INDEX
- A. B. C. process of sewage treatment, 4
- Abandonment of contract, 225
- Access to work, 228, 229
- Accident, contractor’s responsibility, 221, 224
- Acetylene, explosive, 347
- Acid precipitation. See Miles Acid Process.
- of sludge, 503
- Acids as disinfectants, 489, 490
- Activated sludge. Chapter XVIII, 465–479
- advantages and disadvantages, 469, 470
- aëration tank, 471, 472
- air diffusion, 475, 477
- air distribution, 473–478
- air quantity, 475, 476
- area of filtros plates, 478
- colloid removal, 358
- composition, 465–469
- cost, 478, 479
- definition, 466
- dewatering, 468, 469, 497–505
- fertilizing value, 469, 470
- historical, 470, 471
- how obtained, 478
- nitrogen content, 468
- patent, 471
- process, 465
- quantity, 469
- reaëration tank, 473
- results, 467, 468, 476
- sedimentation tank, 472
- Advertisement, 214
- Aëration, effect on oxygen dissolved, 373–375
- Aërobes, 363
- Aërobic decomposition, 366, 367
- Aftergrowths, 492
- Aggregates, specifications, 172–174
- Air, see also ventilation, activated sludge, compressed air, etc.
- Algæ, 363
- Alkalinity, 358
- Alleys, sewers in, 80
- Alum, 407, 408
- Alvord tank, 427, 429
- Ammonia, 366, 367, 374, 375, 410
- explosives, 297
- Analyses, bacteriological, 364
- Anaërobes, 363, 365–367
- Anaërobic, action, 410
- Ann Arbor, Michigan, Population, 14
- Annual expense, method of financing, 157, 158
- Ansonia air ejector, 150, 151
- Antibiosis, definition, 363
- Appurtenances to sewers. Chap. VI, 99–115
- Arch, analyses, 204–208
- Ardern and Lockett, development of activated sludge, 467, 468, 471
- Area of cities, 31
- Asphyxiation in sewer gas, 336
- Assessments, special, 15, 16
- Augers, earth, 21
- Automatic, regulators, 117–121
- Bacillus, definition and morphology, 362, 363
- Backfilling, 328–331
- Backfill, puddling, 330
- Backwater curve, 73
- Bacteria, definition and morphology, 362, 363
- Bacterial analyses, results in sewage, 364
- Baffles, scum, 404, 413, 414, 421
- Balls, for cleaning sewers, 338
- Band screen, 384
- Barring, definition, 263
- Bars for screens, 390
- Basins, sedimentation, baffling, 404
- Basket handle sewer section, 67, 69
- Bathing beaches, pollution, 381
- Bazin’s formula, 54
- Bearings, for centrifugal pumps, 131, 137, 138
- thrust, 138
- Bellmouth, 121, 122
- Bends in pipe, loss of head in, 116
- Berlin, sewage farm, 460, 461
- sewers, date of, 3
- Bids, proposal, 217–219
- Bidder’s duties, 215–217
- Bio-chemical oxygen demand, 359–361
- Biolysis of sewage, 366, 367
- Black and Phelps dilution formulas, 377–379
- Blasting and explosives, 294–304
- caps, 297, 299, 300
- detonators, 294, 297–300
- firing, 302–304
- fuses and detonators, 297–300
- fuses, delayed action, 291, 300
- fuses, electric, 299, 300
- splicing, 303
- gelatine, 296
- loading holes, 303
- powder, 295
- precautions, 300–302
- priming and loading, 303
- rock, 269
- size of charge, 304, 305
- tunneling, 290, 291
- Bleach, characteristics of for disinfection, 491
- Block sewer, construction, 311–314
- hollow tile as underdrains, 126
- Blocks, vitrified clay, 189, 190
- Boilers, steam, 147–150
- Boilers, efficiencies, 149
- horse-power, 149
- Bond, contractor’s, 213, 214, 232
- issues, 14
- Bonds, definition and types, 14–16
- Boring underground, 20
- Bottom, activated sludge aëration tank, 472
- Box sheeting, 272
- Branch sewer, defined, 7
- Breast boards, 288
- Brick, arch construction, 312, 313
- Bricks for sewers, 316
- British Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal, 4
- Broad irrigation. See under Irrigation.
- Bucket excavators, 246, 255, 256
- Building material, weight of, 201
- Burkli-Ziegler formula, 47, 425
- Butyrine, 366
- Cableway excavators, 246, 250–252
- Cage screen, 384, 385
- Caisson excavation, 285, 286
- Calcium carbide, explosive, 347
- Calumet pumping station, 128, 142
- Cameron septic patent, 411
- Capacity of sewers, diagrams, 57–60
- Capital, private invested in sewers, 17
- Capitalization, method of financing, 157–160
- Caps, blasting. See blasting.
- Carbohydrate, 366, 367
- Carbon, analysis for, 356
- Carson Trench machine, 250, 251
- Cast-iron pipe, 122, 164, 190, 191
- Castings, iron, 101, 102
- Catch-basins, 99, 107–108, 217
- Catenary sewer section, 69
- Cellars, depth of, 88
- Cellulose, 367
- Cement. See also Concrete,
- Centrifugal pumps. See pumps, centrifugal.
- Centrifuge for sludge drying, 501, 502
- Cesspool, 411, 416, 417
- Champaign, Illinois, septic tank, 415, 416
- Changes in plan, 222, 223
- Channeling, definition, 263
- Character of surface, 44
- Chemical analyses, 354–362
- Chemical precipitation, 371, 405–409
- Chezy formula, 52, 53
- Chicago. See also Sanitary District of Chicago.
- Chlorine. See also Disinfection.
- Chlorine liquid, application, 491, 492
- Cholera, transmittable disease, 364
- Chromatin, 365
- Chutes for concrete, 187
- Circular sewer section, hydraulic elements, 65, 66, 69
- City, growth of area, 31
- Clay, life of pipe, 349–351
- Cleaning, grit chambers, 398, 400
- Coccus, 362
- Coefficient of uniformity of sand, 456
- Coffin sewer regulator, 117, 118
- Colloid, nature of, 358
- treatment for, 358
- Color of sewage, 352, 353
- Combined sewer system, 78, 79
- Commercial districts, characteristics of and sewage from, 32, 34, 35
- Compensators for pumps, 142
- Compressed air. See also ventilation, tunneling, drilling, etc.
- Concentration, time of flood flow, 41–43, 96, 97
- Concrete, aggregates, 172–174
- Concrete, proportioning, 179–183
- Conduits, special sections, 67, 70, 71
- Connections to sewers, ordinances, 344, 345
- record of 92, 238
- Construction of sewers, Chap. XI, 233–331
- Construction, elements of, 233
- Contact bed, 432–437, 506
- advantages and disadvantages, 432–434
- automatic control, 437, 506
- cleaning, 435
- clogging, 435
- construction, 434–436
- control, 437, 506
- cycle, 436, 437
- depth, 434
- description, 432, 433
- design, 434–436
- dimensions, 434, 435
- loss of capacity, 435
- material, 435, 436
- multiple, 433, 435
- operating conditions, 432–437
- rate, 435
- results, 433, 434
- ripening, 432
- Continuous bucket excavators, 246–250
- Contour interval on maps, 79, 80
- Contracts, Chap. X, 211–232
- abandonment of, 225
- assignment, 228
- completion of, 222, 228
- bond, 213, 222
- content, 213, 230, 231
- cost-plus, 212, 213
- disputes, 220
- divisions of, 213
- drawings, 213
- engineer as an arbitrator, 220
- the instrument, 230, 231
- interpretation of, 220, 234, 235
- lump sum, 212
- nature of, 211, 212
- sample, 230, 231
- time allowed, 222
- types, 212, 213
- unit-price, 213
- Contractor, absence of, 222
- Contractor’s powder, 294
- Control devices, automatic, for sewers, 117–121
- Copper sulphate, disinfectant, 490
- Copperas, precipitant, 406–408
- Cordeau Bickford, 298, 303
- Corrugated iron pipe, 165
- Cost. See under item wanted.
- Cost, annual. Method of financing, 157–160
- Couplings, flexible for shafts, 138
- Covers, Imhoff tanks, 424
- Crops on sewage farms, 463, 464
- Cunette, 67, 70
- Cut, depth of excavation, 88, 92
- Cycle, contact bed, 436
- Cylinders, stresses in, 194, 202–204
- Cytoplasm, 365
- Damages, liquidated, 222
- Darcy’s formula, 52
- Day labor, 211
- Decomposition of sewage, 365–367
- Definitions. See word defined.
- Deflagration, definition, 294
- Delays in contract work, 228
- Delayed action fuses, 291, 300
- Densities. See population.
- Depreciation, of sewers, 348–351
- rate of, financial, 158
- Depth of sewers, 88
- Design conditions, 88–92
- Detention period, grit chamber, 397
- Detonation, definition, 294
- Detonator. See blasting cap.
- Diameter of sewers, 57–60, 72, 88–92
- Diaphragm pump, 257, 258
- Diesel engine, 152, 154
- Digestion chamber, Imhoff tank, 422, 423
- Digestion of sludge in separate tank, 427–430, 497
- Dilution, amount needed, 377–380
- Dilution, definition, 372
- Diseases, water-borne, 364
- Disinfection, 489–493
- Disk screen, 384
- Disposal of sewage, See sewage treatment.
- Disputes, engineer to settle, 220
- Dissolved oxygen. See Oxygen dissolved.
- Distribution of sewage,
- Districts, character of, 29, 30, 32–37
- Domestic sewage, defined, 6, 7, 352
- Dorr Thickeners, 472, 504
- Dortmund tank, 404
- Dosing devices, 506–512
- Dosing tank design, for trickling
- filter, 446–450
- Doten tank, 429, 430
- Drag line excavators, 255, 256
- Drainage areas, 81, 84, 94
- Drills, electric, 267
- Drilling, methods, 20–23, 264–270
- Drop manhole, 100, 101
- Drop-down curve, 73, 77
- Drum screen, 384
- Dry weather flow, 24, 38
- Drying sludge. See sludge drying.
- Dualin, 296
- Duty of contractor. See Contractor, duties
- Duty of engineer. See Engineer, duties.
- Duty of inspector. See Inspector, duties.
- Duty of a pump, defined, 135
- Dynamite, 296–298, 300–302, 304, 305
- Dysentery, 365
- Earth pressures, theories, 274, 275
- Economical dimensions, mathematics of, 401–403
- Effective size of sand, defined, 456
- Efficiency of a pump, defined, 135
- Effluents, character of
- Effluents, sedimentation tank, 401
- septic tank, 412–414
- Egg-shaped section, 67, 68, 70
- Ejectors, air, 150, 151
- Elastic arch analysis, 206–208
- Electric motors, 150–152
- Electrolytic treatment, 487–489
- Elevations, method of recording, 92
- Emergencies, duties of engineer, 235
- Emerson pump, 261
- Engines, internal combustion, 152–154
- steam, types, 142–144.
- Engineer, absence of, 221
- Engineering News pile formula, 125, 126
- Entering sewers, precautions, 335, 336
- Enzymes, 365
- Equipment for construction, 237
- Equivalent sections, defined, 72
- solution of problems in, 67–72
- Estimates, cost and work done, 10–14
- Excavation, depth of open cut, 284
- Excavation, hand, opening trench, 243
- Excavating machines, bucket, 246, 255
- Excavation, machine, organization, 249
- Explosions in sewers, 108, 336, 346–348
- Explosives. See also Blasting.
- Explosives, and blasting, 294–304
- ammonia compounds, 297
- blasting gelatine, 296
- contractor’s powder, 294
- deflagrating, 294
- detonating, 294
- detonators, 294, 297–300
- “Don’ts,” 300, 301
- dynamite, 296–298, 300–302, 304, 305
- fuses and detonators, 297–300
- gelatine dynamite, 296
- gunpowder, 295
- handling, 300–302
- nitro-glycerine, 295
- nitro-substitution compounds, 295
- permissible, 297
- quantity, 304, 305
- requirements, 294
- strength of, 297, 298
- T.N.T., 295
- types, 294–297
- Exponential formulas for flow of water, 54, 55
- Extra work, compensation, 227
- Facultative bacteria, 363
- Fanning’s run-off formula, 49
- Farms, septic tanks for, 416, 417
- Farming with sewage. See irrigation.
- Fats in sewage, 357–359, 366, 367
- from Miles acid process, 485–487
- Feathers, for splitting rock, 264
- Ferrous sulphate, precipitant, 406–408
- Fertilizer from sludge, 470, 495, 497
- Fertilizing value of, activated sludge, 470
- Filter press for sludge, 500, 501
- Filters. See under name of filter.
- Filtration, of sewage, 370, 371, 431–459
- Filtros plates, 477, 478
- Finances, mathematics of, 157–160
- Financing, methods of, 14–17
- Flamant’s formula, 54, 56
- Flies on trickling filters, 438
- Flight sewer, 101, 102
- Flood, crest velocities, 42, 43
- Flow, laws of, 52
- Fluctuations, in rate of sewage flow, 33–38
- in quality of sewage, 368–370
- Flush-tanks, automatic, 109–113
- Flushing, 109–113, 341–343
- Foaming of Imhoff tanks, 425, 426
- Foot valves, 141
- Force main, defined, 8
- Forms, design of, 322, 323
- Formulas, hydraulic, methods for solution, 55–61
- for flow of water, 52–55
- for rainfall. See Rainfall,
- for run-off. See Run-off.
- Foundations, 99, 124–126
- Franchises for sewers, 17
- Free ammonia, 366, 367, 374, 375, 410
- Freezing, catch-basins, 108
- Fresh sewage, characteristics, 352–354
- Friction losses. See Head losses.
- Fuel, consumption by prime movers, 153
- Fungus growth in sewers, 333
- Fuses. See blasting fuses.
- Ganguillet and Kutter’s formula, 52–65
- Gas, chamber in Imhoff tank. See Scum chamber.
- Gasoline, explosive, 108, 109, 335, 346, 347
- Gearing, reduction for turbines, 140, 146
- Gelatine dynamite, 296
- Glycerol, 366
- Gothic section, 67
- Governmental control, stream pollution, 380, 381
- Grade, of sewers. See also Slope.
- Gravel, specifications, 172
- Grease, in sewers, 99, 108, 333, 345
- Gregory’s imperviousness formulas, 44, 46
- Grit, clogs sewers, 333
- Grooves in concrete, working joints, 319
- Ground water in sewers, 38, 39, 85, 87, 256, 352
- Gun cotton, 296
- Gunpowder, 295
- Hazen, theory of sedimentation, 392–395
- dilution formula, 380
- Hazen and William’s formula, 55, 57
- Head loss, in bends, 116
- Hercules powder, 296
- Hering, Rudolph, dilution recommendations, 380
- Hering, Rudolph, introduction of Imhoff tank and hydraulic formulas, 425
- Historical résumé of sewerage and sewage treatment, 2–5
- Hitch, tunnel frame, 286, 287
- Holes, drill. See Drill holes.
- Holidays, work on, 221
- Hook for lifting pipe, 304, 306
- Horse-power, boiler, 149, 150
- of pumps, 144–146
- Horseshoe sewer section, 71
- House, connections, record of, 92, 234
- Hydraulic, elements, 65, 69
- Hydraulics of, sewers, Chap. IV, 51–77
- Hydrocarbon, 367
- Hydrogen sulphide, 353, 366, 410
- Hydrolytic tank, 427, 428
- “Hypo” as a disinfectant, 491
- Hytor Turbo blower, 473, 474
- Illinois River, self-purification, 374–376
- Imhoff tank, and chlorination, costs, 487
- cover, 424
- description, 417–419
- design, 419–424
- digestion chamber, 422
- inlet and outlet, 421
- operation, 426–427
- patent, 418
- results, 414, 424, 425, 439, 467
- sedimentation chamber, 419–422
- scum chamber, 424
- slot, 422
- sludge, 414, 467
- sludge pipe, 423, 424
- status, 425, 426
- and trickling filter, cost, 479
- Impeller, for centrifugal pump, 131, 136
- Imperviousness, relative, 40, 42, 44–46, 95–97
- Industrial, districts, 32–37
- Information and instructions for bidders, 213, 215–217
- Inlets, street, 93, 94, 99, 104–107
- Inspection, contract stipulations, 221–224
- Inspector, absence of, 221, 222
- Institutional sewage treatment plants, 416, 417
- Intercepting sewer, defined, 7
- Intermittentsand filter. See Sand filter.
- Internal combustion engines, 152–154
- Inverted siphon, 113–116
- Iron, ferrous sulphate, precipitant, 406–408
- cast. See cast iron.
- Irrigation. See also Farming and Sewage farming.
- area required, 463
- Berlin sewage farm, 460, 461
- crops, 463, 464
- description, 459
- fertilizing value of sewage, 460, 470, 495, 498
- vs. farming, 459
- operation, 461–463
- preliminary treatment, 462, 463
- preparation for, 461–463
- process, 459, 460
- sanitary aspects 463
- status, 460, 461
- theory, 432
- in the United States, 461
- Jack hammer drill, 264, 265
- Jetting method, 21–23
- Jet pump, 259, 341, 343
- Joints, bituminous, 309–311
- Junctions, 99
- Kuichling, run-off rules, 46, 47, 49
- storm intensity formulas, 50
- Kutter’s formula, 52–65
- Labor, day vs. contract, 211
- Labyrinth packing rings, 136, 137
- Lagging, tunnel frames, 287
- for forms, 322
- Lagooning sludge, 495–497
- Laitance, 186, 188
- Lakes, self-purification of, 376
- Lampé’s formula, 54
- Lampholes, 99, 104
- Lateral sewer, defined, 7
- Lawrence Experiment Station, 4
- Leaping weir, 118–121, 337
- Legal requirements, construction, 224
- Liernur system, 5
- Life, organic in sewage, 363, 364
- of sewers, 348–351
- Lime as a precipitant, 405–408
- Line and grade, 281–284
- how given, 281–283
- Liquefaction of sludge, 411–413, 496, 497
- Liquid chlorine. See also Chlorine, 491
- Liquidated damages, 222
- Loads on, pipe, 198–202
- Lock bar pipe, 197
- Lock-joint pipe, 177
- Long loads, 201
- Machine excavation. See Excavation.
- Macroscopic organisms, 363, 368
- Main sewer, defined, 7
- Maintenance of sewers, Chap. XII, 332–351
- Man, shoveling ability, 243
- Manholes, 81, 99–104
- Manning’s formula, 55
- Map, preliminary, 17, 79, 80, 82, 83
- Marsh gas, 347, 366, 367, 410, 415
- Marston’s methods for external loads on buried pipe, 198–202
- Materials, for sewers, Chap. VIII, 164–193
- McMath’s formula, 47, 48, 94, 95
- Meem’s theory of earth pressure, 274, 275
- Mercaptan, 367
- Metabolism, 365
- Methane, 347, 366, 367, 410, 415
- Methylene blue, 360
- Microscopic organisms, 363, 364, 368
- Miles acid process, costs, 487
- Mineral matter in sewage, 357
- Mirror, inspecting device, 334
- Money retained by city, 227
- Mosquitoes in catch-basins, 108
- Motors, electric, 150–152
- Municipal, bond, 14, 15
- corporations, 15
- n, value of in Kutter’s formula, 53
- New York City, density of population, 29, 31
- Needle beam, 286, 287
- Night, soil, 5
- work, 221
- Nitrates, 355, 356
- Nitrites, 355, 356
- Nitrifying organisms, 431, 432
- Nitrobacter, 431, 432
- Nitro explosives, 295, 296
- Nitrogen, cycle, 367, 368
- organic, 355, 356
- Nitro-glycerine, 295
- Nitrosomonas, 431, 432
- Nomograph, 55, 56
- Non-uniform flow, 72–77
- Nozzles. See also Trickling filters.
- Numbering, drainage areas, 81, 94
- manholes, 81
- Nye steam pump, 260, 263
- Obstructions to construction, 235
- Odor of sewage, 353
- Oil in sewage, 108, 344–348
- Oiling forms, 174, 186, 322
- Olein, 366
- Ordinances, for protection of sewers, 344, 345
- Organisms in sewage, 363, 364, 368
- Organic matter, composition, 366
- Organizations for construction, 315, 317, 328
- Orders, to whom given, 222
- Outfall sewer, defined, 8
- Outlets, 99, 122–124, 373
- Overflow weir, 118–121
- inspection of, 337
- Overhead, costs, division of, 10, 237, 238
- Oxidation in streams, 373–376
- Oxygen, absorption of, 374–377
- Oxygen dissolved
- Oysters, contamination of, 372, 489
- Packing rings, labyrinth type, 136, 137
- Palmatin, 366
- Parasites, 365
- Paris sewage farm, 460
- Patents. Protection of City by contractor, 224, 225
- Pathogenic bacteria, 364
- Pavement, replacing, 329
- Payment, final on contract, 228
- Payments, methods of making, 217, 218
- Periscope inspecting device, 334, 335
- Permissible explosives, 297
- Phenolphthalein indicator, 408
- Photographic records, 238
- Piles for foundations, 123–126
- Pills for cleaning sewers, 338
- Pipe, bedding, 230, 304, 328
- cast-iron. See under cast-iron pipe.
- design of ring, Chap. IX, 194–210
- external loads on, 198–202
- joints. See Joints.
- sewer construction, 304–311
- laying, line and grade, 282–284
- organization, 311
- method of laying, 304, 306, 307
- steel, design, 195–197
- stresses in, external forces, 194, 202–204
- stresses due to internal pressure, 194
- stresses in buried pipe, 198–204
- stresses in circular ring, 202–204
- wood design, 197, 198
- Plankton, defined, 363
- in sewage, 368
- Plans, changes in contract, 222, 223
- Plug and feathers for splitting rock, 264
- Pneumatic, collection system, 5
- Poling boards, in open cut, 271, 272
- in tunnel, 287
- Pollution, legal features, 380, 381
- Population, density, 28–31
- Potter trench machine, 251
- Powder. See Blasting.
- Power pump, 132, 133
- Precautions in entering sewers, 335, 336
- Precipitants, chemical, 405–407
- Preliminary, map, 17, 79, 80, 82, 83
- Present worth, 158, 160
- Pressing sludge, 500, 501
- Priming explosives, 302–304
- Private, capital, 17
- sewers, 17
- Privy, 5
- Profile, for brick sewers, 312
- Progress, rate of, 222
- reports, 238
- Promotion (inception of sewers), 9
- Proportioning concrete. See Concrete proportioning.
- Proposal (contract), 213, 217–219
- Protection of sewers (ordinances), 344, 345
- Protein, 366
- Puddling, backfill, 330
- Pulsometer pump, 260, 261
- Pumping, in excavations, 256–263
- Pumps, air ejector, 150, 151
- Pumps, centrifugal, volute, 130–132, 154
- character of load, 129
- costs, 156, 157
- description of types, 130–134
- for construction work, 256–263
- diaphragm, 257, 258
- direct-acting, 133
- duty of, 135, 136
- efficiencies, 135, 136
- ejector, 134, 150, 151, 259, 341, 343
- jet, 259
- need for, 127
- number of units, 160–163
- packing of, 133, 134
- piston, 133
- plunger, 133
- power, 132, 133
- reciprocating, 130, 132–135, 154–156
- for excavation, 262
- reliability, 127
- sizes, 135
- steam, 134, 135, 142–146
- improvised for trench work, 257
- turbine, 130–132, 154
- volute, 130–132, 154
- Putrescibility, 359, 360
- Quantity, of sewage, 24–50, 84–87
- Quicksand, definition, 256
- Quiescent water, self-purification, 374
- Racks. See Screens.
- Rainfall, 17, 40, 41, 50, 96, 97
- Rangers, 270–274, 276–279
- Rankine’s theory of earth pressure, 275
- Rapid sand filtration of sewage, 458
- Rational method of run-off determination, 40, 95–98
- Reaëration tank in activated sludge, 473
- Receiving well, capacity, 129, 130
- Reciprocating pumps. See Pumps, reciprocating.
- Records, character of, on construction, 238–240
- Rectangular sewer section, 67–69
- Regulators, 99, 117–121, 337
- inspection of, 337
- Reinforced concrete sewer design, 209, 210
- Reinforcing steel, specifications, 191
- Reinsch Wurl screen, 384
- Relative stability numbers, 359
- Relief sewer, defined, 7
- Repairs to sewers, 337
- Report, engineer’s preliminary, 10
- Reservoir, collecting capacity, 129, 130
- Residences, septic tanks for, 416, 417
- Residential districts, characteristics, 32–37
- Residue on evaporation, 356, 357
- Rideal’s dilution formula, 379
- Ring, design. Chap. IX, 194–210
- stresses in circular, 202–204
- River pollution, legal features, 380, 381
- Rivers, self-purification of, 373–376
- Riveted joints, properties, 196
- Rock, blasting, 268, 290, 291
- Rods, sewer, 338
- Roman ordinance relative to sewers, 2
- Roofs. See Covers.
- Root cutters, 340
- Roots, 333, 340
- Row lock bond for bricks, 312
- Running water, self-purification, 373–376
- Run-off, computations, 17, 40, 46–50, 94–98
- Safeguards during construction, 221, 241
- Salt water, dilution in, 376, 377
- Sand, effective size, 456
- uniformity coefficient, 456
- filters, 452–459
- action in, 431, 432, 452–454
- control, 458, 506–510
- description, 452
- dimensions, 456
- distribution systems, 433, 456–458
- dosing, 454–456
- dosing devices, 506–510
- materials, 456
- operation, 454, 455
- preliminary treatment, 455
- rate, 455
- results, 452, 453
- size of sand for, 456
- thickness, 456
- in winter, 455
- Sanitary District of Chicago,
- Sanitary engineering, 1, 2
- Sanitary sewage, defined, 7, 352
- Saph and Schoder’s formula, 54
- Saprophytes, 365
- Screed, 316
- Screens, 383–391
- chlorination and fine screens, costs, 487
- coarse, 386, 391
- data on fine, 388, 389
- design of, 389–391
- fine, 381, 382, 387–389
- fixed, 385, 390
- medium, 386
- movable, 385, 386, 389–391
- moving, 384–386
- openings, 386–389
- protection to pumps, 127, 141
- purpose, 383
- results, 386–389
- sewage treatment by, 371, 381
- size and performance, 386–389
- sizes, 386–391
- types, 384–386
- Screening, vs. sedimentation, 383
- purpose, object, 383
- Screenings, character of, 386–389
- Scum, boards for, septic tanks, 413, 414
- Sediment, velocity of transportation, 396, 397
- Sedimentation, 383–405
- definition, 383
- Hazen’s analysis, 392–395
- hydraulic values, 393
- a method of treatment, 370
- object, 383
- Peoria Lakes, 376
- protection of siphons, 113, 114
- results from plain sedimentation, 401
- theory of, 391–395
- transportation of debris, 396
- velocity of, 392, 393
- vs. screening, 383
- velocities, limiting, 396, 397
- Sedimentation, basins, arrangement, 394
- Self-purification of lakes, 376
- Self-purification of streams, 373–376
- Separate sewer systems, 78–80
- Septic action, 353, 365–368, 371, 410, 411, 496, 497
- Septic tank, 411
- Septic sludge analysis, 414
- Septicization. Chap. XVI, 410–430
- Settling solids, 357
- Sewage and water supply, 32
- aëration, 371, 376, 465–479
- alkalinity of, 358
- analyses, chemical, 355, 369, 467
- average, 352–355
- bacteria, 362–365
- biolysis of, 366, 367
- changes in, rate of discharge of, 33–38
- characteristics, 368–370
- characteristics of, 352–354
- chemical constituents, 354–356
- classification of, 6, 7, 352
- collection, 5
- color, 352, 353
- components and properties, 352–356
- decomposition of, 365–367
- definition, 6, 7, 352
- disposal. See also Sewage treatment.
- methods, 6, 370, 371
- domestic, 7, 352
- farming. See Irrigation.
- fertilizing value, 459, 460
- flow fluctuations, 33–38
- fresh, 352–354
- gas, 335, 336, 353
- industrial, defined, 7, 352
- life in, 363–365, 368
- odor, 353
- physical, analyses, 352–354
- characteristics, 352–354
- quality variations, 368–370
- quantity. Chap. III, 24–50, and 84, 87
- sanitary, defined, 7, 352
- septic, 353, 365–368, 371, 410, 411, 496, 497
- stability, 359, 360
- stale, 353
- storm, defined, 7, 352
- strong, 355
- temperature, 353
- turbidity, 353
- treatment processes, 370, 371
- A. B. C., 4
- activated sludge, Chap. XVIII, 465–479
- biological, 371
- chemical, 371
- contact bed, 432–437, 506
- costs, 459
- dilution. Chap. XIV, 372–382
- disinfection, 489–493
- electrolytic, 487–489
- filtration, 431–459
- increase of, 3
- irrigation, 431, 459–464
- mechanical, 471
- Miles acid process, 482–487
- purpose of, 6, 370
- résumé, 6, 370, 371
- sand filter, 452–458
- screening, 383–391
- sedimentation, 391–409, 411
- septicization. Chap. XVI, 410–430
- trickling filters, 437–452
- weak, 355
- and water supplies, 31, 32
- Sewerage, definition, 7
- Sewers, ancient, 2, 3
- capacity, diagrams, 56–60
- cost, 10–14
- definitions of various types, 7, 8
- depth of, 88
- diameter, 58–60, 88–92
- flat grades, 73, 109
- flight, 101, 102
- inspection of, 333–337
- life of, 348–351
- location of, 80, 81, 94
- materials. Chap. VIII, 164–193
- medieval, 3
- pipe, properties of concrete, 175
- profile, 89, 92
- section of different types, 67–72
- separate system, 78, 79, 82, 86, 87
- slope, 88–92
- storm-water system, 78, 79, 83, 93, 94
- stresses in, 194, 198–204
- Shafts, for tunnels, 284–287
- Sheeting, 270–280
- Shellfish contamination, 372, 489
- Shields, tunnel, 288–290
- Short loads on trenches, 202
- Shovels, for hand excavation, 242
- steam. See Steam shovels.
- Shovel vane screen, 384
- Shoveling by hand, height raised, 244
- performance by one man, 243
- Symbiosis, definition, 363
- example, 432
- Sinking fund, 158
- Siphons, automatic. Chap. XXI, 506–512. See also under Dosing devices.
- Skeleton sheeting, 270, 271
- Slope, of sewers, 88–92
- Skewback, 204
- Sludge. Chap. XX, 495–505
- Sludge, filters, 498–500
- Soaps, 357
- Soil, bearing value, 125
- stack, definition, 7
- Solids in sewage, 356–368
- Special assessment, 15, 16
- Specifications. Chap. X, 211–232
- Spiling. See Piles.
- Spirillum, 362
- Spores, 363
- Springing line, 204
- Sprinkling filter. See Trickling filter
- Square sewer section, 68, 69
- Stability, relative, 359–361
- Stagnant water, 374
- Stakes, contractor to provide, 221
- Stationing, 92
- Stay bracing, 270
- Steam boilers, 147–150
- Steam, consumption by, pumps, 144, 145
- Stearin, 366
- Steel, forms. See Forms, steel.
- Stench, historic in London, 4
- Sterilization. See Disinfection.
- Storm, sewage, definition, 7, 352
- Storm, sewer system design, 93–98
- water, quantity, 40–50
- Storms, extent and intensity, 50
- Stream pollution, regulation, 380, 381
- Streams, self-purification, 373–376
- Street, inlet. See Inlets.
- wash, definition, 352
- Stresses, in buried pipe, 198–204
- Sub-main, defined, 7
- Subsurface surveys, 18–20
- Suction for centrifugal pump, 141
- Sulphur and sand joint compound, 309
- Sunday work, 221
- Surface, elevation, 92
- Surveys, underground, 18–20
- Suspended matter, 357
- Talbot’s run-off formula, 49
- Tamping, backfilling, 328–331
- Tannery wastes, disinfection, 491
- Taxation, general, 16, 17
- Taylor nozzles, 444, 445
- Temperature of sewage, 353
- Templates, brick sewers, 312
- Thawing dynamite, 301, 302
- Tide gate, 122
- Timbering tunnels, 286–288
- Timber, strength of, 277
- Time of concentration, 41–43, 95–97
- Tools, for cleaning sewers, 337–341
- Tower cableways, 252
- Trade wastes. See Industrial wastes.
- Traps, in catch-basins, 107
- Travis tank, 427, 428
- Tree roots, 333, 340
- Tremie, 187, 188
- Trench, backfilling, 328–331
- blasting in, 244, 269
- bottom, shape of, 241, 304, 311
- breaking surface, 243, 244
- drainage, 256–263
- excavating, by hand, 242–245
- machine, 244–256
- guarding and lighting, 221
- layout of tasks, 243
- length of open, 241, 248
- line and grade, 281–284
- location, 243, 281
- opening, 243, 244
- pumps, 256–263
- sheeting, 270–280
- width, 240, 241, 246
- Trestle excavators, 250, 251
- Trickling filter, 437–452
- advantages, 438, 439
- covers for, 451
- depth, 441, 442
- description, 437, 438
- dimensions, 442
- distribution of sewage, 442–451
- dosing siphon, 446–451
- dosing tank, 446–451
- head lost, 438
- insects, 438
- material, 441
- nozzles, 442–451
- layout, 447–451
- odors, 438, 439
- operation, 441
- rate, 441
- results, 439, 440
- siphon size, 449–451
- underdrainage, 451, 452
- unloading, 431, 437
- Tripod drill, 265
- Triton, 295
- Troubles with sewers, causes, 333
- Trumpet arch, 121
- Trunk sewer, defined, 7
- Tunnels, 283–294
- Turbidity of sewage, 353
- Turbine, for cleaning sewers, 340
- Typhoid fever, 364
- U-shaped sewer section, 67, 69, 71
- Underdrains for, sewers, 126
- Underground surveys, 18–20
- Unexpected situations, 235
- Uniformity coefficient of sand, 456
- Unloading of filters, 431, 437
- Urea, 367
- Valuation of sewers, 332, 348–351
- Velocities, depositing, 395–397
- Ventilation, air pressures, 291
- Ventilation, of sewers, 102, 103, 335
- tunnel, 291
- Vertical sheeting, 270–274
- Vitrified clay. See Clay vitrified.
- Volatile matter in sewage, 357
- Volute pumps, 130, 132, 154
- Vouissoir arch analysis, 204
- Wakefield piling, 273
- Wales, 288
- Waste pipe, defined, 7
- Wastes. See Industrial wastes.
- Water consumption, 31–33
- Watershed. See Drainage area.
- Weight, of backfill, 199
- Well, hole, 101
- Wheel excavator, 246–250
- Wing screen, 384
- Wood, forms. See Forms.
- Work, extra, 227
- Workmen, competent, 227