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Salt and the salt industry

Chapter 13: INDEX
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About This Book

The author presents a compact survey of common salt covering its chemistry and physical properties, the historical origins of salt production, and a concentrated study of the Cheshire salt district. He traces ancient methods of boiling brine and the later adoption of rock-salt mining, and explains how mine collapse and freshwater inflow converted worked-out galleries into brine reservoirs. Detailed chapters describe evolving brine extraction and evaporation technologies, modern salt-making plants, and illustrated examples of apparatus. He also documents the social and commercial dimensions of the trade, including monopolistic practices, price struggles, and the economics of storage and market distribution, together with the local environmental consequences such as subsidence.

INDEX

  • Agricola (Georgius) on salt-making, 15, 18, 56
  • America, salt-making in, 127–135
  • —, vacuum system in, 135
  • Brine, battle of the, 121
  • —, composition of, 7
  • —, economy in production of, by Furnival, 78
  • —, evaporation of, 3
  • —, Dr. Jackson on the process, 56–60
  • —, old reservoirs of, 104
  • —, output at Northwich, 53
  • —, treatment of, in early days, 40
  • Brine-making, methods of Dr. Jackson, Rastel, Lowndes, Brownrigg, Chrysel, Furnival, Holland, 56–73
  • Brine-tapping, improved process described, 106, 107
  • Camden’s Britannia, derivation of suffix “wich,” 32
  • —, supply and treatment of brine described, 40, 42
  • Chambers’s Journal, a subsidence described, 113, 114
  • Cheshire, the “wiches” of, 32, 34
  • —, extent of deposits in, 83–96
  • Chrysel, persecution of, 71
  • Domesday Book, references to salt works in Cheshire, rules governing the trade, 34–37
  • Droitwich, salt-making there, A.D. 816, 33
  • Furnival, Wm., introduces steam heat, 76
  • —, economy in production by; alarm of salt proprietors, 78
  • —, persecution of, a victim to Cheshire salt proprietors, 76–82
  • —, his patents, 77;
  • —, his end, 82
  • Hodgkinson (Jas.), his system, 76, 138–141
  • Holland (Philemon), 32
  • Holland (Sir Thos.), his eulogy of the Hodgkinson process, 141
  • Jackson, (Dr. W.), 56
  • Johnson (Geo.), account of treatment of brine by, 42, 43
  • King’s Vale Royal, particulars relating to Cheshire salt districts, 43, 44
  • Lakes, or “Flashes,” 103, 104, 112, 113
  • Lowndes (Thos.), improved method of brine-making by, 62, 65
  • —, persecution of, 71
  • Marbury, discovery of salt at, in 1670, 97
  • Marbury Pipe, 54, 122, 123
  • Martindale (Adam), Communication to Royal Soc., 97
  • Mendeléeff, on crystallization, 5
  • Middlewich owners and number of salt-houses at, 51
  • —, output at, 54
  • Nantwich owners and number of salt-houses at; decline of industry at, 51, 53
  • Nevada, rock-salt at, 3
  • New York, salt-springs in; methods employed there, 127
  • Northwich, Adelaide Marston mine, 98
  • —, earliest manufacture in England, 32
  • —, output of brine at, 53
  • —, the “Walling Booke” of, 48
  • Ormerod, on the origin of the salt field of Cheshire, 84, 85
  • Rainfalls, cycles of, affecting salt deposits, 91
  • Rastel (Dr. Thos.), method of evaporation of brine at Droitwich, 60–62
  • Rock-salt, purest in Hungary, 1;
  • rarely found pure, ib.
  • Rock-salt Mining—a dead industry; method of working, 101–103
  • Royal Society, Phil. Trans., 56, 60
  • Rumania, deposits in, 20, 26
  • —, estimated reserves and annual output, 28
  • Salt, Adelaide Marston mine, 98
  • —, ancient orders concerning, 44–48
  • —, beginnings of the industry, 8, 9, 10
  • —, chemistry and properties of, 1
  • —, Chinese methods of making, 11
  • —, colour of, 2
  • —, convict labour, 20
  • —, crystals in, 4
  • —, decline of industry at Nantwich, 52, 53
  • —, depth and thickness of deposit at Northwich, 90
  • —, discovery of, at Marbury in 1670, 97
  • —, Domesday Book—reference to salt in A.D. 1084, 33
  • —, earliest manufacture in England, 32
  • —, effect upon sea-water, 2
  • —, experiments for removal of impurities in, 30, 31
  • —, formation and extent of Cheshire deposits, 83–96
  • —, importation of, 38
  • —, Italian method of making, 12
  • —, Japanese methods of making, 12
  • —, lectures on, by Ward (Thos.), 126
  • —, Mendeléeff on, 6
  • —, method of working top and bottom beds, 100
  • —, name first given, 1
  • —, Portuguese and Spanish method of making, 14
  • —, preservative property of, 6, 9
  • —, Rastel’s account of clarifying, 61, 62
  • —, solubility of, 2
  • —, symbol of sanctity, 9
  • —, theories respecting deposits, 85–90
  • —, Prof. Thompson’s calculations, 92–96
  • —, value in agriculture, 6
  • Salt-beds, area of Cheshire, 92
  • “Salt-licks,” 8
  • Salt-makers, conservatism of, 18
  • Salt-making, methods of, 125–129
  • —, methods employed in America, 127, 135
  • —, processes of, 127
  • —, vacuum system, 135, et seqq.
  • Salt-Market, the, 142–147
  • —, mines, collapse of, various dates, 103, 107, 108
  • Salt-pans, recovery of old, 39
  • Salt-trade, competition in, 144, 145
  • Salt Union, 54
  • — —, alleged rights of, 123, 124
  • — —, “Battle of the Brine,” 121
  • — —, brine carrying by, 122, 123
  • — —, large capital of, 145
  • — —, newspaper comments, 146–147
  • — —, opposition to new processes by, 142
  • — —, Wharton Works, 79–81
  • Subsidences, 97–123
  • —, causes of, 108–112
  • —, described 113
  • —, damage to property, 115, 116
  • —, Compensation Bill, 120, 121
  • —, legal aspects of, 117–121
  • —, resentment of townspeople, 117
  • —, pumpers responsible for, 117
  • Thompson (Prof. Jas.), his calculations, 92–96
  • “Wallers,” derivation of name, 40
  • “Walling Booke of Northwich” (Harleian MS. in British Museum containing earliest list of “wich-houses” and their owners), 48, 50, 51
  • Ward (Thos.), lecturer on salt, 126
  • “Wich,” derivation of the name, 33
  • Wieliezka rock-salt at, 1
  • —, works at, 20–26
  • Winsford, output at, 53, 55

THE END

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