Scarabs / The History, Manufacture and Symbolism of the Scarabæus in Ancient Egypt, Phoenicia, Sardinia, Etruria, etc.

The work surveys scarab amulets across ancient Egypt and adjacent cultures, detailing their manufacture, forms, archaeological contexts, and symbolic uses. It interprets the scarab as a tangible expression of rebirth and eternal life within funerary practice and links this symbolism to Egyptian notions of the soul (Ka and Ba), mummification, funerary texts, and postmortem judgment. The author supports these readings with inscriptions and monuments, compares similar motifs in Phoenician, Sardinian, and Etruscan settings, and offers broader reflections on ancient learning, arts, ethical ideas, and theories about the immortality of the soul.