the Principalities (1789-92, 1806-12), 220.
• intervention and Russo-Turkish war of 1829, 221.
• invasion in 1848, 224.
• intervention, review of benefits to Roumania therefrom, 224-25.
• designs in 1853, 225.
• war with England, France, and Turkey (1853), 226, 227, 228.
• action in 1877, 235, 236.
• indebtedness to Roumania in 1877, 237, 238.
• invasion of Bulgaria (1877) 240.
• disasters in Bulgaria and Asia, 240, 241, 246.
• contempt for the Roumanian soldiers, 242.
• recognition of their bravery, 243.
• ingratitude after the conclusion of the war, 242, 243.
• San Stephano, treaty of, 253.
• Sarmatians, rule in Dacia, 142.
• defeated by Valentinian, 142.
• Serban (Cantacuzene), 202.
• betrays the Turks at Vienna, 202.
• Shipka Pass, fighting in, between Turks and Russians, 240, 241.
• Skobeleff, his success at Loftcha, 245.
• disaster at Plevna, 246, 247.
• Slavonians, 144.
• Stephen, called the Good, Voivode of Moldavia, 171.
• overruns Wallachia, 171.
• story of his flight to Niamtz (verses by Bolentineanu), 172.
• his cruelty and fanaticism, 173.
• his wars with the Turks and Tartars, 171-73.
• Tacitus, his comments on the Roman defeats in Dacia, 119, 120.
• Tartar conquest of the Principalities, 160.
• ravages, and defeats by Michael the Brave, 182, 184.
• Teutonic knights and knights of St John, 156.
• Traditions of Radu Negru and Bogdan, 162.
• Trajan, his first expedition into Dacia, 122-27.
• his second expedition into Dacia, 127-30.
• his triumph after the reduction of Dacia, 129.
• his method of colonising Dacia, 131-33 and note.
• Treaties of Nicopolis (1393), 165 and Appendix II.;
• between Bogdan and Selim (1513), Appendix II.;
• of Belgrade (1789), 216;
• of Kainardji (1774), 217;
• of Jassy (1792), 218;
• of Bucarest (1812), 218;
• of Adrianople (1829), 221;
• of Balta-Liman (1849), 224;
• of Paris (1856), 227, 228;
• of San Stephano (1878), 253.
• Turkish invasion of the Principalities (first), 165.
• suzerainty enforced upon Mircea, 165.
• wars with Johann Corvin von Hunniad, 168.
• wars with Moldavia, 171.
• supremacy established in Moldavia, 172.
• inhabitants of Wallachia massacred by Michael, 183.
• defeat at Kalugereni, 186, 187.
• expulsion from Wallachia, 188.
• exactions after Michael's death, 200.
• army betrayed at Vienna, 202.
• war with Peter the Great, 203, 204.
• appointment of Greek voivodes, 208.
• war with Anne and Charles VI., 216.
• defeat the allies at Belgrade, 216.
• war with Catherine, 216.
• with Russia (1806), 218;
• (1829), 221;
• (1853), 225-28.
• obstacles to the union of the Principalities, 228.
• to the accession of Charles I., 234.
• war with Russia and Roumania (1877), 235-53.
• victories in Bulgaria and Asia, 240, 241.
• defeats at Plevna, 243.
• victory over Skobeleff before Plevna, 246, 247.
• defeat at Grivitza, 248, 249.
• Ungri (Hungarians, or Magyars), their origin, 148.
• Ungri, Hallam's description of them, 149.
• German account of their savagery, 149, 150.
• their career in the Principalities and settlement in Hungary, 150.
• Vlad, the Impaler, fights the Turks in alliance with John Corvinus, 168.
• his wars with the Turks, 170.
• his horrible cruelties, 170.
• submission to the Turks, 170.
• Vladimiresco, his career and death, 219.
• Vladislaus, King of Poland and Hungary, fights the Turks in alliance with John Corvinus, 168.
• killed at Varna, 168.
• Voivodes, early, in Wallachia, 163 et seq., 200 et seq.
• in Moldavia, 170 et seq.
• their short rule and usual fate, 200, 213.
• Phanariote, 208 et seq.
• native, restored, 220.
• Wallachia, early traditions of, 162.
• historical records of its foundation, 163.
• bans, voivodes, and khans in, 163, 164.
• first capitulation to the Turks, 165 and Appendix II.
• state of society under Michael the Brave, 176-81.
• under the Phanariotes, 208-14.
• under Russian protection, 217, 221, 224.
• Greek rising in, 218, 220.
• national regeneration by Heliade, 221, 222.
• revolution of 1848 in, 223, 224.
• junction with Moldavia, 228.
• Wallachs, their origin, 151, 153.
• opinions of mediæval historians regarding their Daco-Roman descent (Bonfinius, Anna Comnena, Æneas Sylvius), 152, 153.
• their first rule, 154.
• Wallacho-Bulgarian Empire, founded by Peter, Asan, and John, 155.
• allied with the Kumani, 155.
• duration of the Empire, 155.
• correspondence between Innocent III. and John, Emperor of, 156-60.
• fall of, 160.
• Wilkinson on the Phanariotes, 180 note, 210.
• Ypsilanti, his leadership of the Greek rising, 219.
• treachery against Vladimiresco, 219.
• lights the Turks at Dragosani, 219.
• defeat, flight, and ultimate fate, 220.
• Zallony on the Phanariotes, 210.