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Secret Diplomacy: How Far Can It Be Eliminated?

Chapter 21: INDEX
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About This Book

The author traces the historical development of secret diplomacy from the eighteenth century through great-power maneuvering and the wartime period, analyzing methods, motives, and key episodes. He argues that clandestine agreements and covert bargaining foster suspicion, erode public confidence, and undermine democratic accountability, contributing to the breakdown of trust during the great conflict and its settlement. The study examines parliamentary and public roles, compares national practices including recent American experience, and evaluates efforts to increase publicity and reform diplomatic practice while identifying political and institutional obstacles to eliminating secrecy.

INDEX

  • Absolutism, survival of, 181 ff., 208
  • Absolutist politics, 148
  • Absolutist tradition in diplomacy, 208
  • Adams, John Quincy, 24
  • Adriatic memorandum, 201, 203
  • Aehrenthal, 106
  • Afghanistan, 157
  • Afghan war, 69
  • Agadir, 81
  • Algeciras, Act of, 80
  • American government, 16, 18, 119, 173, 194 ff., 196
  • American idealism, 207
  • Alexander I, 46
  • Alliances, 70, 73
  • Alsace-Lorraine, 64, 121, 123
  • Anglo-French Entente, 79, 89, 93
  • Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 73, 74
  • Antwerp, 91
  • Apathy of the public, 172, 173
  • Appearances, 32
  • Archives, 51
  • Armament interests, 147
  • Asquith, Herbert H., 85, 87, 88
  • Australia, 210
  • Austria-Hungary, 48, 49, 61, 62, 65, 70, 104, 105, 107, 109, 110, 120, 121, 123, 124, 132
  • Balfour, Arthur J., 140, 141, 161, 162, 168, 176, 187
  • Balkans, 97, 104, 113, 146
  • Barnardiston, Colonel, 91
  • Bavaria, 61
  • Beaconsfield, Lord, 67, 68, 69
  • Belgian General Staff, 91
  • Belgian neutrality, 62, 91
  • Benedetti, 53, 62
  • Berchtold, Count, 104, 105, 106, 114
  • Beresford, Lord, 87
  • Bethmann-Hollweg, 104, 106, 107
  • Beyens, Baron, 114
  • Bismarck, 5, 11, 31, 49, 51, 53, 61, 63, 64, 70, 140, 184
  • Bjorkoe meeting, 1905, 76
  • Blue Books, 156
  • Borgo, Pozzo di, 46
  • Bosnia, 114
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina, 65, 105
  • Bribery, 41, 42, 48
  • Bright, John, 55, 67, 157
  • British diplomacy, 20
  • Buchanan, William J., 138
  • Buelow, Prince, 76
  • Bulgaria, 122
  • Byles, Sir W., 88
  • Cabinet, 158
  • Cabinet and Parliament, 56
  • Callières, practice of diplomacy, 27, 29, 32
  • Canada, 210
  • Canning, Stratford, 54, 57
  • Caste, diplomatic, 184
  • Castlereagh, 47
  • Catherine, Empress, 36, 42, 43, 44
  • Cavour, 60
  • Cecil, Lord Hugh, 86
  • Censure of news, 145
  • Central Powers, 120
  • Charles, Emperor of Austria, 121, 123
  • Charles II, 152
  • Cheradame, M., 177
  • Chili-Argentinian boundary dispute, 138
  • China, 117, 126, 127, 143, 199, 208
  • China, breaking off relations with Germany, 127, 128
  • Chinese people, 20
  • Chinese public opinion, 21
  • Chino-Japanese war, 72
  • Christian ideal, 190
  • Clarendon, Earl of, 55, 57, 155, 157
  • Comité du Maroc, 80
  • Common interests, 14, 219
  • Communist Party and international affairs, 179
  • “Compensations,” 65, 98, 123
  • Conference diplomacy, 15, 219
  • Conferences, international technical, 219
  • Congress, 150
  • Constantinople, 54, 201
  • Continental system, 84
  • Council of Five, 130
  • Counter-Insurance Treaty, 70
  • Crimean war, 54, 55, 56, 59
  • Cromer, Lord, 101, 171, 172
  • Cromwell, 34
  • Crown, prerogative of the, 153, 154
  • Cyprus protectorate, 67
  • Czecho-Slovakia, 132
  • Czernin, Count, 106, 121, 123, 124, 169, 189
  • Daily Mail, London, 205
  • De Bass, 34
  • De Tocqueville, 170
  • De Torcy, 31, 41
  • Deceit, 28, 29, 39
  • Deception, 136
  • Declarations, general, 142, 144, 186
  • Delcassé, M., 78
  • Dementi, 66, 125
  • Democracy, 10, 158, 159, 170, 172, 214, 221
  • Denmark, 37
  • Derby, Lord, 69
  • D’Estournelles de Constant, Baron, 82
  • Dickinson, G. Lowes, 178
  • Digest of International Law, 196
  • Dillon, Dr. E. J., 130
  • Dillon, John, 81, 82, 158
  • Diplomacy, personal, 23, 52, 55, 184
  • Diplomacy of authority, 64
  • Diplomacy resembling war, 49
  • Diplomatic fraternity, 219
  • Diplomatic literature, 51
  • Diplomatic Service, spirit of the, 218
  • Disillusionment, 200, 202
  • Disraeli, 50, 67, 68, 69
  • d’Orsat, Cardinal, 30, 33
  • Double-dealing, 73
  • Drake, 33
  • Du Luc, Count, 31
  • Dual Alliance, 71
  • “Empire,” 68
  • Ems dispatch, 63
  • English-speaking powers, 119, 204, 210
  • Experts, 8, 111
  • Falsiloquy, 26
  • Far Eastern situation, 72, 199, 201
  • Federalist, 150
  • Ferdinand of Bulgaria, 113
  • Feria, Duke of, 33
  • Fez, 80
  • Forgach, Count, 105
  • France, 48, 60, 61, 62, 70, 75, 78, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 95, 97, 117, 132, 133
  • Francis Joseph, Emperor, 105, 107
  • Franco-Hungarian intrigues, 132
  • Franco-Prussian war, 64
  • Franco-Russian Alliance, 97
  • Franco-Russian military convention of August, 1912, 93
  • “Frankness,” 32, 40, 64, 143
  • Frederick II, 38, 39, 42, 103
  • French Parliament, 82
  • “Friends of liberty,” 38
  • Foreign Office Vote, 186
  • Foreign Relations of the United States, 195
  • Fox, Charles James, 43
  • German diplomacy, 103
  • German-Russian agreement, 76, 77
  • Germany, 62, 64, 70, 71, 78, 81, 89, 95, 102, 103, 106, 176
  • Giolliti, Signor, 187
  • Gladstone, 67
  • Golden Rule, 47, 195
  • Gossip, 137
  • Granville, Lord, 55, 66, 157
  • Great Britain, 48, 65, 67, 72, 84, 88, 97, 117, 119, 143, 210
  • Great War, 6, 99, 112, 174, 178
  • Greindl, Baron, 94
  • Grey, Sir Edward, 80, 88, 89, 90, 96, 97, 100, 160, 178
  • Gross, M., 38
  • Grotius, 11, 14, 15, 24, 26
  • Guillaume, Baron, 94
  • Haldane, Viscount, 88, 100
  • Harris, Sir James, 29, 38, 40, 42
  • Harvey, T. Edmund, 97
  • Hayashi, Count, 73
  • Holy Alliance, 46
  • Honor, 110
  • House of Lords and foreign affairs, 66, 153
  • Hughes, Secretary, 16
  • Human equation, 9
  • Human welfare, 222
  • Humanitarian professions, 142
  • Hungarian railways, 133
  • Ideals professed, 117, 142, 186
  • India, 20, 210
  • India, frontier of, 69
  • Indifference, public, 172, 173
  • Infallibility does not exist, 176
  • Instincts, 215
  • Isvolsky, 75, 93, 114
  • Italy, 117, 124
  • Ito, Marquis, 73
  • Japan, 19, 72, 73, 117, 119, 124, 126, 127, 142, 143, 199, 202
  • Japan, absolutism, 185
  • Janushkevich, General, 115
  • Jay, John, 150, 194, 195
  • Jowett, F. W., 85
  • Jungbluth, General, 91
  • Kinloch-Cooke, Sir C., 87
  • Knox, Secretary, 19, 143
  • Korea, 143
  • Krupp Iron Works, 147
  • Labouchere, 50, 51, 55
  • Lalaing, Count de, 94
  • Lamsdorff, Count, 76, 77
  • Lansdowne, Lord, 73, 79, 96
  • Lansing-Ishii notes, 199
  • Law, Bonar, 204
  • League of Nations, 7, 188, 218
  • Leutrum, Countess, 105
  • Liberal theory of state, 3
  • Lincoln, 221
  • Lloyd-George, 122
  • London, Pact of, 120, 123
  • Loreburn, Lord, 95, 96, 98, 116
  • Lords, House of, 66, 153
  • Louis XI, 28
  • Louis XV, 52
  • Lowell, J. R., 182
  • Lytton, Lord, 172
  • Macartney, Sir George, 37
  • Machiavelli, 11, 14, 24, 28, 40, 182
  • MacNeill, Swift, 160
  • Malmesbury, Lord, 29, 38, 40
  • Manchuria, 143
  • Manchurian railway neutralization, 19
  • Mandates, 131
  • Manipulations, 212, 221
  • Mankind, underlying unity of, 191
  • Manteuffel, 50
  • Marcy, Secretary, 50
  • Marlborough, Duke of, 41
  • “Material for statesmanship,” 215
  • Matin, 82
  • Mazarin, Cardinal, 33
  • Mediterranean situation, 87, 88
  • Mehée de la Touche, 33
  • Memoirs, Eighteenth Century, 25
  • Methods of diplomacy and of private business, 4, 140, 163, 169
  • Metternich, 35, 46, 47
  • Militarists, German, 105, 185
  • Militarists, Russian, 105, 115
  • Military assistance, 85, 90, 92, 93
  • Minority interests, 183
  • Monarchist diplomacy, 23
  • Monroe Doctrine, 18, 215
  • Moore, John Bassett, 196, 197
  • Morny, Duc de, 53
  • Morocco, 60, 71, 78, 79, 82, 89, 101, 143
  • Murray, Gilbert, 172
  • Napoleon I, 35, 46, 48
  • Napoleon III, 5, 52, 53, 56, 60, 62, 63
  • Naval assistance, 87, 90, 92, 93
  • Nationalism, 11
  • Near East, 134
  • Necessity of war, 118
  • Newspapers, 171, 223
  • Nicholas II, 56
  • Nicholas III, 75, 77, 115
  • North Pacific islands, 19, 128, 202
  • Notes, exchange of, November, 1912, 92
  • Objectives, constancy of, 212
  • Open covenants, 130
  • Open Door, 18, 144
  • Pact of London, 120, 123
  • Palmerston, 31, 54, 56, 59, 68
  • Panin, 37, 42, 43
  • Parliament and foreign affairs, 149 ff.
  • Parliament and secret diplomacy, 82, 85, 94, 95, 98, 149 ff.
  • Peace Conference of Paris, 129, 130
  • “Peace of Asia,” 143
  • Pelham, 154
  • “People who are not responsible,” 168, 216
  • Pester Lloyd, 110
  • Pinckney, 44
  • Plutocratic control, 183
  • Poincaré, President, 93, 121
  • Poland, 47, 118
  • Policy, diplomatic, 48, 58, 166
  • Polish Question, 118
  • Politics, essence of, 13, 39
  • Polk, Undersecretary, 203
  • Port Arthur, surrender, 72
  • Portugal, 15, 190
  • Potemkin, Prince, 41, 43
  • Press, control of, 145, 171
  • Pressensé, Francis de, 80
  • Prestige, 176
  • Preventive war, 13, 64, 106, 108
  • Private business and diplomatic affairs, 4, 140, 163, 169
  • Propaganda, 216
  • Prussia, 49, 53, 61, 62
  • Public opinion, crime against, 144
  • Public opinion and diplomacy, 58, 102, 112, 144, 166 ff.
  • Publicity, 216, 217
  • Rashness, alleged, of the people, 177
  • “Raw material for brilliant careers,” 185
  • Realpolitik, 103
  • Reichstag, 102
  • Representative government, 58
  • Ribot, Alexander, 123
  • Roosevelt, President, 151
  • Rosebery, Lord, 66
  • Rosebery, Lord, on Anglo-Japanese treaty, 74
  • Rosebery, Lord, on Entente, 84
  • Rosen, Baron, 74
  • Roumania, 118
  • Russell, Lord John, 52, 57
  • Russia, 7, 37, 55, 65, 67, 70, 75, 78, 97, 104, 105, 108, 109, 114, 143, 146, 208, 212
  • Russian diplomatic policy, 112
  • Russian local agents, 54
  • Russo-French Alliance, 70
  • Russo-Turkish war, 65
  • Salisbury, Marquis of, 66, 157
  • San Domingo, 151
  • San Stefano, treaty of, 65
  • Sandwich, Earl of, 37
  • Savoy and Nice, 60
  • Sazonov, 112, 115, 133
  • Schleswig-Holstein, 61
  • Schuvalof agreement, 156
  • Secret diplomacy, abolition of, 127, 218
  • “Secret diplomacy” used in a special sense, 52, 57
  • Secret procedure, Paris Conference, 7
  • Secret service, 22, 28, 41, 50, 136, 137
  • Secret treaties, 48, 61, 65, 67, 71, 76, 78, 79, 113, 116 ff., 119, 134, 164
  • Senate and foreign affairs, 151, 197
  • Servian question, 104, 108, 113
  • Shantung, 117, 125, 128
  • Sixtus, Prince, of Bourbon, 120
  • South Pacific Islands, 119
  • Soviet Russia, 133, 179
  • Speech of August 3, 1914, 89, 96
  • Spheres of influence, 79
  • St. Petersburg, 40, 52, 73
  • Standing Committee of Foreign Affairs, proposed, 162, 164, 186
  • Standing committee on foreign and colonial affairs in France, 187
  • Stanhope, Lord, 31
  • Stratagem, 138
  • Stratford de Redcliffe, 54, 55, 57
  • Survival, 13
  • Suspicion, 6, 17, 54, 72, 100, 126, 136, 141
  • Sweden, 37
  • Talleyrand, 44, 46
  • Temps, 82
  • Tibet, 144
  • Times, London, 204, 205
  • Traité de diplomatie, Garden, 48
  • Treaties, publication of all, 188, 205, 206
  • Treaty of Versailles, 129
  • Triple Alliance, 70
  • Trotsky, 179
  • Truthfulness of diplomacy, 12, 30
  • Tschirsky, Von, 77, 106, 107
  • Turkey, 38, 67
  • Turkish Empire, 60
  • Twenty-one demands, 117, 125
  • Two-party system, 152
  • United Colonies of America, 149
  • United States, 119, 151, 174, 186, 194 ff., 201, 209
  • Vattel, 26
  • Vienna, Congress of, 45
  • Viviani, M., 115
  • Walpole, Sir Robert, 154
  • Walpole, Horace, 45
  • War, declaration of, 186, 187
  • Washington, Conference of, 1921, 16
  • Wells, H. G., 185
  • Westminster Gazette, 204
  • Whist, 50
  • William I, 63
  • William II, 75, 76, 78
  • William III of England, 153
  • Willy-Nicky correspondence, 75
  • Wilson, President, 21, 129, 169, 200, 201, 203, 204
  • Wotton, Sir Henry, 28
  • Wyndham, 153
  • Xavier, Prince of Bourbon, 120, 123
  • Yap, 201, 202
  • Yerburgh, Mr., 85
  • Yugo-Slavia and France, 133