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Scotland in Pagan Times; The Iron Age

Chapter 9: INDEX.
By Joseph Anderson
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About This Book

The lectures examine archaeological remains of Scotland's Iron Age, comparing pagan and Christian burial practices and identifying distinctive Viking-era graves and grave-goods found across western and northern coasts. It surveys artifact types — weapons, brooches, silverwork, steatite urns — and hoards, considers ship-burial evidence and links with Scandinavian forms, and maps regional distributions. Architectural and settlement remains such as brochs and grave-mounds receive typological and structural description, while comparisons with mainland and Norse finds support interpretations of cultural contact, funerary ritual, and chronological relationships among Iron Age assemblages.

INDEX.

  • Aboyne, Aberdeenshire, bronze armlets found near, 148.
  • Aby, Sodermanland, Sweden, Runic monument at, 99, 101.
  • Airlie, Forfarshire, Earth-houses at, 292.
  • Analysis of oval bowl-shaped brooches, 41.
  • —— of bronze armlets, 148, 161.
  • Animal Remains found in Brochs, 215, 221, 222, 231, 237, 238.
  • Armlets of bronze, massive, penannular, decorated in relief and with enamels, 141-155.
  • —— spiral and serpent-formed, 156-161.
  • —— found in Earth-houses, 297.
  • —— found in Broch of Yarhouse, 231.
  • Arm-rings of silver, 86, 87, 88, 109.
  • Arms buried with Christian dead, 5, 6.
  • Architecture of the Brochs of Scotland, 174-208.
  • Art, Celtic, of the Pagan Period, 112.
  • Auchenbadie, Banffshire, bronze armlets found at, 144.
  • Auchindoir, Aberdeenshire, Earth-houses at, 292.
  • Aucorn, Caithness, vessels of sandstone found at, 75.
  • Axe-head, inlaid with silver, from Mammen How, 97.
  • Axes found in Viking graves, 21.
  • Ayrshire, the crannogs of, 269.
  • Backies, Sutherlandshire, Broch of, 202.
  • Balearic Islands, the Talayots of, 206.
  • Ball of bronze ornamented with spiral patterns, 161, 162.
  • Balls of stone ornamented with spiral and other patterns, 162–170.
  • Ballinaby, Islay, Viking graves at, 14, 38.
  • Balmaclellan, Kirkcudbright, bronze mirror and other articles found at, 126.
  • Barra, grave mound in, 42.
  • Bayeux Tapestry, maces figured in the, 170.
  • Bead of Vitreous Paste found in Broch of Bowermadden, 233.
  • Beads of variegated glass found in Viking graves, 27.
  • Ben Ledi, Hill-Fort on a spur of, 275.
  • Birdlip, near Gloucester, bronze mirror found in a grave at, 132.
  • Birrenswark, Annandale, enamelled bridle-bit found at, 123.
  • Bishops buried with their vestments, 5.
  • Bodinar, Cornwall, hut structures at, 207.
  • Borrowston, Shapinsay, Orkney, Broch of, 197.
  • Bowermadden, Broch of, 232.
  • Braavalla Heath, battle of, 60.
  • Brass, hammer-marked plates of, found in Broch of Carn-liath, 222.
  • Brochs, Architecture of the, 174–208.
  • —— geographical distribution of the, 192.
  • Bronze, vessels of, from Dowalton Loch, 266, 268.
  • Brooch of Brass, circular, found at Yarhouse, 225.
  • Brooches, oval, bowl-shaped, found in Viking graves, 24, 38, 39, 40, 44, 45,57.
  • —— analysis of, 41.
  • —— geographical distribution of, 34.
  • —— silver, penannular, with knobs like thistle-heads, 54, 79, 81, 93, 101, 102.
  • Broomhouse, Berwickshire, Earth-house at, 282.
  • Brounaben, Caithness, Broch of, 200.
  • Buchaam, Strathdon, Earth-house at, 285.
  • Bunrannoch, Perthshire, bronze armlets found at, 149, 153.
  • Burghead, silver mounting of a drinking-horn found at, 46.
  • Burghead, fort built with logs and stones at, 279.
  • Burial, survival of Pagan customs in Christian, 3.
  • —— clothed and with grave-goods, 4, 5, 6, 7.
  • —— of laymen in clerical habits, 6.
  • Burials in the mounds covering the ruins of Brochs, 219, 225.
  • —— with urns of steatite in Orkney and Shetland, 66–76.
  • —— in Norway, 77.
  • Burraness, island of Yell, Shetland, Broch at, 184.
  • —— Unst, Shetland, Broch of, 195.
  • Burray, Orkney, east Broch of, 197,236.
  • Burrian, North Ronaldsay, Broch of, 245.
  • Burwick, near Stromness, Broch of, 202, 238.
  • Bute, island of, gold fillets and rings found in, 107.
  • Cairn Conan, Forfarshire, Earth-house at, 294.
  • Caithness, the Brochs of, 209, 223, 232, 234.
  • —— oval brooches found in, 43, 45.
  • Caldale, Kirkwall, arm-rings of silver found at, 109.
  • Caledonian Valley, number of Brochs to the north of the, 192.
  • Campbell, William, of Ballinaby, Viking graves discovered by, 14.
  • Carn-liath, Sutherlandshire, Broch of, 202, 221.
  • Cassimir, Frederick, buried with his arms and horse, 6.
  • Castle Cole, Sutherlandshire, Broch of, 185, 194.
  • Castle Newe, Aberdeenshire, enamelled bronze armlets at, 141.
  • Caterthun, Forfarshire, Hill-Fort of, 274.
  • Chapel Euny, Sancreed, Cornwall, Earth-house at, 305.
  • Charcoal, ritualistic use of, in Christian burial, 8, 9.
  • Charlemagne, manner of the burial of, 4.
  • Childeric, King, manner of the burial of, 4.
  • Clay, vessels of, with incense and holy water, use of, in Christian burial, 9,10, 11, 12.
  • Clergy buried in their vestments, 5.
  • Clibberswick, Unst, pair of oval brooches and trefoil ornament found at, 47.
  • Clickamin, Lerwick, Broch of, 195, 196.
  • Cloth of various kinds, fragments of, from Viking graves, 42, 55.
  • Cloth, castings of texture of, in bowl-shaped brooches, 41.
  • —— Hood of Woollen, from moss in Orkney, 103.
  • Clothing, burial of, with Christian dead, 4, 5, 6.
  • Clova, Aberdeenshire, Earth-house at, 288.
  • Cockburn Law, Berwickshire, Broch at, 186.
  • Coins, Cufic and Anglo-Saxon, found with hoards of silver ornaments, 88, 89, 91.
  • —— Roman, found in Broch of Lingrow, 244.
  • Coldoch, Perthshire, Broch of, 190.
  • Combs of bone, double-edged, found in Brochs, 237, 240, 249, 250.
  • —— round-backed, found in Brochs, 233, 240, 249.
  • —— long-handled, found in Brochs, 213, 222, 240, 241, 251.
  • Cornwall, Earth-houses of, 305.
  • Corquoy, Rousay, Orkney, urn of steatite found at, 71.
  • Craig Beg, Ballater, ornamented stone ball found at, 165.
  • Craig Phadrig, near Inverness, Vitrified Fort of, 277.
  • Crannog of Loch Laoghaire, the siege of the, 271.
  • Crannogs of Dowalton Loch, 264.
  • —— of Ayrshire, 269.
  • Cranokis of the Isles, the, 271.
  • Cremation a typical characteristic of Pagan burial, 2.
  • —— punishable with death, 4.
  • —— narrative by an eye-witness of the ceremonies attending a burial after, 61.
  • Crichie, near Kintore, bronze ornaments found at, 123.
  • Crichton Mains, Midlothian, Earth-house at, 301.
  • Crosiers, burial of, with archbishops, 5.
  • Crucibles found in Brochs, 221.
  • Cuerdale, hoard of silver ornaments and coins at, 91.
  • Culbin Sands, Elginshire, bronze spiral armlet found at, 156.
  • Cullswick, Shetland, Broch at, 185, 195.
  • Culsh, Aberdeenshire, Earth-house at, 287.
  • Cup-markings on rocks and stones, area of, 299.
  • Dice of bone found in Broch of Burrian, 248.
  • Discs of polished stone found in Brochs and Crannogs, 220, 232, 236, 241, 270.
  • Dowalton Loch, Crannogs in, 264.
  • —— bronze mounting found in, 123.
  • Drinking-horn, silver mounting of a, 46.
  • Drumside, Belhelvie, Aberdeenshire, bronze armlets found at, 146, 147.
  • Dun Alisaig, Ross-shire, Broch of, 185.
  • —— Carloway, Lewis, Broch of, 185.
  • —— Dornadilla, Sutherlandshire, Broch of, 185.
  • —— Mac Uisneachan, Loch Etive, Vitrified Fort of, 277.
  • Dunsinnane, description of the Hill-Fort of, 281.
  • Earth-houses of Scotland, Ireland, and Cornwall, 282, 304.
  • —— of Scotland, period of, 304.
  • Eigg, Viking graves in, 48, 49, 53, 54.
  • Elgin, ornamented stone ball found at, 162.
  • Elie, in Fife, Earth-house at, 292.
  • Enamel on shields, bridle-bits, horse-trappings, and armlets, 120, 123, 125, 126, 141, 143.
  • Eriboll, Sutherlandshire, Earth-house at, 289.
  • Erik, King of Denmark, buried with his sword, 5.
  • Esthonia, relapse of Christian converts to heathenism in, 4.
  • Eucharist, spoon used in celebration of the, 134.
  • Fair Isle, urn of steatite found in, 73.
  • Finhaven, near Aberlemno, Vitrified Fort of, 277.
  • Fordoun, Kincardineshire, ornamented stone ball found at, 164.
  • France, Celtic or Gaulish forts of, 280.
  • Freelands, Glasterlaw, ornamented stone ball found at, 164.
  • Garrywhoine, Caithness, Hill-Fort of, 273.
  • Gauls, shields and helmets of the, 119.
  • Gisli the Soursop, Saga of, 290.
  • Glas Hill, Towie, ornamented stone ball found at, 163.
  • Glass, variegated beads of, found in Viking graves, 27.
  • —— black, smoothing implements of, found in Viking graves, 30, 36.
  • Glenelg, Brochs in the valley of Glenbeg in, 181, 182.
  • Gökstad, near Sandefiord, ship-burial at, 64.
  • Gold, hoards of ornaments of, 106, 107, 108.
  • Goni, Sardinia, Nuraghe of, 193.
  • Grain, charred, found in Brochs, 234.
  • Grave-goods, Christian burials with, 4, 5, 6, 7.
  • Grange of Conan, near Arbroath, bronze spiral armlet found at, 160.
  • Hamilton, Dr. Edward, investigation of Vitrified Forts in Arisaig by, 279.
  • Harald, Earl of Orkney, 200.
  • Harness, bronze mountings of, 122, 123.
  • Haroldswick, Unst, Shetland, grave-mound at, 74.
  • Harpsdale, Caithness, Broch of, 199.
  • Harray, Orkney, Broch at Manse of, 198, 199, 236.
  • Hell-shoes bound on the feet of the dead, 6.
  • Helmets of bronze with horns, 116.
  • Hildebrand, B. E., on the supposed Oriental origin of the silver hoards of the Viking time, 90.
  • Hildetand, King Harald, burial of, 60.
  • Hill-Forts of Scotland, 272.
  • Hoards of silver ornaments and coins, 78, 89, 109.
  • —— of gold ornaments, 106, 107, 108.
  • Hogsetter, Whalsay, Shetland, defensive structure in the Loch of, 260.
  • Hood of woollen fabric found in a moss in Orkney, 103.
  • Horse, the flesh of the, as an article of food, 215.
  • Hravnkel Freysgode, grave-mound of, 59.
  • Ibn-Fozlan, Ahmed, narrative of a burial after cremation by, 61.
  • Illumination from fourteenth-century manuscript, representing a burial service, 12.
  • Impernal, construction of the ramparts of, 280.
  • Ingots of silver, 88, 107.
  • Iron, tools and weapons of, found in Viking graves, 14, 15, 45, 52, 56, 58.
  • —— articles of, found in Brochs, 213, 214, 219, 221, 223, 232, 234, 237, 250, 257.
  • —— articles of, found in Earth-houses, 285, 295, 298.
  • Kettleburn, Caithness, Broch of, 200, 209.
  • Key of iron from a grave of the Viking time in Westray, 58.
  • Kildrummy, Aberdeenshire, Earth-houses at, 292.
  • Kings and Clergy, manner of the burial of, in Middle Ages, 4.
  • Kinord, Aberdeenshire, Earth-house at, 291.
  • Kintradwell or Kintrolla, Sutherlandshire, Broch of, 202, 216.
  • Knockfarril, in Ross-shire, Vitrified Fort of, 276.
  • Lake-dwellings of Scotland, 263.
  • Lamps of stone found in Brochs, 212, 232, 236, 241.
  • Lenormant, M., on the Truddhu of Southern Italy, 206.
  • Levenwick, Shetland, Broch of, 234.
  • Liechestown, Banffshire, swine’s head of bronze found at, 117.
  • Lingrow, Orkney, Broch of, 242.
  • Livonia, relapse of Christian converts to heathenism in, 4.
  • Llanfair, bronze spoons found at, 135, 136.
  • Loch Duich, Inverness-shire, Broch at, 183.
  • Maces, mediæval, figured in the Bayeux Tapestry, 170.
  • Maddad, Earl of Athol, 200.
  • M’Crie, George, grave-mounds in Rousay explored by, 71.
  • Metal-work of early Celtic School of Art, characteristics of the decoration of, 140.
  • Middleby, Annandale, harness mountings of bronze found at, 123.
  • Midhill Head, Midlothian, Earthwork on, 272.
  • Migvie, Aberdeenshire, Earth-house at, 284.
  • Mirrors of bronze, Celtic, 127, 130, 132.
  • —— Roman, 133.
  • Möklebust, Norway, grave-mound at, 62.
  • Montrose, pierced vases of clay in a Christian grave at, 11.
  • Mould of Clay for making Bronze Pins found in Broch of Lingrow, 245.
  • Mountings of bronze found at Henshole on Cheviot, 122.
  • Mousa, Shetland, the Broch of, 174, 200.
  • Munro, Robert, M.D., investigation of Crannogs in Ayrshire by, 269.
  • Murcens, construction of the ramparts of, 280.
  • Murroes, Forfarshire, Earth-house at, 290.
  • Neck-rings of silver, 84, 85.
  • Needles of Bone found in Brochs, 247.
  • Newry, County Down, Ireland, bronze armlet found at, 154, 155.
  • Newstead, Roxburghshire, Earth-houses at, 300.
  • Newton, Islay, oval brooch found at, 39.
  • Nicolaysen, description of smoothing implements of glass by, 36.
  • Northmen, Pagan forms of belief of the, 32.
  • Nuraghi of Sardinia, the, 193.
  • Olaf, King of Denmark, buried with his sword, 5.
  • Oland, island of, bronze plaques with representations of warriors found in, 20, 116.
  • Old Stirkoke, Broch of, 232.
  • Okstrow, Birsay, Orkney, Broch of, 199, 240.
  • Orem’s Fancy, Stronsay, Orkney, urns of steatite found at, 67, 68.
  • Ornament of the bowl-shaped brooches of brass, characteristics of the, 25.
  • —— of the penannular brooches of silver of the Viking time, 93–99.
  • Orkney, ornamented stone balls found in, 168, 169.
  • —— Brochs of, 197, 236, 238, 240, 242, 245.
  • Orkneyinga Saga, notice of hunting of Reindeer in, 231.
  • Otranto, Italy, the Truddhu of, 206.
  • Paganism, typical character of burials of, 2.
  • Pantellaria, the Sesi of, 206.
  • Petrie, George, grave-mounds explored by, 58, 67.
  • Pierowall, Westray, Orkney, grave-mounds of the Viking time at, 55, 58.
  • Philostratus, notice of enamelling by, 125.
  • Pins of Bone found in Brochs, 237, 239, 246, 247.
  • —— of Bronze found in Brochs, 233, 237, 242.
  • Pirnie, parish of Wemyss, Fife, Earth-house at, 292.
  • Pitalpin, near Dundee, bronze spiral armlet found at, 159.
  • Pitkelloney, near Muthil, bronze armlets found at, 143.
  • Plunton Castle, bronze armlet found near, 137.
  • Pottery of the Brochs, the, 215, 221, 230, 237, 240, 242, 244.
  • —— of the Earth-houses, the, 287, 288, 295, 298, 304.
  • Quendale, Shetland, arm-rings of silver found at, 109.
  • Quern found at Balmaclellan, Kirkcudbright, 126.
  • Querns found in Brochs, 212, 220, 222, 243, 246.
  • —— found in crannogs, 270.
  • Rattar, Caithness, arm-rings of silver found at, 109.
  • Rattray, Castle Hill of, pierced vase of clay found at, 12.
  • Rendall, William, exploration of Viking graves at Pierowall, Westray, by, 55.
  • Reindeer, remains of, found in Brochs, 221, 231.
  • Rhind, Alexander Henry, exploration of the Broch of Kettleburn by, 209.
  • Rousay, Orkney, urns of steatite found in, 71.
  • Rygh, Professor, comparison of oval brooches found in Norway and in Scotland by, 35.
  • Saga of Gisli the Soursop, the, 290.
  • —— the Orkneyinga, 231.
  • Sagas, testimony of the, to the forms of heathen burial, 59.
  • Samian Ware found in Brochs, 237, 242.
  • —— found in crannogs, 270.
  • Saucepan of bronze found at Stanhope, Peeblesshire, 152.
  • —— found in Dowalton Loch, 266.
  • Seafield Tower, Kinghorn, bronze armlet found at, 154.
  • Seal, the flesh of the, as an article of food, 215.
  • Sesi, the, of the Isle of Pantellaria, 206.
  • Shapinsay, Orkney, urn of steatite found in, 72.
  • Shaw Hill, Kirkurd, hoard of gold objects found at, 138.
  • Shields found in Viking graves, 18, 56.
  • —— of bronze, decorated with enamels and figures of animals, 119.
  • Ship-burials of the Viking time in Orkney, 59.
  • —— in Norway, 62, 63.
  • Shoes, burial with, 6, 7.
  • Silver, ornaments of, found in Viking graves, 27, 28.
  • —— hoards of ornaments and coins of, 78, 89, 109.
  • —— Fibula of, found in the Broch of Carn-liath, 223.
  • Skaill, Orkney, hoard of silver ornaments found at, 78.
  • —— ornamented stone balls found at, 168.
  • Skalagrim, burial of, 59.
  • Skinnet, Caithness, Broch of, 199.
  • Skjern, North Jutland, Runic monument at, 99, 100.
  • Skye, arm-rings of silver found in, 109.
  • —— ornamented stone ball found in, 167.
  • Smith, Dr. R. Angus, investigation of Vitrified Fort on Loch Etive by, 277.
  • Smith’s tools found in Viking graves in Scotland, 23.
  • —— found in Viking graves in Scandinavia, 35.
  • Snaburgh, Unst, Shetland, Broch of, 195.
  • Solomon’s seal, geometric figure called, 255, 256.
  • Spoons of bronze, Celtic, 134, 136.
  • Stanhope, Peeblesshire, bronze armlet found at, 150.
  • Stennis, Orkney, arm-rings of silver found at, 109.
  • —— urn of steatite found at, 69.
  • —— finger-rings of gold found at, 106.
  • Stitchell bronze collar found at, 136, 137.
  • Stone cups found in Brochs, 218, 233.
  • Stuart, Professor, description of Earth-houses by, 292.
  • Sutherlandshire, oval brooches found in, 43.
  • —— the Brochs of, 216.
  • Sweindrow, Rousay, Viking sword found at, 45.
  • Swine’s head of bronze found in Banffshire, 117.
  • Sword-hilt of Viking time found in Eigg, 49.
  • —— found at Ultuna in Sweden, 52.
  • Swords of iron found in Viking graves, 17, 33, 45, 48.
  • —— with sheaths of bronze, 121.
  • Sword-sheath of bronze found near Mortonhall, 120.
  • Talayots, the, of the Balearic Islands, 206.
  • Tealing, Forfarshire, Earth-house at, 298.
  • Thor, conventional representations of, 97, 99, 100, 101.
  • Thor’s Hammer, amulets in form of, 91, 99.
  • Thorgrim, priest of Frey, burial of, 60.
  • Tiree, oval brooches found in, 40.
  • Torrs, Kirkcudbright, bronze object like the frontal of a horse, found at, 112.
  • Torwood, Stirlingshire, Broch at, 188.
  • Towers, Round, of Ireland, 204.
  • Towie, Aberdeenshire, bronze ornaments found at, 122.
  • Trelan Bahow, Cornwall, bronze mirror found in a grave at, 131.
  • Truddhu, the, of the Terra d’Otranto, Italy, 206.
  • Tune, Norway, ship-burial at, 63.
  • Tweezers of bronze, 214.
  • Ultuna, Sweden, grave-mound of Iron Age at, 51, 52.
  • Unst, Shetland, urns of steatite found in, 74.
  • Urns of steatite from grave-mounds in Orkney and Shetland, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76.
  • Uyea, Shetland, urn of steatite found in, 73.
  • Valhalla of the Northmen, the, 32.
  • Vases of clay, pierced and containing charcoal and incense, buried in Christian graves, 10, 11, 12.
  • Vik, in Norway, sword found at, 33.
  • Vitrifaction, modern practice of, for macadamising roads, 281.
  • Vitrified Forts of Scotland and France, 275, 280.
  • Walston, Lanarkshire, ornamented bronze ball found at, 161–162.
  • Weaving, implements of, found in Brochs, 252.
  • —— combs used in, 253, 254.
  • Weston, near Bath, bronze spoons found at, 134, 135.
  • Westray, Orkney, Viking graves in, 55, 58.
  • —— large vessel of steatite found in, 76.
  • Williams, John, description of Vitrified Forts by, 276.
  • Whale, the flesh of the, as an article of food, 215.
  • Woollen fabrics from mosses in Orkney and Denmark, 103–106.
  • Yarhouse, Thrumster, Caithness, the Broch of, 195, 223.