Sewage and sewerage of farm homes [1922]

Chapter 4: SEWAGE, SEWERS, AND SEWERAGE DEFINED.

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About This Book

A practical manual outlines principles and procedures for safe disposal of household sewage on farms, defining sewage and sewerage, estimating volumes and composition, and identifying health hazards from pathogens and parasites. It explains biological decomposition and the importance of aeration, then provides step‑by‑step guidance on kitchen drains, cesspools, septic tanks, grease traps, distribution fields, and related construction details. Emphasis is placed on basing designs on local field data, proper installation, and continuous operation and maintenance to avoid odors, nuisance, and contamination of water supplies; illustrative plans and adaptable recommendations help readers select suitable treatments for varied site conditions.

SEWAGE, SEWERS, AND SEWERAGE DEFINED.

Human excrements (feces and urine) as found in closets and privy vaults are known as night soil. These wastes may be flushed away with running water, and there may be added the discharges from washbasins, bathtubs, kitchen and slop sinks, laundry trays, washing vats, and floor drains. This refuse liquid product is sewage, and the underground pipe which conveys it is a sewer. Since sewers carry foul matter they should be water-tight, and this feature of their construction distinguishes them from drains removing relatively pure surface or ground water. Sewerage refers to a system of sewers, including the pipes, tanks, disposal works, and appurtenances.