INDEX
- Amœba, term applied to proteus animalcule, 194
- Andrews, discoveries of, with regard to ozone, 252
- Animalcules, bell, unicellular structure exemplified in, 197-199
- ciliated unicellular, graceful movements of, 207
- dried, examples of “suspended animation” in, 168, 169
- proteus, processes of protoplasm in, 195
- sun, processes of protoplasm in, 195
- unicellular plants and, essential differences between, 204-207
- Animals, aquatic, excess of egg production to ensure survival to maturity, 143, 144
- aversions and cautious proceedings of, 269
- blindness of, congenital, 272, 273
- colour-protection and invisibility of, 304, 312
- “concealment” and “warning” marks, distinction between, 310-313
- destructive invasions made by various, 339, 340
- devices adopted for protection of young by, 138, 139, 144
- domesticated, reasons for continued congenital defects in, 271, 272
- hibernation of, 165, 166
- lower, various thread-producing, 293, 294
- mankind and, causes of congenital defects in, 273
- parthenogenetic powers possessed by certain, 330, 331
- poisonous, methods of self-protection used by, 101
- “warning” coloration possessed by, 107
- propagation of, 132-137, 144-145, 329-330
- sleep of, salient features connected with, 161-164
- structure of multicellular and unicellular, comparisons between, 207-208
- unicellular, uses made of cilia by, 194-197, 207
- wild, congenital defects less obvious in, 271, 272
- wood-boring, 346, 347
- Anopheles Gnat, 3
- Ants, aphides and, friendship between, 324, 325
- Aphides—
- enemies of, 319, 325
- hop-blight caused by species of, 317, 319
- parthenogenetic propagation of, 326-327, 330, 334, 336
- rapid propagation of, 326, 338
- relationship of Coccidæ to, 322, 323
- secretive productions of, 323-325
- various species of, 322
- Archæology, discoveries in connection with pre-historic man, 371-372, 391, 394-395, 398, 400, 402
- Art, knowledge compatible with, 45
- Astronomers, stupendous nature of work, 224
- Astronomy, Halley’s discoveries in connection with, 226
- Newton’s discovery of law of gravitation as affecting, 230
- photography as affecting study of, 222
- spectroscope as affecting study of, 224, 225
- Atavism, feeble-mindedness resulting from, suggestion as to, 274
- Athletes, experiments as to possible use of pure oxygen by, 260-263
- Auzout, M., astronomical predictions attempted by, 229, 230
- Bacon, Lord, quotation from, 1, 14
- Bacteria, destructive invasion made by, 340
- microscopic observation of, improvement in, 239
- Balfour, Rt. Hon. Arthur, speech at Manchester by, 6, 7 (quotation)
- Bananas, cultivated varieties of, 369
- plantains and, identity of, 368
- Bayeux tapestry, 231
- Becquerel, M., experiments of, 183
- Beetles, book-worm, depredations of, 350-351
- death-watch, tapping made by, 351, 352
- wood-boring, 351, 352
- wood-boring, 349-350
- lady-bird, beneficial activity of, 319, 325, 326
- origin of name, 325
- perforation of soft metal by grubs of, 353
- Bell-animalcules, 197
- Birth-rate, increased, amongst poorer classes, 285, 286
- Blood, lack of red colour in, cause of, 148, 149
- red-coloured, cause and special duty of, 148
- Bonaparte, Prince Roland, French representative at Darwin Centenary Celebration, 39
- Book-worm beetle, 350
- Boulenger, Charles, Egyptian fresh-water jelly-fish described by, 64
- Boys, C. V., fine quartz threads spun by, 294, 295
- Caddis-worms, movable cases made by grubs of, 343
- Calandruccio, discovery of young of the eel by, 71-72
- Cambridge—Darwin Centenary Celebration, Address by Sir Ray Lankester at, 33-37
- held at, 18, 33, 38
- notable representatives at, 33, 38, 39
- Cave-men, ancient, artistic skill of, 80, 81
- horse mastered and muzzled by, 80, 81
- Caves, care taken in excavation of, 388
- discoveries of human remains in deposits of, 371, 374, 383, 393, 395, 402, 407-409
- discovery of bones of ancient men in, rarity of, 372-374
- French and English, evidences of human occupation found in, 78-79
- Cells, definition and origin of term, 170-173, 328
- egg-cell, process of fertilisation, 202-204, 330, 332
- important part played by nucleus in life of, 198-200, 328, 329
- individual character and co-ordinated activity of, 170, 180-182, 184, 328
- process of division, 200-202, 328
- “Cell-theory,” explanation of Professor Schwann’s, 174-176
- Chapelle-aux-Saints, discovery at, important, 371, 374, 390, 402
- Children, feeble-minded, number attending schools provided for, 278
- result of neglect to provide supervision for, 279-281
- China, introduction of opium smoking into, 366, 367
- Chinese primrose, similarity between poisonous properties of Rhus toxicodendron and, 104
- Cholera, bacillus of, organisms favouring or checking growth, 242, 243, 246-249
- carriers of, 245
- causes of, 237
- Metchnikoff’s and Pettenkofer’s experiments in connection with, 240-241
- definition of word, 237, 238
- germs, destruction of, 244, 245
- Indian, active development of sanitation in Great Britain, due to panic caused by, 239
- date of first appearance in England, 238
- diffusion through water-supply, 239
- discovery by Koch of bacillus producing, 240
- epidemic nature of, 238
- Europeans first attacked by, 238
- recognition of, by Hindu writers, 238
- precautions to be observed for prevention of, 244, 245, 246
- Cholera-bacillus. See Cholera
- Christmas fare, origin of, 356-358
- Cilia, animals provided with, and action of, 194, 195, 207
- definition of term, 194
- uses made of, by unicellular animals, 195-197, 207
- “Cirrhipedes,” Darwin’s discovery with regard to, 23, 24
- Civilisation, scientific knowledge as affecting, 16
- Clothes moths, 341
- Coccidæ, relationship of aphides to, 323
- Colour, in bird’s feathers, 55, 56
- nature and properties of light as affecting, 52-55
- Comets, ancient records of, exaggeration in, 227, 229
- composition of, 234, 235
- Donati’s, imposing size of, 227
- early superstitions with regard to, 227, 228
- elliptical orbits of, 233
- Halley’s—Chinese astronomical observations relating to antiquity of, 230
- length and breadth of orbit, 233
- length of tail, 227
- predicted recurrences by discoverer of, 226, 230
- recent appearance of, 226, 230, 236
- significance of date of return, 228, 229
- superstition and consternation caused by, 230, 231
- William the Conqueror’s “star,” identical with, 231
- important, various, 227
- Milton’s reference in Paradise Lost to, 228, 229
- periodic and wandering, distinction between, 233, 234
- photographs obtained at Royal Observatory, Greenwich, of new, 225, 226
- shooting stars and, connection between, 235, 236
- signification of name, 227
- superstitions with regard to, 229
- Corrèze skull, 371
- Cromagnards, designation of Reindeer men as, reason for, 390
- Cuba, measures adopted for prevention of yellow fever and malaria in, 2, 3
- Darwin Centenary Celebration at Cambridge, 18, 33, 38
- Darwin, Charles—
- comparison between theories of Lamarck and, 19, 20
- connection with University of Cambridge, 36
- establishment of “natural selection” theory, 34
- extent of time spent in experiments and observations, 18-19, 22-23
- friendly relations between Wallace and, 13, 37
- geological discoveries of, 24
- Henslow’s influence upon, 36
- “Natural selection” theory explained, 27-29
- study of disease influenced by discoveries and research of, 39, 40
- Darwinism (Wallace), 15, 16 (quotation)
- Death-rate, diminished, reasons accountable for, 284, 285
- health of locality determined by, 283
- records of, methods of keeping, 283, 284
- Death-watch beetle, 351, 352
- De Lastic, Vicomte, carvings from caves in collection of, 79
- Dewar, Sir James, experiments of, 183
- Divers, Mediterranean, suggested inhalation of pure oxygen gas by, 261
- Diving, Fleuss apparatus, diluted oxygen supply to, 263-265
- Donati’s comet, 227
- Dragon, heraldic, description of, 114, 115
- Dragons, classification of, by heralds, 120
- conventional, probable sources of, 126
- probable origin, 121-123
- snakes and, connection between, 120-123
- tradition of, reasons for discrediting suggested, 118-120
- Drugs, individual variability (idiosyncrasy) with regard to, 102
- Eau-de-Cologne, volatile oils from aromatic plants of Riviera used in manufacturing, 47
- “Eel-fare,” term for annual “running up” of young eels, 67, 70, 73, 75
- Eel-fisheries, regulation and encouragement by Danish Government of inland, 65
- German Government of inland, 65, 66
- Eels, age of, knowledge resulting from power of telling, 69
- shown by scales, 69
- common, period when change from “yellow” to “silver” takes place in, 67, 69, 70
- reproduction, migrations and habits of, 66-67, 69-76
- “leptocephalus-young-phase” or tadpole of, 71-73, 75
- migrations of, geological changes as affecting, 74
- Petersen’s researches with regard to “silver,” 68, 69
- popularity of, abroad, 65, 66
- rare occurrence of, in river Danube, 74, 75
- “Elvers,” term for young eels, 66, 67, 70, 71, 73, 75, 76
- Europe, iron, stone, and bronze ages of, 375-377
- Evelyn, diary of, 229 (quotations)
- Feeble-minded, distinctions between lunatics and, 274-276
- laws relating to lunatics and, need for improvement in, 275
- necessity for state guardianship of, 276-278
- Feeble-minded children, 278
- Feeble-mindedness, atavism suggested cause of, 274
- hereditary transmission of, 277
- occurrence of cases in all classes of community, 276
- views of Government Commission on origin of, 281
- Festivals, Christmas, origin of children’s customs associated with, 361-362
- English Christmas, introduction of turkey in connection with, 358
- origin of heavy feeding at, 357
- prehistoric and barbaric customs in connection with, 356-357
- Fever, yellow, comparative death-rate from, in Panama Canal zone, 2-4
- measures adopted in Cuba and Panama for prevention of, 2, 3
- Fish, shell-fish and, individual susceptibility to poison from, 102, 103
- Fishes, age of, method of telling, 69
- poisonous, 103
- poison-spines of, 107, 111
- Fixed stars, 221
- Flack, Mr. Martin, experiments of, with regard to oxygen gas, 260
- Fleuss apparatus, 263-265
- Flowers, perfumes discharged into the air by, various effects of, 105, 106
- France, cultivation of purple variety of poppy in, 364
- French archæologists, leading discoveries with regard to prehistoric man made by, 371, 372
- Frogs, common, eggs of, 209, 212
- growth from the egg, 213-215
- English species, 216
- European species, 216, 219
- green tree-frog of Riviera, 49, 50, 52, 55
- method of catching prey, 219
- Furniture worm, 351, 352
- Gases—
- oxygen, action of ordinary, 259
- experiments as to possible use by athletes, 260-263
- Fleuss diving apparatus and diluted supply of, 263-265
- ozone, destructive powers of, 253
- discoveries of Andrews and Tait with regard to, 252
- experiments of Schönbein with regard to, 251, 252
- methods of producing, 252, 253, 258
- nature of, 252
- proportion of, to fresh country or sea-coast air, 253
- result of experiments with regard to, 259
- signification of name, 252
- therapeutic value and uses of, 258, 259
- use in water-purification, 256, 258
- Geology, Darwin’s discoveries in, 24
- table showing history of man in Western Europe, 384 bis
- Germany, custom of eating preserves with meat in, prevalent, 358
- predominance of scientific knowledge in, 8
- Gnats, Anopheles, malaria germ carried by, 3
- Stegomyia, yellow fever germs carried by, 2, 3
- Gorgas, Colonel, work of, in connection with yellow fever and malaria, 2-5
- “Gossamer,” origin of term, 289
- Grassi, discovery of the history of the eel by, 70-72
- Green-flies, 322
- Green tree-frog, 49, 50
- Griffin, heraldic, 116
- Guinea-pig, native home and original introduction of, 360, 361
- various names given to, 360, 361
- Halley, Edmund, astronomical discoveries of, 226
- date of death, 230
- foundation of Royal Society Club by, 230
- law of movement of comets discovered by, 226, 230
- Milton and, scholars of St. Paul’s School, 228, 229
- Newton and, friendship of, 230
- Halley’s comet, 226, 230
- Hansen, leprosy-bacillus discovered by, 240
- Hay fever, individual susceptibility to, 102, 104, 105
- probable cause, 105
- similarity between vegetable poisonings and, 105
- Heart, action of nervous system upon, in man and higher animals, 151
- muscular contraction, cause of, 150, 151
- rate of beat in higher and lower animals, 152-154
- in human species, 151, 152
- significance of its beat, 147, 148
- valves, action of, 149
- Hedge-sparrow, 267
- Henslow, Professor, Darwin as influenced by, 36
- Herschel, Sir John, definition of word “species” by, 14, 15
- Hertwig, Professor, German representative at Darwin Centenary Celebration, 33
- Hill, Dr. Leonard, experiments of, with regard to use of oxygen gas, 260-265
- Hipparion horse, 84, 85, 86
- Hippopotamus age, 380, 386
- Histology, origin of, 176
- Hook, Robert, Micrographia by, 173, 288, 289
- Hooker, Sir Joseph, Darwin and Wallace papers communicated to Linnean Society by, 12, 13
- Hop-blight, causes of, 317-319
- prevention of, 318, 319
- Hop-louse, 317
- Hops, brewing industry as affecting growers of, 321
- cultivation of, 315-316
- curing of, 320
- English growers as affected by American and German hop-plantations, 320, 321
- uses made of, 315
- Horses, absence from American continent in fifteenth century of living asses, zebras, and, 89
- ancestral, change in size and proportions of, 84, 85
- lower Tertiary Hyracotherium, 84
- middle Tertiary, 84
- “pre-orbital cup” in Hipparion, 85, 86
- upper Tertiary Hipparion, 84-86
- ancestry of, scientific points of interest with regard to, 83-90
- descent from Arab ancestry evidenced by presence of “pre-orbital cup” in, 86
- English thoroughbred, history and ancestors of, 82, 90
- “Ergot” of, 89
- European, stock from which derived, 77-78
- fossil remains of extinct, in North and South America, 89, 90
- mark of difference between asses, zebras, and, 87, 88
- mastery and muzzling of, by ancient cave-dwellers, 80, 81
- Mongolian wild, absence of “pre-orbital cup” in, 86
- derivation of European horses from, 77-78
- description of, 78
- prehistoric European, verified by ancient carvings found in caves, 79-81
- selective breeding of, from time of cave-men onward, 82, 83
- Southern or Arabian breeds of, presence of “pre-orbital cup” in, 86, 87
- House-sparrows, 266
- Huxley, Professor, calculation of, with regard to fecundity of plant-lice, 338
- Hydra, heraldic, derivation of, 116
- Hyracotherium horse, 84
- India, practice of opium eating in, 366
- Infants, blindness of, congenital, 272
- mortality of, varied congenital defects causing, 272
- Insects, association of, with plants, 296
- colour-protection and invisibility of, 304-312
- destructive invasions made by various, 339-345
- jumping bean as exemplifying association of plants and, 297, 298-300, 302
- parthenogenetic powers possessed by certain, 331, 332
- poisonous, methods of self-protection used by, 101, 102
- various weapons of, 111
- “silver-fish,” depredations of, 351
- skin burrowing, 112, 113
- wood-boring, 346-354
- Jelly-fishes, common, description of, 58
- fresh-water, discovery of African, 61, 62
- Chinese, 63
- Philadelphian, 63, 64
- Regent’s Park, 59, 60
- reproduction of, 60, 61
- poison-bearing threads of sea-anemones and, 110
- Jumping bean, Mexican, caterpillar contained in, 229, 300, 302
- movements of, 298, 299, 302
- plant from which derived, 301, 302
- relationship of insect and plant exemplified in, 297, 298-300, 302
- Kew Gardens, beauty and interest of, 302, 303
- specimens of Rhus toxicodendron at, 93, 94
- Koch (Berlin), cholera-bacillus discovered by, 240
- tubercle-bacillus discovered by, 240
- Ladybird, 325
- Lamarck, inferiority of scientific methods, as compared with Darwin, 19-22, 26
- Philosophical Zoology by, 20
- Lankester, Sir Ray, address by, Darwin Centenary Celebration at Cambridge, 33-37
- Leprosy, bacillus of, discovery by Hansen, 240
- “Leptocephali,” discovery of, 70-72
- Life, protoplasm the seat of, 182-184, 328
- Herbert Spencer’s definition of, 183, 184
- Light, rate at which it travels, 221
- Locusts, winged serpents and, probable connection between, 124-125
- Lunatics, distinctions between feeble-minded and, 274-276
- laws relating to feeble-minded and, need for improvement in, 275
- Lyell, Sir Charles, Darwin and Wallace papers communicated to Linnean Society by, 12, 13
- Malaria, comparative death-rate from, in Panama Canal zone, 2-4
- measures adopted in Cuba and Panama for prevention of, 2, 3
- Mammoth age, 380, 386
- Man, sleep of, compared with repose or quiescence of other living things, 159-161
- Mankind, congenital defects in, causes of, 273
- Mental defect, 274
- Metchnikoff, Professor, discoveries with regard to use and value of “phagocytes,” 39
- experiment by, in connection with cholera-bacillus, 241
- experiments and investigations of, for prevention of “senile change,” 40-43
- influence of Darwin’s discoveries upon study of disease by, 39, 40
- researches of, with regard to microbian flora of localities, 249
- Russian and French representative at Darwin Centenary Celebration, 33, 38
- Tolstoi’s meeting with, 43, 44
- use of sour milk prepared with lactic ferment introduced by, 41, 42
- Micrographia (Hook), 173, 289
- Microscopes, improvements in, 173, 176-178
- Milton, celebration of tercentenary of birth, Halley’s comet in relation to, 228
- Halley and, scholars of St. Paul’s School, 228, 229
- Mistletoe, pre-historic rites associated with, 362
- Mollusca, animals classed as, and definition of word, 129
- Molluscs, protection of young, 137-139, 144, 146
- Mongolian wild horses, 86
- Morley, Lord, installation of, as Chancellor of Manchester University, 6
- Morphia, product of opium poppy, 363
- Moths, British species allied to Mexican “jumper,” 300, 301
- clothes, mischief effected by caterpillar of, 341-343
- movable case made by caterpillar of, 341-343
- propagation of, 341
- various species of, 343-345
- Mexican “jumper,” 300, 301
- silk threads produced by caterpillars of certain, 293
- Mountain-climbing, use of oxygen gas in, suggested, 263
- Moustierian period, definition of, 384, 385, 408
- skulls and skeletons found in cave-deposits allotted to, 371, 385, 393-395, 406, 408
- Mussels, pond and river, propagation of, 144, 145
- protection of young, 144
- Mycenæ, discovery of, by Schliemann, 16
- Neander men, comparison between skulls of Australian aborigines and, 396, 397
- inferiority of, as compared with Cromagnards, 390
- reasons for recognition of, as distinct and primitive species, 371, 385, 390, 402-403, 407
- Neolithic Period, civilisation comprised in, 377-378, 380
- definition of, 377
- Nettles, poisonous stinging hairs of, 103, 104
- Newton, Sir Isaac, discovery of law of gravitation, 230
- Halley and, friendship of, 230
- Opium, derivation of word, 364
- eating, practice in India of, 366
- medicinal value of, 368
- poppy used for manufacture of, 363, 364
- smoking, introduction by Chinese of, 366-367
- Osborne, Professor, United States representative at Darwin Centenary Celebration, 33
- Oxygen gas, 259
- Oysters, care of breeding, methods adopted for, 141
- classification of, 129
- common, protection of young, 134, 144
- destruction of typhoid germs in, 128, 129
- French “green,” 141, 142
- gill-plates or “beard,” 131
- growth and maturity of, 134, 136
- heart and blood-vessels, 132
- lake, cultivation by ancient Romans, 140, 141
- nervous system, 132
- primeval man and, 139
- propagation of American and Portuguese species, 137, 143, 144
- common or North Sea and Channel species, 132-137, 143
- structure and nature of, 129-137
- Ozone gas, 251
- Palæolithic period, definition of, 377
- period of chipped flints, primitive arts and surroundings of, 378-381
- Panama, measures adopted for prevention of yellow fever and malaria in, 2, 3
- Perrier, Edmond, French representative at Darwin Centenary Celebration, 39
- Petersen, researches of, with regard to “silver” eels, 68, 69
- Pettenkofer (Munich), experiment by, in connection with cholera-bacillus, 240
- “Phagocytes,” use and importance of, 39, 179
- Philosophical Transactions, date of first published number, 229
- Philosophical Zoology (Lamarck), 20
- Phylloxera, 336
- injury and loss caused by, 334, 337
- introduction into Europe, 337
- parasitic nature of, 337
- propagation of, 336, 337
- Piette, M., carvings from caves in collection of the late, 79, 80
- Planets, changes on, probable result of, 223, 224
- Plant-lice, 322
- Plants, American, poisonous stinging hairs possessed by certain, 104
- association of, with insects, 296
- jumping bean as exemplifying association of insects and, 297, 298-300, 302
- movements of, definite and varied, 160, 161
- poisonous, special chemical substances produced from, 100
- use of, in manufacture of Eau-de-Cologne, 100, 101
- Plasmogen, formation of, 190-192
- Pleistocene period, discovery of remains belonging to, 383, 385, 386
- skeletons, found in caverns of Mentone, 398-399
- epochs, table of, 384 bis
- Pliocene period, discovery of remains belonging to, 386, 388
- distinctions between Pleistocene and, 386-387
- Poisonous animals, 101
- fish, 103
- insects, 102
- plants, 92, 100, 104
- Poisons, distinctions between gut-poisons and wound-poisons, 106-107
- immunity from wound-poisons, method of producing, 107, 108
- Poppies, cultivated variety from which opium manufactured, 363
- cultivation of, in remote ages, 364, 365
- earliest cultivation of, for oil, 363, 364
- English varieties of, 363
- opium, introduction from Europe into Far East of, 363-365
- origin of medicinal uses of, 364, 365
- Population, increased, due to higher birth-rate amongst poorer classes, 279, 285, 286
- Post-Tertiaries (or Quaternary), gravel and cave-deposits termed, 83
- Proteids, building up of, in plants, 204, 205
- cell-protoplasm consisting of, 189, 190
- chemical composition of, 188, 189
- “Proteus,” definition of term as applied to unicellular animals, 193, 194
- Protoplasm, chemical elements contained in, 187
- death caused by destruction of, 183-185
- active life of, 182-184, 328
- explanation of term, 170-172, 328
- Quaternary (Post-Tertiaries), 384 bis
- Reindeer age, 384 bis
- Reindeer men (or Cromagnards), artistic work of, 383, 390, 391, 393
- brain cavity of, comparable with modern European, 388, 390
- customs of, 391, 393
- skulls and skeletons of, found in cave-deposits, 391, 393
- Rhus toxicodendron, American poison-vine or, poisonous nature of, 92
- case of poisoning by, recorded in The Spectator, 96
- differences and resemblances between Virginian creeper, Veitchii, and, 93
- individual susceptibility to poison of, 94, 96, 102
- painful malady produced in certain persons by poison of, 91, 92
- recognition in United States and Japan of danger of, 92, 98
- results of examination in laboratory at University of Harvard (Mass.), with regard to, 94
- similarity between poisonous properties of Chinese primrose and, 104
- specimens at Kew Gardens, 93, 94
- use in Japan, 92
- Riviera, cultivated trees and plants of, 47-49
- flowers for sale, cultivated in, 56, 57
- green tree-frog of, 49, 50, 52, 55
- meteorological conditions of, 46
- primitive vegetation of, 46, 47
- tree-frog, blue variety of, 50, 52, 53, 55, 56
- vegetation of, influence of man upon, 57
- Salamanders, European species, various, 218
- Mexican, various species of, 215, 216
- Sanitation, active development in Great Britain, cholera panic as affecting, 239
- Schliemann, discovery of Troy and Mycenæ by, 16
- Schönbein, experiments of, with regard to ozone, 251, 252
- Schwann, Professor, “cell theory” of, explained, 174-176
- Science, discoveries in, satisfaction experienced by those making, 1
- sensibility to art compatible with capacity for, 44
- state officials’ opposition to, 286
- value and importance of, 7, 8
- Scorpions, poison of, experiments with regard to, 108-110
- Sea-anemones, poison-bearing threads of jelly-fishes and, 110
- Serpents, winged, probable connection between locusts and, 124-125
- worship and propitiation of, 122-123
- Shell-fish, poison-glands of, 111
- boring in stone, 347, 348
- Siebe, Gorman and Co., perfected diving dress constructed by, 265
- “Silver-fish” book-worm. See Insects
- Skulls, ancient and modern, comparison between, 410
- comparison between, of various periods, 393-401
- Corrèze, comparison between Neanderthal and, 403-406
- discovery of, 371, 374, 390, 402
- restoration of, 410-411
- European, compared with Neanderthal and Corrèze, 406
- Sleep, alternation of night and day in its bearing upon periodic, 157-158, 159, 167, 168
- animals’ winter, 165, 166
- artists’ varied portrayal of, 156, 157
- definition of term, varied, 157-161
- irregularities and abnormal manifestations of, 164-166
- length and duration of, conditions affecting, 166-167
- man’s, compared with repose or quiescence of other living things, 159-161
- salient feature connected with, 161-164
- Shakespeare on, 155, 156 (quotations)
- Snails, whelks and propagation of, 137, 138
- protection of young, 137, 138
- Snakes, dragons and, connection between, 120-123
- winged serpents, and probable origin of, 121-125
- Solar system, comparative distance from “fixed stars,” 221-222
- Sound, rate at which it travels, 221
- Sparrows—
- hedge and house, distinction between, 267
- differences between, 266-268
- cuckoo eggs laid in nests of, 266, 267
- use to agriculturists, 267
- house and tree, close connection between, 268
- harm done by, 267, 268
- hidden or latent capacity in, 268
- probable effects of destroying, 268
- various species related to, 268
- Spectator, The, case of poisoning by Rhus toxicodendron recorded in, 96
- Spiders, garden, use made by astronomers of thread of, 262, 263
- gossamer threads of minute autumn, 287-289
- spinnerets of, 289-291
- threads produced by, various uses made of, 289-292
- various species of, 289
- Spurges (Euphorbiaceæ), various species of, 301
- Star-fishes, propagation of, 329-330
- Stars, early superstitions with regard to, 227, 228
- fixed, comparative distance of solar system from, 221
- estimated number of, 222
- measurement of, 225
- “photographic,” estimated distance of, 223
- shape of, 231, 233
- “Vega,” position of, 224, 225
- Stegomyia Gnat, 2, 3
- Stings, poisonous, American plants possessing, 104
- comparison between plants and animals possessing, 97, 106
- nettles and other plants provided with, 103, 104
- Stone-borers, shell-fish and worm, 347-349
- “Suspended animation,” examples of, 168, 169
- Symbolism, legendary monsters in relation to, 125, 127
- Tadpoles, food of, 211, 212
- growth and development of, 210, 211
- gigantic, 218
- Tait, discoveries of, with regard to ozone, 252
- Tapestry, Bayeux, representation of Halley’s comet in, 231
- Tertiaries, the, sand and clay deposits termed, 83
- Thayer, Abbott, colour-protection and invisibility of animals as demonstrated by, 306-312
- Troughton, use of spider’s lines in telescopes introduced by, 292
- Tissue, explanation of term, 174
- Toads, English species, 216
- European species, various, 216-219
- gigantic tadpoles of spur-heeled, 216-218
- method of catching prey, 219
- Tolstoi, Metchnikoff’s meeting with, 43, 44
- “Toxin,” conversion into “anti-toxin,” 102
- Trees, English, derivation of various, 57
- Tree-sparrows, 268
- Trout, “natural selection” theory in relation to increased caution of, 269, 270
- Troy, discovery of, by Schliemann, 16
- Tubercle-bacillus, discovery by Koch, 240
- Turkey-cock, native home and original introduction of, 358-359
- various names given to, 359
- Two on a Tower (Hardy), quotation from, 220
- Unicorn, heraldic, origin of, 127
- Universities, extension and diffusion of science by, need for, 6, 8, 9
- Oxford and Cambridge, reasons for inefficiency of, 10
- Oxford and Cambridge, result of usurpation by wealthy classes, 9, 10
- Upas-tree, Java, fabled effect of, 96
- “Vega,” position of our sun and planets with regard to star, 224, 225
- Village population, increasing degeneracy of, 270, 278, 279
- Wallace, Alfred Russel, Darwinism by, 15, 16 (quotation)
- friendly relations between Darwin and, 13, 37
- theories of, 12-14, 26
- Wood, protection against “worm” and “mould,” methods advocated for, 354, 355
- “worm-eaten,” production of, 349
- Wood-borers, animal, 346-347
- death-watch beetle, 351-352
- furniture beetle, 348-350
- Worms, stone-boring, 347-349
- Wyvern, heraldic, 116
- Yellow fever, 2-4