The Project Gutenberg eBook of Seaside Studies in Natural History. Marine Animals of Massachusetts Bay. Radiates.
Title: Seaside Studies in Natural History. Marine Animals of Massachusetts Bay. Radiates.
Author: Elizabeth Cabot Cary Agassiz
Alexander Agassiz
Release date: March 5, 2011 [eBook #35490]
Most recently updated: January 7, 2021
Language: English
Credits: Produced by Bryan Ness, Tom Cosmas and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
book was produced from scanned images of public domain
material from the Google Print project.)
RADIATES.
JAMES R. OSGOOD AND COMPANY,
Late Ticknor & Fields, and Fields, Osgood, & Co.
1871.
A L E X A N D E R A G A S S I Z,
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court
for the District of Massachusetts.
Welch, Bigelow, and Company,
Cambridge.
IS AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED BY THE AUTHORS TO
WHOSE PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION HAVE BEEN THE MAIN
GUIDE IN ITS PREPARATION.
This volume is published with the hope of supplying a want often expressed for some seaside book of a popular character, describing the marine animals common to our shores. There are many English books of this kind; but they relate chiefly to the animals of Great Britain, and can only have a general bearing on those of our own coast, which are for the most part specifically different from their European relatives. While keeping this object in view, an attempt has also been made to present the facts in such a connection, with reference to principles of science and to classification, as will give it in some sort the character of a manual of Natural History, in the hope of making it useful not only to the general reader, but also to teachers and to persons desirous of obtaining a more intimate knowledge of the subjects discussed in it. With this purpose, although nearly all the illustrations are taken from among the most common inhabitants of our bay, a few have been added from other localities in order to fill out this little sketch of Radiates, and render it, as far as is possible within such limits, a complete picture of the type.
A few words of explanation are necessary with reference to the joint authorship of the book. The drawings and the investigations, where they are not referred to other observers, have been made by Mr. A. Agassiz, the illustrations having been taken, with very few exceptions, from nature, in order to represent the animals, as far as possible, in their natural attitudes; and the text has been written by Mrs. L. Agassiz, with the assistance of Mr. A. Agassiz's notes and explanations.
Cambridge, May, 1865.
This second edition is a mere reprint of the first. A few mistakes accidentally overlooked have been corrected; an explanation of the abbreviations of the names of writers used after the scientific names has been added, as well as a list of the wood-cuts. The changes which have taken place in the opinions of scientific men with regard to the distribution of animal life in the ocean have been duly noticed in their appropriate place, but no attempt has been made to incorporate more important additions which the progress of our knowledge of Radiates may require hereafter.
Cambridge, January, 1871.
| Page | |
| On Radiates in General | 1 |
| General Sketch of the Polyps | 5 |
| Actinoids | 7 |
| Madreporians | 16 |
| Halcyonoids | 19 |
| General Sketch of Acalephs | 21 |
| Ctenophoræ | 26 |
| Embryology of Ctenophoræ | 34 |
| Discophoræ | 37 |
| Hydroids | 49 |
| Mode of Catching Jelly-Fishes | 85 |
| Echinoderms | 91 |
| Holothurians | 95 |
| Echinoids | 101 |
| Star-Fishes | 108 |
| Ophiurans | 115 |
| Crinoids | 120 |
| Embryology of Echinoderms | 123 |
| Distribution of Life in the Ocean | 141 |
| Systematic Table | 152 |
| Index | 154 |
Unless otherwise specified, the illustrations are drawn from nature by Alex. Agassiz.
| Fig. | Page | |
| 1. | Transverse section of an Actinia (Agassiz) | 5 |
| 2, 3, 4. | Actinia in different degrees of expansion (Agassiz) | 8 |
| 5. | Metridium marginatum fully expanded | 8 |
| 6. | Vertical section of an Actinia | 10 |
| 7. | View from above of an expanded Actinia | 11 |
| 8, 9. | Young Actiniæ | 11 |
| 10. | Rhodactinia Davisii | 13 |
| 11. | Arachnactis brachiolata | 14 |
| 12. | Young Arachnactis | 14 |
| 13. | Young Arachnactis showing the mouth | 14 |
| 14. | Bicidium parasiticum | 15 |
| 15. | Halcampa albida | 16 |
| 16. | Colony of Astrangia Danæ | 17 |
| 17. | Magnified individuals of Astrangia | 17 |
| 18. | Single individual of Astrangia | 18 |
| 19. | Lasso-cell of Astrangia | 18 |
| 20. | Limestone pit of Astrangia | 19 |
| 21. | Single individual of Halcyonium carneum | 19 |
| 22. | Halcyonium community | 20 |
| 23. | Expanded individual of Halcyonium | 20 |
| 24. | Branch of Millepora alcicornis (Agassiz) | 22 |
| 25. | Expanded animals of Millepora (Agassiz) | 22 |
| 26. | Transverse section of branch of Millepora (Agassiz) | 23 |
| 27. | Pleurobrachia rhododactyla (Agassiz) | 27 |
| 28. | The same as Fig. 27 seen in plane of tentacles (Agassiz) | 28 |
| 29. | Pleurobrachia in motion | 29 |
| 30. | Pleurobrachia seen from the extremity opposite the mouth | 30 |
| 31. | Bolina alata seen from the broad side (Agassiz) | 31 |
| 32. | Bolina seen from the narrow side (Agassiz) | 31 |
| 33. | Idyia roseola seen from the broad side (Agassiz) | 32 |
| 34. | Young Pleurobrachia still in the egg | 35 |
| 35. | Young Pleurobrachia swimming in the egg | 35 |
| 36. | Young Pleurobrachia resembling already adult | 35 |
| 37. | Young Idyia | 35 |
| 38. | Young Idyia seen from the anal pole | 36 |
| 39. | Idyia somewhat older than Fig. 37 | 36 |
| 40. | Idyia still older | 36 |
| 41. | Young Bolina in stage resembling Pleurobrachia | 37 |
| 42. | Young Bolina seen from the broad side | 37 |
| 43. | Young Bolina seen from the narrow side | 37 |
| 44. | Cyanea Arctica | 40 |
| 45. | Scyphistoma of Aurelia (Agassiz) | 41 |
| 46. | Scyphistoma older than Fig. 45 (Agassiz) | 41 |
| 47. | Strobila of Aurelia (Agassiz) | 41 |
| 48. | Ephyra of Aurelia (Agassiz) | 42 |
| 49. | Aurelia flavidula seen in profile (Agassiz) | 42 |
| 50. | Aurelia seen from above (Agassiz) | 43 |
| 51. | Campanella pachyderma | 44 |
| 52. | The same from below | 44 |
| 53. | Trachynema digitale | 45 |
| 54. | Haliclystus auricula | 46 |
| 55. | Lucernaria seen from the mouth side | 47 |
| 56. | Young Lucernaria | 48 |
| 57. | Hydrarium of Eucope diaphana | 50 |
| 58. | Magnified portion of Fig. 57 | 50 |
| 59. | Part of marginal tentacles of Eucope | 51 |
| 60. | Young Eucope | 51 |
| 61. | Adult Eucope, profile | 51 |
| 62. | Quarter-disk of Fig. 60 | 51 |
| 63. | Quarter-disk of Eucope older than Fig. 62 | 52 |
| 64. | Quarter-disk of adult Eucope | 52 |
| 65. | Oceania languida just escaped from the reproductive calycle | 53 |
| 66. | Same as Fig. 65 from below | 53 |
| 67. | Young Oceania older than Fig. 65 | 54 |
| Diagram of succession of tentacles | 55 | |
| 68. | Adult Oceania | 55 |
| 69. | Attitude assumed by Oceania | 56 |
| 70. | Clytia bicophora escaped from reproductive calycle | 57 |
| 71. | Somewhat older than Fig. 70 | 57 |
| 72. | Magnified portion of Hydrarium of Clytia | 57 |
| 73. | Adult Clytia | 57 |
| 74. | Zygodactyla groenlandica | 58 |
| 75. | The same seen in profile | 59 |
| 76. | Tima formosa | 61 |
| 77. | One of the lips of the mouth | 61 |
| 78. | Head of Hydrarium of Tima | 62 |
| 79. | Melicertum campanula from above (Agassiz) | 63 |
| 80. | The same seen in profile | 64 |
| 81. | Planula of Melicertum | 65 |
| 82. | Cluster of planulæ | 65 |
| 83. | Young Hydrarium | 65 |
| 84. | Dynamena pumila | 66 |
| 85. | Magnified portion of Fig. 84 | 66 |
| 86. | Dyphasia rosacea | 67 |
| 87. | Medusa of Lafoea | 67 |
| 88. | Colony of Coryne mirabilis (Agassiz) | 68 |
| 89. | Magnified head of Fig. 88 (Agassiz) | 68 |
| 90. | Free Medusa of Coryne (Agassiz) | 68 |
| 91. | Turris vesicaria | 69 |
| 92. | Bougainvillia superciliaris | 70 |
| 93. | Hydrarium of Bougainvillia | 70 |
| 94, 95, 96. | Medusæ buds of Fig. 93 | 71 |
| 97. | Young Medusa just freed from the Hydroid | 71 |
| 98. | Tubularia couthouyi (Agassiz) | 72 |
| 99. | Cluster of Medusæ of Fig. 98 (Agassiz) | 72 |
| 100. | Female colony of Hydractinia polyclina (Agassiz) | 73 |
| 101. | Male colony of the same (Agassiz) | 73 |
| 102. | Unsymmetrical Medusa of Hybocodon prolifer (Agassiz) | 74 |
| 103. | Medusa bud of Hybocodon (Agassiz) | 74 |
| 104. | Hybocodon Hydrarium (Agassiz) | 74 |
| 105. | Dysmorphosa fulgurans | 75 |
| 106. | Proboscis of Fig. 105 with young Medusæ | 75 |
| 107. | Young Nanomia cara | 76 |
| 108. | Nanomia with rudimentary Medusæ | 76 |
| 109. | Nanomia somewhat older than Fig. 108 | 77 |
| 110. | Heart-shaped swimming bell of Nanomia | 77 |
| 111. | Cluster of Medusæ with tentacles having pendent knobs | 78 |
| 112. | Magnified pendent knob | 79 |
| 113. | Medusa with corkscrew-shaped tentacles | 79 |
| 114. | Medusa with simple tentacle | 80 |
| 115. | Adult Nanomia | 81 |
| 116. | Oil float of Nanomia | 82 |
| 117. | Physalia arethusa (Agassiz) | 83 |
| 118. | Bunch of Hydræ (Agassiz) | 84 |
| 119. | Cluster of Medusæ (Agassiz) | 84 |
| 120. | Velella mutica (Agassiz) | 84 |
| 121. | Free Medusa of Velella (Agassiz) | 84 |
| 122. | Ptychogena lactea | 86 |
| 123. | Ovary of Ptychogena | 87 |
| 124. | Synapta tenuis | 95 |
| 125. | Anchor of Synapta | 96 |
| 126. | Caudina arenata | 97 |
| 127. | Cuvieria squamata | 98 |
| 128. | Young Cuvieria | 99 |
| 129. | Cuvieria somewhat older than Fig. 128 | 99 |
| 130. | Pentacta frondosa | 100 |
| 131. | Toxopneustes drobachiensis | 102 |
| 132. | Portion of shell of Fig. 131 without spines (Agassiz) | 103 |
| 133. | Sea-urchin shell without spines (Agassiz) | 103 |
| 134. | Sea-urchin from the mouth side (Agassiz) | 104 |
| 135. | Magnified spine | 104 |
| 136. | Transverse section of spine | 105 |
| 137. | Pedicellaria of Sea-urchin | 105 |
| 138. | Teeth of Sea-urchin | 106 |
| 139. | Echinarachnius parma | 107 |
| 140. | Transverse section of Echinarachnius (Agassiz) | 108 |
| 141. | Ray of Star-fish, seen from mouth side (Agassiz) | 109 |
| 142. | Astracanthion berylinus | 110 |
| 143. | Single spine of Star-fish | 111 |
| 144. | Limestone network of back of Star-fish | 111 |
| 145. | Madreporic body of Star-fish | 111 |
| 146. | Cribrella oculata | 112 |
| 147. | Ctenodiscus crispatus | 114 |
| 148. | Ophiopholis bellis | 115 |
| 149. | Arm of Fig. 148, from the mouth side (Agassiz) | 116 |
| 150. | Tentacle of Ophiopholis | 116 |
| 151. | Astrophyton agassizii | 118 |
| 152. | Pentacrinus | 121 |
| 153. | Alecto meridionalis | 122 |
| 154. | Young Comatulæ | 122 |
| Figs 155, 156, 157. | Egg of Star-fish in different stages of development | 124 |
| 158. | Larva just hatched from egg | 125 |
| 159-164. | Successive stages of development of Larva | 125 |
| 165. | Larva in which arms are developing | 126 |
| 166. | Adult Star-fish Larva (Brachiolaria) | 127 |
| 167. | Fig. 166 seen in profile | 128 |
| 168-170. | Young Star-fish (Astracanthion) in different stages of development | 129 |
| 171. | Lower side of ray of young Star-fish | 130 |
| 172. | Very young Star-fish seen in profile | 130, 130 |
| 173-175. | Larvæ of Sea-urchin (Toxopneustes) in different stages of development | 130, 131 |
| 176. | Adult Larva of Sea-urchin | 132 |
| 177. | Fig. 176 seen endways | 133 |
| 178. | Sea-urchin resorbing the arms of the larva | 133 |
| 179-181. | Successive stages of young Sea-urchin | 133, 134 |
| 182. | Ophiuran which has nearly resorbed the larva | 135 |
| 183. | Larva of Ophiuran (Pluteus) | 136 |
| 184. | Young Ophiuran | 137 |
| 185. | Cluster of eggs of Star-fishes over mouth of parent | 137 |
| Diagram of a rocky beach | 149 |