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Seaside Studies in Natural History. Marine Animals of Massachusetts Bay. Radiates.

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The volume offers a popular, illustrated survey of the radiate animals found along the Massachusetts coast, presenting descriptive accounts of polyps, jelly‑fish, ctenophores, hydroids, and echinoderms. It explains external form and internal anatomy, life cycles and embryology, and principles of classification, and discusses distribution and methods of collecting. Numerous nature‑based illustrations accompany taxonomic sketches and systematic tables, while the text links observable field characters to broader morphological and developmental themes to serve both general readers and students of natural history.

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Title: Seaside Studies in Natural History. Marine Animals of Massachusetts Bay. Radiates.

Author: Elizabeth Cabot Cary Agassiz

Alexander Agassiz

Release date: March 5, 2011 [eBook #35490]
Most recently updated: January 7, 2021

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Bryan Ness, Tom Cosmas and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
book was produced from scanned images of public domain
material from the Google Print project.)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SEASIDE STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY. MARINE ANIMALS OF MASSACHUSETTS BAY. RADIATES. ***

 

 

SEASIDE STUDIES

IN

NATURAL HISTORY.

 

BY

ELIZABETH C. AGASSIZ

AND

ALEXANDER AGASSIZ.

 

MARINE ANIMALS OF MASSACHUSETTS BAY.

RADIATES.

 

 

 

BOSTON:
JAMES R. OSGOOD AND COMPANY,
Late Ticknor & Fields, and Fields, Osgood, & Co.
1871.

 

 

 

 

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1865, by
A L E X A N D E R   A G A S S I Z,
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court
for the District of Massachusetts.

 

 

University Press:
Welch, Bigelow, and Company,
Cambridge.

 

 

 

 

THIS LITTLE BOOK

IS AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED BY THE AUTHORS TO


PROFESSOR L. AGASSIZ,

WHOSE PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION HAVE BEEN THE MAIN

GUIDE IN ITS PREPARATION.

 

 

 

 


PREFACE.

This volume is published with the hope of supplying a want often expressed for some seaside book of a popular character, describing the marine animals common to our shores. There are many English books of this kind; but they relate chiefly to the animals of Great Britain, and can only have a general bearing on those of our own coast, which are for the most part specifically different from their European relatives. While keeping this object in view, an attempt has also been made to present the facts in such a connection, with reference to principles of science and to classification, as will give it in some sort the character of a manual of Natural History, in the hope of making it useful not only to the general reader, but also to teachers and to persons desirous of obtaining a more intimate knowledge of the subjects discussed in it. With this purpose, although nearly all the illustrations are taken from among the most common inhabitants of our bay, a few have been added from other localities in order to fill out this little sketch of Radiates, and render it, as far as is possible within such limits, a complete picture of the type.

A few words of explanation are necessary with reference to the joint authorship of the book. The drawings and the investigations, where they are not referred to other observers, have been made by Mr. A. Agassiz, the illustrations having been taken, with very few exceptions, from nature, in order to represent the animals, as far as possible, in their natural attitudes; and the text has been written by Mrs. L. Agassiz, with the assistance of Mr. A. Agassiz's notes and explanations.

Cambridge, May, 1865.

 



NOTE.

This second edition is a mere reprint of the first. A few mistakes accidentally overlooked have been corrected; an explanation of the abbreviations of the names of writers used after the scientific names has been added, as well as a list of the wood-cuts. The changes which have taken place in the opinions of scientific men with regard to the distribution of animal life in the ocean have been duly noticed in their appropriate place, but no attempt has been made to incorporate more important additions which the progress of our knowledge of Radiates may require hereafter.

Cambridge, January, 1871.

 

 


CONTENTS.
   Page
On Radiates in General 1
General Sketch of the Polyps 5
Actinoids 7
Madreporians 16
Halcyonoids 19
General Sketch of Acalephs 21
Ctenophoræ 26
Embryology of Ctenophoræ 34
Discophoræ 37
Hydroids 49
Mode of Catching Jelly-Fishes 85
Echinoderms 91
Holothurians 95
Echinoids 101
Star-Fishes 108
Ophiurans 115
Crinoids 120
Embryology of Echinoderms 123
Distribution of Life in the Ocean 141
Systematic Table 152
Index 154

 

 


LIST OF THE WOOD-CUTS.

Unless otherwise specified, the illustrations are drawn from nature by Alex. Agassiz.

Fig. Page
  1.Transverse section of an Actinia (Agassiz)5
  2, 3, 4.Actinia in different degrees of expansion (Agassiz)8
  5.Metridium marginatum fully expanded8
  6.Vertical section of an Actinia10
  7.View from above of an expanded Actinia11
  8, 9.Young Actiniæ11
 10.Rhodactinia Davisii13
 11.Arachnactis brachiolata14
 12.Young Arachnactis14
 13.Young Arachnactis showing the mouth14
 14.Bicidium parasiticum15
 15.Halcampa albida16
 16.Colony of Astrangia Danæ17
 17.Magnified individuals of Astrangia17
 18.Single individual of Astrangia18
 19.Lasso-cell of Astrangia18
 20.Limestone pit of Astrangia19
 21.Single individual of Halcyonium carneum19
 22.Halcyonium community20
 23.Expanded individual of Halcyonium20
 24.Branch of Millepora alcicornis (Agassiz)22
 25.Expanded animals of Millepora (Agassiz)22
 26.Transverse section of branch of Millepora (Agassiz)23
 27.Pleurobrachia rhododactyla (Agassiz)27
 28.The same as Fig. 27 seen in plane of tentacles (Agassiz)28
 29.Pleurobrachia in motion29
 30.Pleurobrachia seen from the extremity opposite the mouth30
 31.Bolina alata seen from the broad side (Agassiz)31
 32.Bolina seen from the narrow side (Agassiz)31
 33.Idyia roseola seen from the broad side (Agassiz)32
 34.Young Pleurobrachia still in the egg35
 35.Young Pleurobrachia swimming in the egg35
 36. Young Pleurobrachia resembling already adult35
 37.Young Idyia35
 38. Young Idyia seen from the anal pole36
 39. Idyia somewhat older than Fig. 3736
 40. Idyia still older36
 41. Young Bolina in stage resembling Pleurobrachia37
 42. Young Bolina seen from the broad side37
 43. Young Bolina seen from the narrow side37
 44. Cyanea Arctica40
 45. Scyphistoma of Aurelia (Agassiz)41
 46. Scyphistoma older than Fig. 45 (Agassiz)41
 47. Strobila of Aurelia (Agassiz)41
 48. Ephyra of Aurelia (Agassiz)42
 49. Aurelia flavidula seen in profile (Agassiz)42
 50. Aurelia seen from above (Agassiz)43
 51.Campanella pachyderma44
 52.The same from below44
 53.Trachynema digitale45
 54.Haliclystus auricula46
 55.Lucernaria seen from the mouth side47
 56.Young Lucernaria48
 57.Hydrarium of Eucope diaphana50
 58.Magnified portion of Fig. 5750
 59.Part of marginal tentacles of Eucope51
 60.Young Eucope51
 61.Adult Eucope, profile51
 62.Quarter-disk of Fig. 6051
 63.Quarter-disk of Eucope older than Fig. 6252
 64.Quarter-disk of adult Eucope52
 65.Oceania languida just escaped from the reproductive calycle53
 66.Same as Fig. 65 from below53
 67.Young Oceania older than Fig. 6554
 Diagram of succession of tentacles55
 68.Adult Oceania55
 69.Attitude assumed by Oceania56
 70.Clytia bicophora escaped from reproductive calycle57
 71.Somewhat older than Fig. 7057
 72.Magnified portion of Hydrarium of Clytia57
 73.Adult Clytia57
 74.Zygodactyla groenlandica58
 75.The same seen in profile59
 76.Tima formosa61
 77.One of the lips of the mouth61
 78.Head of Hydrarium of Tima62
 79.Melicertum campanula from above (Agassiz)63
 80.The same seen in profile64
 81.Planula of Melicertum65
 82.Cluster of planulæ65
 83.Young Hydrarium65
 84.Dynamena pumila66
 85.Magnified portion of Fig. 8466
 86.Dyphasia rosacea67
 87.Medusa of Lafoea67
 88.Colony of Coryne mirabilis (Agassiz)68
 89.Magnified head of Fig. 88 (Agassiz)68
 90.Free Medusa of Coryne (Agassiz)68
 91.Turris vesicaria69
 92.Bougainvillia superciliaris70
 93.Hydrarium of Bougainvillia70
 94, 95, 96.Medusæ buds of Fig. 9371
 97.Young Medusa just freed from the Hydroid71
 98.Tubularia couthouyi (Agassiz)72
 99.Cluster of Medusæ of Fig. 98 (Agassiz)72
100.Female colony of Hydractinia polyclina (Agassiz)73
101.Male colony of the same (Agassiz)73
102.Unsymmetrical Medusa of Hybocodon prolifer (Agassiz)74
103.Medusa bud of Hybocodon (Agassiz)74
104.Hybocodon Hydrarium (Agassiz)74
105.Dysmorphosa fulgurans75
106.Proboscis of Fig. 105 with young Medusæ75
107.Young Nanomia cara76
108.Nanomia with rudimentary Medusæ76
109.Nanomia somewhat older than Fig. 10877
110.Heart-shaped swimming bell of Nanomia77
111.Cluster of Medusæ with tentacles having pendent knobs78
112.Magnified pendent knob79
113.Medusa with corkscrew-shaped tentacles79
114.Medusa with simple tentacle80
115.Adult Nanomia81
116.Oil float of Nanomia82
117.Physalia arethusa (Agassiz)83
118.Bunch of Hydræ (Agassiz)84
119.Cluster of Medusæ (Agassiz)84
120.Velella mutica (Agassiz)84
121.Free Medusa of Velella (Agassiz)84
122.Ptychogena lactea86
123.Ovary of Ptychogena87
124.Synapta tenuis95
125.Anchor of Synapta96
126.Caudina arenata97
127.Cuvieria squamata98
128.Young Cuvieria99
129.Cuvieria somewhat older than Fig. 12899
130.Pentacta frondosa100
131.Toxopneustes drobachiensis102
132.Portion of shell of Fig. 131 without spines (Agassiz)103
133.Sea-urchin shell without spines (Agassiz)103
134.Sea-urchin from the mouth side (Agassiz)104
135.Magnified spine104
136.Transverse section of spine105
137.Pedicellaria of Sea-urchin105
138.Teeth of Sea-urchin106
139.Echinarachnius parma107
140.Transverse section of Echinarachnius (Agassiz)108
141.Ray of Star-fish, seen from mouth side (Agassiz)109
142.Astracanthion berylinus110
143.Single spine of Star-fish111
144.Limestone network of back of Star-fish111
145.Madreporic body of Star-fish111
146.Cribrella oculata112
147.Ctenodiscus crispatus114
148.Ophiopholis bellis115
149.Arm of Fig. 148, from the mouth side (Agassiz)116
150.Tentacle of Ophiopholis116
151.Astrophyton agassizii118
152.Pentacrinus121
153.Alecto meridionalis122
154.Young Comatulæ122
Figs 155, 156, 157.Egg of Star-fish in different stages of development124
158.Larva just hatched from egg125
159-164.Successive stages of development of Larva125
165.Larva in which arms are developing126
166.Adult Star-fish Larva (Brachiolaria)127
167.Fig. 166 seen in profile128
168-170.Young Star-fish (Astracanthion) in different stages of development129
171.Lower side of ray of young Star-fish130
172.Very young Star-fish seen in profile130, 130
173-175.Larvæ of Sea-urchin (Toxopneustes) in different stages of development130, 131
176.Adult Larva of Sea-urchin132
177.Fig. 176 seen endways133
178.Sea-urchin resorbing the arms of the larva133
179-181.Successive stages of young Sea-urchin133, 134
182.Ophiuran which has nearly resorbed the larva135
183.Larva of Ophiuran (Pluteus)136
184.Young Ophiuran137
185.Cluster of eggs of Star-fishes over mouth of parent137
 Diagram of a rocky beach149