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Self-Help Mechanical Drawing: An Educational Treatise cover

Self-Help Mechanical Drawing: An Educational Treatise

Chapter 97: Hawkins’ SelfHelp Mechanical Drawing. Index.
By N. Hawkins
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About This Book

A practical self-instruction manual that guides readers through learning mechanical drawing for industrial use. It explains basic techniques — chalk-work, freehand sketching, instrumental drafting, geometric constructions, and perspective — and emphasizes drawing to scale and accuracy. Sections describe tools, instruments, board work, and step-by-step exercises, with advice on persistence, first principles, and when to seek hands-on help from experienced draughtsmen. The text also outlines the draughtsman’s roles in design and production, how to read drawings, and uses sketching for quick communication in workshops, aiming to equip learners with the skills to produce clear, functional technical illustrations.

Hawkins’ SelfHelp Mechanical Drawing.
Index.

  • PAGE
  • Acute Angle, def. 42
  • Acute-Angled Triangle, def. 50
  • Addendum Circle, illus. 200
  • Alphabets, Gothic, desc. 171
  • Altitude, def. 41
  • Altitude of a Polygon, def. 47
  • American Machinist, Quotation from 141
  • Angle, def. 41, 83
  • To bisect an 89
  • To draw an 89
  • Angle-Iron, illus. 75
  • Angle-Plate, illus. 75
  • Angular Perspective Drawing, illus. 260, 265
  • Apex, def. 42
  • Apex of an Angle, def. 42
  • Arc, def. 42
  • Complement of an 99
  • Cosecant of an 99
  • Cotangent of an 99
  • Sine of an 99
  • Supplement of an 99
  • Tangent of an 99
  • Versed Sine of an 99
  • Arc of Circle, To find the center of an 90
  • Arcs, Drawing 146
  • Illus. 146
  • Arrow-Heads, how made 172, 176
  • Axiom, def. 83
  • Axis, Conjugate, def. 96
  • Of a Figure, def. 43
  • Of a Solid, def. 42
  • Transverse, def. 96
  • Backlash in Gearing 215
  • Backward Projection desc. 152, illus. 152-3
  • Base, def. 43
  • Of a Polygon, def. 47
  • Beacon Light, illus. 282
  • Beam Compasses desc. 124, illus. 124
  • Bending Machine, Hydraulic desc. 221, illus. 220-1
  • Benjamin, Prof. Chas., “How and What to Study” 23
  • Bevel-Gear, desc. 201
  • Bevel Mortise Wheel, desc. 203
  • Bevel Wheel desc. 199, illus. 203
  • Bisect, def. 43
  • Bisector, def. 43
  • Blackboard, illus. and desc. 27
  • Blackboard Drawing 28
  • Blue Printing desc. 186, illus. 187
  • Test pieces 188
  • Blue Prints, Office rules for 196
  • Black Process Copying 188
  • Boiler-Plate, Riveted, illus. 76
  • Bolt, Square-head, illus. 76
  • Bolt and Nut, Square-head desc. 144, illus. 145
  • Hexagon desc. 144, illus. 76, 144
  • Bow-Dividers desc. 123, illus. 122
  • Bow-Pencil, desc. 123
  • Bows, Use of 242
  • Brick, Section Lining, illus. 182
  • Broken Lines, How to Draw 33
  • Def. 46
  • Bumping Post, illus. 226
  • Calipers, illus. vi
  • Cast-Iron, Section-Lining, illus. 182
  • Caulking Tool, illus. 76
  • Center Line, def. 46
  • Center Lines, In Drawings 240-1
  • In Shop Drawings 192
  • Chalk-Crayon desc. 27, illus. 27, 37
  • Chalk-Work 27
  • Instruments for Drawing, illus. 29
  • Channel-Iron, illus. 75
  • Checking Drawings 194
  • Circle, def. 43
  • To describe about a square 93
  • about a triangle 93
  • through two points 90
  • through three points 90
  • To find the center 90
  • To inscribe in a square 94
  • in a triangle 94
  • Circles, Drawing desc. 146, illus. 146
  • Circumference of a Circle 43
  • Circumscribe, def. 43
  • Circular Pitch Line, illus. 200
  • Classifying Drawings, Office Rules for 191
  • Clearance in Wheel Teeth 215
  • Cog-Wheel def. 201, illus. 201
  • Section Lining, illus. 183
  • Coin, Perspective View of a, illus. 248
  • Color and Tints 185
  • Compass, Mariners’, illus. 268
  • Compasses, Beam, desc. and illus. 124
  • Desc. and illus. 121
  • For holding chalk, illus. 29
  • How to hold, illus. 136
  • Complement of an Arc 99
  • Composition, Section-Lining, illus. 182
  • Concave, def. 44
  • Cone, def. 44
  • Conjugate Axis, def. 96
  • Construction, def. 44
  • Line, def. 46
  • Contents, Table of 24
  • Contour, def. 44
  • Convergence, def. 44
  • Convex, def. 44
  • Copying Drawings, Black Process 188
  • Blue Printing 186
  • Tracing 184
  • Copyright viii
  • Corner, def. 44
  • Corollary, def. 83
  • Co-secant of an Arc, def. 99
  • Co-sine of an Arc, def. 99
  • Co-tangent of an Arc, def. 99
  • Crane, desc. 219
  • Working drawing of, illus. 218
  • Cross-Hatches, def. 44
  • Cross-hatching Drawings 182
  • Crown Wheel, illus. 208
  • Curve, def. 44
  • Curved Line, def. 46
  • Curved Lines, Drawing, desc. 69
  • Drawing Figures of 70, 72, 73
  • How to Draw 35
  • Illus. 70
  • Curved Surface, def. 49
  • Curve or Scroll, illus. 117
  • Cut Gears, desc. 215
  • Cylinder, def. 44
  • Cylindrical, def. 44
  • Cylindrical Projection, illus. 161
  • Dash Line, def. 46
  • Decimal Equivalents, Table of 269
  • Dedication ix
  • Definitions, Preliminary 41
  • Degree, def. 41, 44
  • Describe, def. 44
  • Design, def. 44
  • Symmetry in, def. 50
  • Designing Gears 209
  • Detail Drawings, Office Rules for 191
  • Develop, def. 45
  • Diagonal, def. 45
  • Diagonals of a Polygon, def. 47
  • Diameter, def. 45
  • Diameter, Of a Circle 43
  • Diameters of Wheels, How to Measure 199
  • Diametral Pitch, desc. 200
  • Of Gears 212
  • Dimensioning Drawings desc. 176, illus. 177, 179
  • Dimension Line, def. 46
  • Dimensions on Drawings, Office Rules for 192
  • Dividers and Compasses, desc. 119
  • Dividers, illus. 82, 119
  • Bisecting, desc. 119
  • Bow, illus. 122
  • “Point” 242
  • Proportional desc. 119, illus. 120
  • Spring Bow, desc. 124
  • Dodecahedron, def. 48
  • Dot-and-Dash Line, def. 46
  • Dotted Line, def. 46
  • Draughtsmen, Useful Tables for 269-280
  • Drawing, Blackboard 28
  • Free hand 55
  • Linear Perspective 247
  • Parallel Perspective 260-1
  • Projection, desc. 148
  • Scale Perspective 257
  • Spur Gear, illus. 163, 211
  • Spur Wheel, desc. 162
  • Straight Line Figures desc. 65, illus. 66-7-8
  • Symbols 193
  • The Pitch Line 209
  • To Scale, desc. 126
  • Working, def. 51
  • Drawing-Board desc. 107, illus. 102, 106, 108
  • Expansion and Contraction of 108
  • How to Construct 107
  • Trestles, illus. 110, 111
  • Drawing Instruments, desc. 103
  • How to Select 104
  • Illus. 105
  • Outfit Recommended 104
  • Drawing Materials, desc. 103
  • Drawing Office Rules 191
  • Drawing Paper, desc. 132
  • Erasing lines 140
  • Fixing of, illus. 102
  • Fixing on the Board 139
  • Pasting 184
  • “Points” 243
  • Patent Office Sizes 234
  • Sizes of 133
  • Drawing Pencils, desc. and illus. 118
  • How to Use 56
  • Drawing Pen, Filling with ink, illus. 130
  • Drawing Pens, desc. and illus. 129
  • Drawing-Pins, desc. 110
  • Drawing Scales, desc. 126
  • Drawings, Cleaning, desc. 169
  • Color and Finish, note 185
  • Dimensioning, desc. 176
  • Inking in, desc. 167
  • Lettering, desc. 171
  • Patent Office Rules for 233
  • Reproducing 186
  • Section-Lining, desc. 182
  • Shading desc. 180, illus. 180, 225
  • Size of, Office Rules 191
  • Tint and Color, desc. 184
  • Drawing-Table, desc. 111
  • Folding Legs, illus. 104
  • Edge, def. 45
  • Elevation, def. 45
  • Elevation and Section, Spur Wheel desc. 216, illus. 212
  • Ellipse, An, desc. 96, 118
  • To describe when length and breadth are given 96
  • Envelopes, Portfolio, desc. 142
  • Equiangular Triangle, def. 45
  • Equilateral Triangle, def. 50
  • Erasing, “Points” on 242
  • Eye, illus. and desc. 253
  • Effect of Light on 253
  • Face, def. 45
  • Faced Surfaces, Points, etc. 242
  • Figures, Drawing Straight-line 65
  • Numerals, examples of 173
  • Straight-line, illus. 66
  • File Handle, desc. and illus. 144
  • Finger and Thumb Lines, illus. 64
  • Finished Surfaces, How to indicate 193
  • “Points” 242
  • Finishing, def. 45
  • Flanged-tooth Wheel, desc. 205
  • Flat Pattern, def. 47
  • Foreshortening, def. 45
  • Forward Projection desc. 151, 152, illus. 155
  • Free-hand, def. 45
  • Free-hand Drawing 55, 78
  • First Lesson in 30
  • Penciling, illus. 54
  • Free-hand Illustration, a Water Wheel 78
  • Friction-Clutch and Pulley, desc. 224
  • Friction Gear-Wheels, desc. 201
  • Full Line, def. 46
  • Gear, def. 199
  • Gearing, desc. 199
  • Drawing desc. 162, illus. 163
  • Gearing and Design 197
  • Gears, A Train of, desc. 208
  • Speed of 208
  • Gear-Wheels, Spur, illus. 198
  • Generated, def. 45
  • Geometric, def. 45
  • Geometrical Axioms 84
  • Geometrical Drawing, desc. 81
  • Problems in 86
  • Geometrical Signs 84
  • Geometry, defs. 249
  • Elements of 81
  • Gothic Letters, illus. 173
  • Grooved Friction Wheels, desc. 201
  • Ground-Plane def. 249, 255, illus. 249
  • Half-Tint, def. 45
  • Hand-Wheel, illus. 77
  • Hanger, illus. 179
  • Helical Wheel desc. 199, illus. 207
  • Hemisphere, def. 45
  • Heptagon, def. 47
  • Hexagon, def. 47
  • To Construct a 95
  • Hexagon-Head Bolt, illus. 144
  • Hexahedron, def. 48
  • Horizontal, def. 45, 250
  • Horizontal Line, in Drawing, illus. 250
  • How to Draw 32
  • In Perspective 252
  • Hypothesis, def. 83
  • Icosahedron, def. 48
  • India Ink, desc. and illus. 131
  • Dish or Tile, illus. 131
  • India Rubber Eraser, illus. 132
  • Use of 240
  • Ink, Preparing, for Drawings, desc. 167
  • Test for Good, desc. 167
  • Ink Eraser, Steel, desc. and illus. 132
  • Inking, illus. 166, 169
  • Long Lines, illus. 170
  • Rules of Procedure 168
  • Short Work, illus. 169
  • “Inking in” Drawings, desc. 167
  • “Points,” etc. 239, 243
  • Patent Office Drawings 234
  • Inscribe, def. 45
  • Instrumental, def. 45
  • Instruments for Chalk-work, illus. 29
  • Internal Gear, desc. 201
  • Internal-Gear Wheel, illus. 207
  • Introduction 15
  • Isosceles Triangle, def. 50
  • Lantern-Wheel, desc. 201
  • Lathe-Dog, illus. 76
  • Lemma, def. 83
  • Lettering, Blow-Off Valve, illus. 175
  • Drawings, desc. 171
  • Light, and Sense of Seeing 254
  • Experiment with, illus. 255
  • Laws of 252
  • Line, def. 82
  • To Divide into Equal Parts 89
  • Linear Perspective Drawing 247
  • Lines, def. 45
  • Note 65
  • Parallel, def. 83
  • Link Motion, Stephenson’s, illus. 225
  • Longitudinal, def. 46
  • Lucas, Theo., Acknowledgement 23, 266
  • Marking Measurements on Drawings 243
  • Mechanical Drawing 137, 247
  • Elevation 138
  • Examples 143
  • Procedure 141
  • Minerva, Free-hand Sketch of iii
  • Miter-Wheel desc. 199, 204, illus. 204
  • Model, def. 46
  • Nonagon, def. 47
  • Numbering Drawings, Office Rules for 194-5
  • Numerals, illus. 173
  • Oblique, def. 46
  • Oblique Lines How to Draw, 32, 58, illus. 59, 63
  • Oblong, def. 46
  • Obtuse Angle, def. 42
  • Obtuse-Angled Triangle, def. 50
  • Octahedron, def. 48
  • Octagon, def. 47
  • To Describe on a given straight line 95
  • To Inscribe in a circle 96
  • Oil Can, illus. 77
  • Optic Nerve, illus. 253
  • Optics, in Drawing, def. 252
  • Outline Picture, desc. 152
  • Oval, def. 46
  • How to Draw an 71
  • Overall, def. 46
  • Paper, Fastening Drawing on 184
  • Rule or Scale 242
  • Sensitized, desc. 188
  • The Right Side of 241
  • Parallel, def. 46
  • Parallel Lines, def. 83, 252
  • To Draw 88
  • In Perspective 251
  • Parallel Perspective Drawing, illus. 260 to 263
  • Parallel Rule desc. 115, illus. 114-5
  • Parallelogram, def. 47
  • To Construct 93
  • Pasting Drawing Paper, “Points” 243
  • Patent Office Drawings 235, illus. 236
  • Rules of Great Britain 236
  • Rules of U. S. 233
  • Patterns, def. 46
  • Numbering, from drawings 194
  • Pedestal, illus. 178-9
  • Pen, Hand holding, illus. 166, 169, 170
  • Pencil, Function of a 142
  • How to Cut, illus. 57
  • How to Hold, illus. 54, 59, 60
  • How to Use 56
  • Pencil-Compasses, desc. 143
  • How to Hold 143
  • Penciling, desc. and illus. 139
  • “Points” 143, 240
  • Pencil Lines, How to Make 119
  • Pencils, Sharpening Points of 143, 241
  • Penknife, illus. 52
  • Pens, Drawing, illus. 129
  • Lettering and Figuring, illus. 172
  • Pentagon, def. 47
  • To Inscribe in a circle 94
  • Perimeter, def. 47
  • Of a Polygon, def. 47
  • Periphery of a Wheel, def. 200
  • Perpendicular, def. 47, 252
  • Perpendicular Lines, How to Draw 31, 61, 62
  • Perrott, Geo., Acknowledgement 23, 266
  • Personal, Note from the Author 266
  • Perspective Drawing def. 47, illus. 250
  • Definitions of Terms used in 249
  • Geometrical Terms used in 248
  • Of a Bridge, illus. 249
  • Scale or Approximate 257
  • Vanishing Point, illus. 251
  • Water Reflection, illus. 246
  • Perspective, Linear, def. 247
  • Perspective Plane, def. 250
  • Picture Plane, desc. 255
  • In Drawing, illus. 249, 250
  • In Perspective, illus. 258
  • Pinion-Wheel, desc. 201
  • Piston Rod, desc. 223
  • Pitch Circle in Gearing 200
  • Pitch Line, Drawing the 209
  • In Gearing 200
  • Plan, def. 47
  • Plan of the Work 21
  • Plane, in Perspective, def. 249
  • Plane of the Picture, def. 250
  • Plane Surface, def. 49
  • Point, def. 82
  • Point of Sight, in Perspective Drawing 251
  • Points, relating to Chalk Drawings 36
  • To be observed in Sketching 141-2
  • Useful Hints and 170, 239
  • Polygon, def. 47
  • Polyhedron, def. 48
  • Postulate, def. 83
  • Pounce, How to Use, desc. 170, 186
  • Preface 13
  • Preparatory Practice in Drawing 30
  • Prism, def. 49
  • Problems, def. 83
  • Geometrical 86
  • Produce, def. 49
  • Profile, def. 49
  • Projection, Backward, illus. 153-4
  • Def. 49
  • Cylindrical Outline, desc. 159
  • Cylindrical Surface, illus. 161
  • Forward desc. 152, illus. 155
  • Hexagon Nut, illus. 160
  • Marking Dimensions 150
  • Lines of Sight 150
  • Scaling and Measuring in 149
  • Sight-Lines, illus. 151
  • Sloping Surface, desc. 159
  • Spur-Wheel, desc. 162
  • Projection Drawing, desc. 148
  • Illus. 149, 151, 153, 154, 155, 157, 158, 160, 161, 163
  • Principles of 148
  • Spur-Wheel, illus. 163, 212
  • Proportional Dividers, illus. 120
  • Proportions of Teeth of Wheels 210
  • Proposition, def. 83
  • Protractor, desc. 128
  • Pulley and Friction Clutch, illus. 224
  • Punching Press illus. 222, desc. 223
  • Quadrant, def. 49
  • Quadrilateral, def. 47
  • Quadrisect, def. 49
  • Rack and Pinion, desc. 205
  • Radius of a Circle 43
  • Reading Working Drawings, desc. 229
  • Rectangle, def. 48
  • To Construct a 92
  • Reproducing Drawings, desc. 186
  • Reverse Curve, def. 44
  • Rhomboid, def. 48
  • Rhombus, def. 48
  • Right-Angle, def. 42
  • Triangle, def. 50
  • Robinson, A. W., M. E., note, Office Rules 191
  • Rolling-Circle in Gear-Wheel 200
  • Rule, Area of a Circle, To find the 271
  • Circumference of a Circle, To find the 271
  • Cylinder, To find the contents of a 271
  • Diameter of a Circle, To find the 271
  • Illus. 82
  • Inscribed Square, To find side of an 271
  • Parallelogram, To find the area of a 271
  • Pyramid or Cone, To find the contents of a 271
  • Radius of a circle, To find the 271
  • Sphere, To find the contents of a 271
  • Square, To find the side of an equal 271
  • Trapezoid, To find the area of a 271
  • Triangle, To find the area of a 271
  • Two-foot desc. 127, 128, illus. 128
  • Wedge, To find the contents of a 271
  • Rules for Drawing Office 191
  • Wheels, To find proportions of 209
  • Sand Paper, Removing surface of paper 168
  • Scale, Drawing to, desc. 126
  • Scale Drawings, To read 230
  • Scale, Flat, illus. 127
  • Triangular, illus. 127
  • Scalene Triangle, def. 50
  • Scale or Approximate Perspective 257
  • Scale Rule, for Proportions of Teeth 214
  • Scales, Drawing, desc. 126
  • Scholium, def. 83
  • Screw-Thread, U. S. Standard Gauge 280
  • Scroll or Curve, desc. 117
  • Universal Curve, illus. 134
  • Secant of an Arc 99
  • Section, def. 49
  • Drawing illus. 163, desc. 160
  • Sectional, def. 49
  • Section-Liner, illus. 116
  • Section Lines in Drawings 240
  • Section-Lining, Cast-iron, etc., illus. 182
  • Cog-Wheel, illus. 183
  • Section-Lining Drawings desc. 182, illus. 183
  • Wheel Hub, illus. 184
  • Selecting Drawing Instruments 103, 240
  • Semi-Circle, def. 43
  • Sensitized Paper, desc. 188
  • Set-Square, illus. 102, 114
  • Shading Curves, illus. 181
  • Shading Drawings 180
  • Shadow, def. 49
  • Shadow Line, def. 46
  • Shadow Lines, “Points” 241
  • Sharpening Pencils 57
  • Shop Drawings, Office Rules 192
  • Sight, Point of, in Perspective Drawing 252
  • Sense of 254
  • Sight Lines in Projection, illus. 157
  • Sine of an Arc 99
  • Skew-Gearing, desc. 203
  • Sketch Books, desc. 142
  • Office Practice 194
  • Sketches, details 142
  • Sketch, Free-hand, Advantage of 55
  • Sketching desc. 141, note 17
  • Points to be observed in 141-2
  • Sloping Surface in Projection desc. 159, illus. 166
  • Solid, def. 49, 83
  • Solid Pattern, def. 47
  • Speed of Gears 208
  • Sphere, def. 49
  • Spiral Curve, def. 44
  • Spring Bows illus. 122, 123, desc. 124
  • Spur-Gear desc. 201, illus. 211
  • Spur Mortise-Wheel, illus. 202
  • Spur-Wheel, desc. 199, 216
  • How to Draw 209
  • Illus. 198
  • Projection desc. 162, illus. 163
  • Teeth of cast-iron, desc. 202
  • Square, def. 48
  • To Convert into an Octagon 95
  • To Describe about a Circle 94
  • To Inscribe in a Circle 93
  • Standards, for U. S. 278
  • Office Rules for 193
  • Steady Rest, Scale, illus. 228
  • Straight Line, def. 46
  • To Draw a Perpendicular to a 86
  • Drawing Figures of 66-7-8
  • How to Draw a 57, 59
  • To Bisect a 86
  • Steel, Section-Lining, illus. 182
  • Steel Gears, Economy of 216
  • Surface, def. 49, 82
  • Symbols, representing Materials 193
  • Table of Areas of Circles 273-277
  • Bolts, Standard Sizes of 280
  • Circular Measure 272
  • Circumferences of Circles 273-277
  • Contents 24
  • Decimal Equivalents 269
  • Diameters of Circles 273-277
  • Land Measure 272
  • Metric Equivalents 270
  • Pipe, Standard Sizes of Welded 279
  • Roman Figures 272
  • Solid Measure 272
  • Wire Gauges 278
  • Useful for Draughtsmen 266-280
  • Tangent of an Arc, def. 99
  • To Draw a, to a Circle 91
  • Tee-Iron, illus. 75
  • Tee-Square, Adjustable, desc. and illus. 113
  • Desc. 112
  • How to Use, illus. 111, 147
  • Illus. 102, 112
  • Points about 242
  • Teeth in Bevel Gears, desc. 204
  • Terms and Definitions, Preliminary 41
  • Test-Pieces, Use of, in Blue Prints 188
  • Tetrahedron, def. 48
  • Theorem, def. 83
  • Thumb-Tack illus. 109, desc. 110
  • Tints and Colors, desc. 184
  • Title and Date, on Sketches 142
  • Title, Date, Scale, etc., Office Rules for 192
  • Title Page vii
  • Tracing-Cloth, desc. 186
  • Tracings, Office Rules for Keeping 195
  • Tinted and Shaded, desc. 184
  • Trammels, desc. and illus. 125
  • Trapezium, def. 48
  • Trapezoid, def. 48
  • Trestles, Drawing-Board, desc. and illus. 110
  • Triangle, def. 50
  • To Describe a Circle about a 93
  • Triangle, or Set-Square, desc. and illus. 114
  • How to Use desc. 147, illus. 166
  • Triangles, illus. 102
  • To Construct 92
  • Trigonometry, principles and def. 98
  • Trisect, def. 50
  • Trundle Wheel desc. 201, illus. 208
  • Two-foot Rule, illus. 128
  • U. S. Standards, Pipes 279
  • Upright Lines, How to Draw 61
  • Useful Tables for Draughtsmen 269-280
  • Valve, Blow-off desc. 174, illus. 175
  • Valve Gear, or Link Motion, illus. 225
  • Vanishing Point, def. and illus. 251
  • In Drawing, illus. 250
  • In Perspective Drawing 252
  • Varnish, Shellac, for Drawings 241
  • Versed Sine of an Arc 99
  • Vertex, def. 51
  • Of an Angle, def. 42
  • Vertical, def. 51, 251
  • Vertical Lines, in Perspective 257
  • Vertical-Plane, def. 249
  • View, def. 51
  • Visual Ray in Perspective Drawing 256
  • Visual Rays of Light desc. 252, illus. 255
  • Vulcanite, Section-Lining, illus. 182
  • Water Reflection in Perspective Drawing, illus. 246
  • Wheel, Bevel, A, illus. 203
  • Crown, illus. 208
  • Helical, A, illus. 207
  • Hub, Section-Lining, illus. 184
  • Internal Gear, desc. 201, 207
  • Miter, A, illus. 204
  • Proportions of the Teeth of a 210
  • Spur illus. 198, desc. 199, 201
  • Worm, desc. 201
  • Wood, Section-Lining, illus. 182
  • Working Drawing, Bending Machine 220-1
  • Def. 51
  • Illus. 218, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 228
  • Bumping Post, illus. 226
  • Points, etc. 243
  • Power Punching Press 222
  • Numbering a, Office Rules for 195
  • To Read a 229
  • Working Drawings, desc. 219, 227
  • Worm-Gear, desc. 206
  • Worm-Wheel desc. 201, illus. 206
  • Speed of a 216
  • Wrench, illus. 75
  • Wrist-Lines, illus. 64
  • Wrought-Iron, Section-Lining, illus. 182