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Secrets of Earth and Sea

Chapter 3: LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
By Sir E. Ray Lankester
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About This Book

A collection of popular scientific essays that survey fossil animals, prehistoric art, volcanic eruptions, marine life, and practical aspects of geology and biology. The author recounts discoveries of mammoth and reptile remains, discusses species, hybrids, and evolutionary change, examines microscopic life such as rotifers and phenomena like suspended animation, and traces cultural motifs such as the swastika. Other pieces treat coal and oil, lime-juice and scurvy, and observations on Vesuvius and blue water. Across varied topics the essays combine natural-history description, interpretations of form and function, and advocacy for expanding public scientific knowledge.

Dimetrodon Frontispiece
FIGS. PAGE
1, 2. Engraved Cylinder of Red-Deer's Antler, from the Azilian (Elapho-Tarandian) Horizon of the Cavern of Lortet 1
3. A. Perforated Harpoon of the Azilian or Red-Deer Period. B. and C. Imperforate Harpoons or Lance Heads 3
4. Rolled Impression or "Development" of the Engraving on the Lortet Antler 12
5. Restoration (or Completion) of the Engraving on the Lortet Antler 13
6. Fragment of a Roughly-painted Vase of the Dipylon Age (circa 800 b.c.) from Tiryns 23
7. Engraving of a Mammoth drawn upon a Piece of Mammoth Ivory 26
8. Outline Engravings of Mammoths on the Wall of the Cavern known as the "Font de Gaume," near Eyzies (Dordogne) 32
9. Similar Engravings from the Neighbouring Cave of Combarelles 32
10. A, Similar Engraving from the Cave of Combarelles. B, Mammoth enclosed by Plank-like Structure–supposed to be either a Cage or a Trap 33
11. Horse (Wall Engraving), Cave of Marsoulas, Haute Garonne 43
12. Horse (Wall Engraving) Outline in Black, Cave of Niaux (Ariège) 43
13. Horses: A, Wall Engraving (Cave of Hornos de la Péna). B, Wall Engraving from Cavern of Combarelles. C, engraved on reindeer Antler (Mas d'Azil) 43
14. Drawing (of the Actual Size of the Original) of a Flat Carving in Shoulder-bone of a Horse's Head, showing Twisted Rope-bridle and Trappings 45
15. Drawing (of the Actual Size of the Original) of a fully rounded Carving in Reindeer's Antler of the Head of a Neighing Horse 45
16. Reindeer (Engraving on Schist) 46
17. Rhinoceros in Red Outline 46
18. Bison from the Roof of the Cavern of Altamira 48
19. Bison: Wall Engravings 48
20. Bear: Engraved on Stalagmite, from the Cave of Teyjat near Eyzies 48
21. Bear: Engraved on Stone, Massol (Ariège) 48
22. Wolf: Engraved on Wall of the Cave of Combarelles 48
23. Wall Engraving of a Cave Lion (Combarelles) 48
24. Goose: Small Engraving on Reindeer Antler 49
25. Female Figure carved in Oolitic Limestone from Willendorf, near Krems, Lower Austria (1908) 50
26. Drawing (of the Actual Size of the Original) of an Ivory Carving (fully rounded) of a Female Head 51
27. Seated Figure of a Woman holding a Bovine Horn in the Right Hand 51
28. Male Figure represented in the Act of drawing a Bow or throwing a Spear 51
29. A Piece of Mammoth Ivory carved with Spirals and Scrolls from the Cave of Arudy (Hautes Pyrénées) 54
30. Vesuvius as it appeared before the Eruption of August 24, a.d. 79 57
31. Five Successive Stages in the Change of Form of Vesuvius (from Phillips' "Vesuvius," 1869) 61
32. The Upper-arm Bone or Humerus of the Great Reptile (Gigantosaurus) of Tendagoroo 88
The Gigantic Reptile Diplodocus on Land 91
33. The Rudimentary Gill-plume of a Crayfish from that Part of the Body-wall to which the First Pair of Jaw-legs (Maxillipedes) is articulated 122
Strangely-shaped Fishes 130
34. Diagram of Rotifer vulgaris–The Common Wheel Animalcule–One Hundred and Twenty Times as long as the Creature itself 158
35. The Rotifer Pedalion mirum–seen from the Right Side, magnified 180 Diameters 161
36. The Rotifer Pedalion mirum–seen from the Ventral Surface 161
37. The Rotifer Noteus quadricornis–to show its curious Four-horned Carapace 163
The Larval or Young Form of Crustacea known as "the Nauplius" 164
37 (bis). Three Tube-building Wheel Animacules 169
Young Stages of Growth or Veliger Larvæ of Marine Snails 181
38. The Swastika in its simplest Rectangular Form 191
39. Three Simple Varieties of the Swastika 192
40. Footprint of the Buddha 192
41. Vase from Cyprus (Mykenæan Age, circa 1200 b.c.); Painted with Lotus, Bird and Four Swastikas 194
42. Terra-Cotta Spindle-Whorl marked with Swastikas 194
43. Ornament from an Archaic (pre-Hellenic) Bœotian Vase, showing Several Swastikas, Greek Crosses and Two Serpents 195
43 (bis). Swastikas in Bronze Repoussé 195
44. Silver-plated Bronze Horse Gear from Scandinavia, showing two Swastikas, and below a Complex Elaboration of a Swastika 195
45. Anglo-Saxon Urn from Shropham, Norfolk, Ornamented by Twenty Small Hand-made Swastikas stamped into the Clay 195
46. Piece of a Ceremonial Bead-worked Garter, showing Star and Two Swastikas 197
47. A Stone Slab from the Ancient City of Mayapan (Yucatan, Central America), on which (Right Side) a Curvilinear Swastika is carved 198
48. Diagram to show the Derivation of the Swastika from a Greek Cross enclosed by a Circle 199
49. The Greek Key Pattern in A Rectangular, and B Curvilinear or "Current" Form 202
50. Diagrams of the "Triskelion" 203
51. Four Stages in the Simplification of a Decorative Design–The Alligator 205
52. Simplification (grammatizing) of Decorative Design 206
53. Spindle-Whorl from Troy (Fourth City), with Three Swastikas 206
54. The "Tomoye"–The Japanese Badge of Triumph 209
55. Symbols of the History of the Universe used by the Ancient Chinese Philosopher Chu-Hsi 209
56. Diagrams to show the possible Derivation of the Swastika from the Inscription of Two S-like Lines (or "Ogees") within a Circle so as to divide the Circle into Four Bent Cones 209
57. Terra-cotta Cone with a Seven-armed Sun-like Figure 211
58. Scalloped Shell Disk, from a Mound near Nashville, Tennessee, showing in the Centre a Tetraskelion with Four Curved Arms 211
59. An Altar-stone of Prehistoric Age 213
60. Diagrams of Arbeli 214

SECRETS OF EARTH AND SEA