- Ages, successive, of stone, bronze, and iron, 4
- Aitken, Dr., F.R.S., on fog, cloud, and odoriferous particles, 77
- Alligator, simplification of, in the decorative work of the Chiriqui Indians, 205
- Altamira, cave of, discovery of pictures in, 28
- America (Central), stone slab from, with carved swastika, 198
- American Indians bead-work garter with two swastikas, 197
- Anglo-Saxon urn ornamented with swastikas, 196
- Aniline, 224
- Animalcules, wheel, 157-172
- Animation, suspended, 173-190
- Anthracite, 217, 219
- Anti-scorbutic value of germinating wheat, barley, peas, beans, lentils, discovered, 237
- Anti-scorbutics, no use when dried, 230
- or preservatives against scurvy described, 235-236 studied at the Lister Institute, 233
- Antler, engraved, from the cavern of Lortet, 1
- Arbelus, the, of ancient Greek geometers, 215
- Asphalt, 223, 225
- Aurignacian negroid race, 8
- Bacteria, suspended animation of, 177, 186, 187, 188
- Bear engraved on stalagmite, 48
- Beer, modern, not so effective an anti-scorbutic (preserver from scurvy) as older sorts, 237
- Benzine, 224
- Bison, pictures of, from walls of caves, 47
- Bitumen, 223, 224
- Bituminous coal, 219
- Blue blood and pride of race, 154
- colour of frogs, 78
- of the Lake of Geneva, 83
- of water, 74-85
- Grotto of Capri, 82
- Breeding and inter-breeding as a test, 102, 104, 131
- Bridle seen in engravings of horse, 43, 45
- Brown, Horace, F.R.S., his experiments with seeds at low temperatures, 175
- Bruce, Sir David, his report of the work done by the Lister Institute in 1919, 233
- Buddha, footprint of the, picture showing swastikas, 193
- Bumpus, Prof., on variation in sparrows, 118
- Burnett, Sir William, by mistake introduces in the Navy juice of the
- sour-lime in place of lemon-juice, 236
- Burning water, fountains of, 225
- Butterflies of the genus Vanessa, 97
- several different species of white and of blue, 97
- several species united to form one larger kind–a genus, 95
- species of, 94
- the kinds of, 94
- Caloric, an assumed entity, 186
- Cannel (or candle) coal, 219
- Carbon, weight of, annually discharged over London, 218
- Carboniferous system, the, 221
- Cats, male, with blue eyes are deaf, 120
- Cause of survival in the struggle for life, 118, 119
- Cave of Altamira, 28, 47
- of Brassempouy, 51
- of Combarelles, 32
- of Font de Gaume, 29, 32
- of Laugerie basse, 46
- of Lortet, 1
- of Marsoulas (Haute Garonne), 43
- of Mas d'Azil, 43
- of Niaux (Ariège), 43
- of St. Michel d'Arudy, 45
- Caves, pictures on walls of, 7
- Census of species of animals, 129
- Chick, Dr. Harriette, secretary, and Dr. Hopkins, F.R.S., chairman, of a committee investigating accessory food-factors, 234
- Chinese "great monad," 210
- Circle, how to divide it so as to describe a Tomoye, 214
- Citrus medica limonum, the lemon, 236
- acida, the West Indian sour-lime, 236
- Coal, 217-222
- mines, annual output of, 221
- Coal-tar, 224
- Coffer-fish, 130
- Cold, action of extreme, in preventing chemical combination, 177
- Copan, circular altar-stone from, divided by an S-shaped trough so as to resemble the Tomoye, 213
- Correlated characters or structures, 119, 125
- Crab, common shore, variations in, 118
- Crag, the Red, of Suffolk, 38
- the Norwich, 38
- Crayfish, species of, 120
- Cromagnard race, 8, 9
- Cross-breeding of races, 140-156
- Crystal Palace, the, sixty years ago, 84
- Decorative design, 200-208
- Deer, the picture of the Three, 13
- Dewar, Sir James, his important experiments on action of cold and of light on phosphorescent bacteria, 188
- Diplodocus, a gigantic reptile, 85, 91
- Discoveries falsely announced, and others misrepresented or unnoticed by newspapers, 173, 176
- Dolphins (oceanic colour-changing fish), 130
- Equus the horse genus, the history of, 103
- Exuberances of non-significant growth, 127, 130
- Fat boys of journalism, 173
- Fertilization, resistance to hybrid, 136, 137, 138
- Fish drawn between horse's legs, 23
- Fishes, examples of strangely-shaped, 130
- Fleas, species of, 105
- Flowers of tan survive desiccation, 179
- Food, the accessory factors in, 233
- Fylfot, the, 191
- Gammadion, the, 191
- Geometrical properties of the Tomoye, 216
- Germ variation, a constant process, 112
- Gigantic reptiles, 85, 87
- Gigantosaurus, discovery of, in Africa, 87
- upper-arm bone of, compared with that of an elephant and of man, 88
- Gills of crayfishes, 121
- a new one discovered by a lady student at Oxford, 123
- Glacial period, 6
- Goose engraved on reindeer antler, 49
- Grammatizing v. naturalizing in decorative art, 202, 203
- Grouse, the red and allied species, 116, 117
- Harpoons of Azilian and Magdalenian period, 3
- Horses, cave-men's pictures of, 43, 45
- Horses' heads drawn with bridle or halter, 43, 45
- Hybrids, 131-138
- among allied species of fish, 133, 134
- infertile and fertile, 134, 135
- Inter-Glacial climate and animals, 9
- Kaleidoscope, the living organism compared to a, 112
- Kelvin, Lord, on the origin of life, 186
- Kipling, Mr. Rudyard, on primitive man, 4
- Koban necropolis, swastikas from, 196
- Lake dwellings of Switzerland, 4
- Lalanne, M., discovery by, of human statuettes, 50
- Laussel, rock-shelter of, human statuettes from, 50
- Life-saving qualities not alone survive in nature, 127
- Lime-juice, action of, was not understood, 231
- and scurvy, 229-237
- on long voyages, 231
- shown to be effective when prepared from the true lemon, 236
- the original lime-juice was lemon-juice, not the juice of the sour-lime, 236
- when prepared from West Indian sour-lime not effective, 232
- Linnæus, his method of naming and classifying animals and plants, 99
- Lion, wall engraving of, 48
- Lister Institute, investigations carried on there, 233
- Lodge, Sir Oliver, on life, 185
- Lortet, cavern of, 1
- Mammoth, engraving of, on ivory, from the cave of La Madeleine, 26
- Mammoths, engravings of, on walls of caves, 32, 33
- Man, Isle of, and the Sicilian three-legged emblem, 203
- Mantell, Dr. Gideon, discoverer of gigantic extinct reptiles, 84
- Marsh-gas, 220
- Milne-Edwards, Alphonse, his proposed experiment on cross-breeding of races and species, 141
- Miscegenation or cross-breeding of human races, 148-156
- Monaco, Prince of, his researches and publications, 29
- Mongrels defined as distinct from hybrids, 138, 145
- may exhibit fine qualities, 147
- Monsters, 132
- Mules between horse and ass, 103
- Mykenæan age, swastikas of, illustrated, 194, 195
- Neander men, 8
- Negro with European features disliked by other negroes, 155
- Neolithic people, 10
- Ogee, a vague term, 215
- swastika, so-called, 210, 213
- Oil, boring for, 223
- Oil-boring industry, 226
- Oil-shales, 227
- Okapi of the Congo Forest, not a hybrid, 133
- Olefines, 224
- Osborn, Rev. Lord Sydney Godolphin, 179
- Pairing as a test of species, 101, 131
- Palæolithic or ancient Stone Age, 5
- Papilio, the genus of swallow-tailed butterflies, 97
- Paraffin series, 224
- Peat, 219
- Pedalion, the leg-bearing wheel animalcule, 161, 163
- to be compared with young of certain prawns, 164
- Petroleum, the name invented in 1855 by Prof. Silliman, 225
- Pictet and de Candolle on suspended animation, 175
- Picture, the earliest, in the world, 1-25
- of the Three Red Deer, 12, 13
- Piette, Edouard, his excavations of caves, 1
- Pigs and the paint-root, 119, 145
- Pimpernel, red and blue, will not inter-breed, 145
- Pine ornament of Indian shawls, 210
- Pleistocene, a small fraction of earth's crust, 42
- series or system, 38, 39
- Pliny the elder at Vesuvius, 58
- Pocahontes, the Algonkian princess, 153
- Prehistoric men, art of, 35-54
- successive ages of, 36-39
- Printings from engraved cylinders, 11, 16, 17
- Race, pride of, 150, 152, 153
- Racehorse, English thoroughbred, history of, 147
- Races, nature of, 143
- produce mongrels by cross-breeding, 140
- Reindeer, cave-man's engraving of, 46
- period, 7
- Restoration of the Lortet picture of the Three Deer, 13
- Rhinoceros drawn on wall of a cavern, 46
- Rice, polished, the story of, and the disease beri-beri, 234
- Rock-oil, 225
- Romanes, Dr. George, his experiments on the suspended animation of seeds, 184
- Rotifer, the common, or wheel animalcule, 159
- Scandinavian silver work showing swastikas, 196
- Schliemann, fragment of pottery found by, in Tiryns, 23
- swastikas discovered by, at Hissarlik, 193
- Scurvy, description of, 229
- Seeds, frozen, survive, 177
- Simplification of decorative designs (figures of), 206
- Smoke nuisance, London citizen executed for producing it in 1306, 217
- Sparrows, variations in, 118
- Species, an attempt to estimate their number, 129
- in the making, 108
- Latin names for, why used, 96
- not a convention, but a naturally limited group of individuals, 100
- not the same as a variety or a race, 101
- of common English plants, 98
- of crayfish, 120
- types or type-specimens of, 96
- what the word means, 91-99
- Specific characters, 118-130
- Spencer, Herbert, on life, 183
- Spirals carved on mammoth ivory, 54
- Statuette of a man, 51
- St. Germain, museum of, 1, 11, 45
- Stork theory of the swastika, 207
- Strata of the earth's crust, thickness of, 40, 41
- Streptocone, the bent cone or comma-like figure forming half a Tomoye, 215, 216
- Sulphuric acid, weight of poisonous, annually discharged over
- London, 218
- Sun-fish, 130
- Survival value, 124, 125
- Suspended animation, 173-190
- Swastika, mode of forming a, in India, 199
- on a piece of painted pottery from Tiryns, figure of, associated with horse and fish, 23
- possible derivation from a doubled Tomoye, 210
- related to the tetraskelion, with four curved arms, shown in Fig. 58, 212
- the, 191-208
- Tapirs, the two living species of, 109
- Temperature, measurement of, 174
- Thoroughbred English racehorse a mongrel, 147
- Tiger, sabre-toothed, 9
- Time, estimate of, in geology, 43
- Tinning of vegetables destroys their anti-scorbutic value, 235
- Tiryns, fragment of pottery from (date 800 B.C.), and having swastika and horse and fish, 23
- Toads in coal, 221
- Toleration in nature, 128
- Tomoye, the, and its relation to the swastika, 208-216
- Triskelion of Sicily and the Isle of Man, history of, 203
- Variation in nature, 110
- made use of by gardeners and breeders, 111
- Varieties and gradational series in nature, 114, 115
- Veliger, young stage of marine snail, drawing of, to compare with a wheel animalcule, 181
- Vesuvius, 55-73
- as it appeared in A.D. 70, 57
- ascent of, during eruption, 66
- eruption of 1872 witnessed, 68-70
- history of eruptions, 61-64
- Vitamines or accessory food factors, 233
- Volcanoes and eruptions, 72, 73
- Water, blue colour of, 74-85
- Weldon, Prof., on variation in the shore-crab, 118
- Wells, spouting and fountain, of rock-oil, 227
- Whales, their size and its limit, 86
- Wheel animalcule, parasitic, on the sea-worm Synapta, 172
- animalcules, 157-172
- book on, by Mr. Gosse and Dr. Hudson, 158
- compared with the young stages of growth of marine snails, 171, 181
- minute males of some, 166
- pictures of, 159, 161, 162, 163, 169
- some survive drying up of the water in which they live, 166, 167, 178, 179
- Willendorf, female statuette from, 50
- Winans, Mr. Walter, on the picture of the Three Deer, 19-22
- Wolf, engraving of head of, 48
- Women, carvings representing, 50, 51
- Zebras, 103
About This Book
A collection of popular scientific essays that survey fossil animals, prehistoric art, volcanic eruptions, marine life, and practical aspects of geology and biology. The author recounts discoveries of mammoth and reptile remains, discusses species, hybrids, and evolutionary change, examines microscopic life such as rotifers and phenomena like suspended animation, and traces cultural motifs such as the swastika. Other pieces treat coal and oil, lime-juice and scurvy, and observations on Vesuvius and blue water. Across varied topics the essays combine natural-history description, interpretations of form and function, and advocacy for expanding public scientific knowledge.