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Soap-Making Manual / A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. cover

Soap-Making Manual / A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant.

Chapter 176: (Cocoanut Oil, Palmkernel Oil)
By Edgar George Thomssen
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About This Book

A practical handbook explains the raw materials of soapmaking—fats, oils, alkalis, rosin and auxiliaries—and their preparation and treatment. It describes plant construction, equipment, and principal manufacturing methods, providing classified formulas and procedures for laundry, toilet, transparent, shaving, liquid, textile and medicinal soaps. The work details glycerine-recovery processes and fatty-acid distillation alongside sampling and analytical methods for oils, soaps and glycerine to control quality. Illustrations, tables and guidance on bleaching, rancidity prevention, hydrogenation and simple tests are included to help operators and small plants perform manufacture and routine analysis.

Boiling Point
Name FormulaMol. Wt.Ordinary Pressure100 mm Pressure Melting Pt. Neutralization value Mg. KOH
Butyric C4H8O2 88 162.3637.5
Caproic C6H12O2 116 199.7483.6
Caprylic C8H16O2 144 236-237 16.5389.6
Capric C10H20O2 172 268-270 199.5-200 31.3326.2
Lauric C12H24O2 200 225 43.6280.5
Myristic C14H28O2 228 250.5 53.8246.1
Palmitic C16H32O2 256 268.5 62219.1
Stearic C18H36O2 284 291 69.2197.5
Arachidic C20H40O2 302 75185.8
Behenic C22H44O2 330 77-78170.0
Cerotic C27H54O2 400 78140.25
Melissic C30H60O2 442 90126.5
Oleic C18H34O2 282 185.5-286 14198.9
Erucic C22H42O2 338 33-34165.9
Linolic C18H32O2 280200.4
Linolenic C18H30O2 278201.5
Ricinoleic C18H34O3 298181.6

*Comparison of Thermometer Scales

n Degree Celsius = 4/5n Degree Reaumur = 32 + 9/5n Degree Fahrenheit

n Degree Reaumur = 5/4n Degree Celsius = 32 + 9/4n Degree Fahrenheit

n Degree Fahrenheit = 5/9 (n - 32) Degree Celsius = 4/9 (n - 32) Deg. R

C. R. F. C. R. F. C. R. F. C. R. F.
-20 -16 -4 20 16 68 60 48 140 100 80 212
-19-15.2-2.2 21 16.8 69.8 61 48.8141.8 101 80.8 213.8
-18-14.4-0.4 22 17.6 71.6 62 49.6143.6 102 81.6 215.6
-17-13.6 1.4 23 18.4 73.4 63 50.4 145.4 103 82.4 217.4
-16 -12.8 3.2 24 19.275.2 64 51.2 147.2 104 83.2 219.2
-15 -12 5 25 2077 65 52149 105 84 221
-14 -11.2 6.8 26 20.8 78.8 66 52.8150.8 106 84.8 222.8
-13 -10.4 8.6 27 21.6 80.6 67 53.6 152.6 107 85.6 224.6
-12 -9.6 10.4 28 22.4 82.4 68 54.4154.4 108 86.4 226.4
-11 -8.8 12.2 29 23.2 84.2 6955.2156.2 109 87.2 228.2
-10 -8 14 30 24 86 70 56158 110 88 230
-9 -7.2 15.8 31 24.8 87.8 71 56.8159.8 111 88.8 231.8
-8 -6.4 17.6 32 25.689.6 72 57.6 161.6 112 89.6 233.6
-7 -5.6 19.4 33 26.491.4 73 58.4163.4 113 90.4 235.4
-6 -4.8 21.2 34 27.2 93.2 74 59.2 165.2 114 91.2 237.2
-5 -4 23 35 28 95 75 60 167 115 92 239
-4 -3.2 24.8 36 28.8 96.8 7660.8 168.8 11692.8 240.8
-3 -2.4 26.6 37 29.6 98.6 7761.6170.6 117 93.6 242.6
-2 -1.6 28.4 38 30.4 100.4 7862.4 172.4 118 94.4 244.4
-1 -0.8 30.2 39 31.2 102.2 7963.2174.2 119 95.2 246.2
0 0 32 40 32 104 8064 176 120 96 248
1 0.8 33.8 41 32.8 105.8 81 64.8177.8 121 96.8 249.8
2 1.6 35.6 42 33.6 107.6 82 65.6179.6 122 97.6 252.6
3 2.4 37.4 43 34.4 109.4 83 66.4 181.4 123 98.4 253.4
4 3.2 39.2 44 35.2 111.2 84 67.2183.2 124 99.2 255.2
5 4 41 45 36 113 85 68 185 125 100 257
6 4.8 42.8 4636.8114.8 86 68.8 186.8 126 100.8 258.8
7 5.6 44.6 4737.6 116.6 87 69.6188.6 127 101.6 260.6
8 6.4 46.4 4838.4118.4 88 70.4190.4 128 102.4 262.4
9 7.2 48.2 4939.2120.2 89 71.2192.2 129 103.2 264.2
10 8 50 50 40 122 90 72 194 130 104 266
11 8.8 51.8 51 40.8 123.8 91 72.8 195.8 131 104.8 267.8
12 9.6 53.6 52 41.6125.6 92 73.6 197.6 132 105.6 269.6
13 10.4 55.4 53 42.4 127.4 9374.4 199.4 133 106.4 271.4
14 11.2 57.2 54 43.2 129.2 9475.2 201.2 134 107.2 273.2
15 12 59 5544131 95 76 203 135 108 275
16 12.8 60.8 56 44.8132.8 96 76.8204.8 136 108.8 276.8
17 13.6 62.6 5745.6 134.6 97 77.6 206.6 137 109.6 278.6
18 14.4 64.4 5846.4136.4 98 78.4208.4 138 110.4 280.4
19 15.2 66.2 59 47.2 138.2 99 79.2 210.2 139 111.2 282.2

*Quantities of Alkali Required for Saponification of Fats of Average Molecular Weight 670

(Cocoanut Oil, Palmkernel Oil)

Kilos Liters Alkali Solution Sp. Gr. 1.1 Liters Alkali Solution Sp. Gr. 1.2 Liters Alkali Solution Sp. Gr. 1.3 Liters Alkali Solution Sp. Gr. 1.355
NaOH KOH NaOH KOH NaOH KOHNaOH KOH
1000 1875.83 1902.99 844.67 930.35 510.27 622.71409.61 517.97
2000 3751.66 3805.97 1689.35 1860.70 1020.64 1245.41819.21 1035.95
3000 5627.50 5708.96 2534.02 2791.04 1530.81 1868.121228.82 1553.92
4000 7508.33 7611.94 3378.69 3721.39 2041.01 2490.831638.43 2071.90
5000 9379.16 9514.93 4223.37 4651.74 2551.35 3113.542048.04 2589.87
6000 11254.99 11417.91 5068.04 5582.09 3061.61 3736.242457.65 3107.84
7000 13130.82 13320.90 5912.71 6512.44 3571.88 4358.952867.26 3625.82
8000 15006.66 15223.88 6757.38 7442.78 4082.15 4981.663276.86 4143.79
9000 16882.49 17126.87 7602.06 8373.13 4592.42 5604.363886.47 4661.77
10000 18758.32 19029.85 8446.73 9303.48 5102.69 6227.024096.08 5179.74

*Quantities of Alkali Required for Saponification of Fats of Average Molecular Weight 860

(Tallow, Cottonseed Oil, Olive Oil, Etc.)

Kilos Liters Alkali Solution Sp. Gr. 1.1 Liters Alkali Solution Sp. Gr. 1.2 Liters Alkali Solution Sp. Gr. 1.3 Liters Alkali Solution Sp. Gr. 1.355
NaOH KOH NaOH KOH NaOH KOHNaOH KOH
1000 1461.40 1482.56 658.05 724.81 397.54 485.13319.11 403.54
2000 2922.81 2965.12 1316.12 1449.61 795.07 970.27638.23 807.08
3000 4384.21 4447.67 1974.18 2174.42 1192.61 1455.40957.34 1210.61
4000 5845.62 5930.23 2632.24 2899.22 1590.14 1940.531276.45 1614.15
5000 7307.02 7412.79 3290.80 3624.03 1987.68 2425.671595.57 2017.69
6000 8768.42 8895.85 3948.35 4348.84 2385.21 2910.801914.68 2421.23
7000 10229.83 10377.91 4606.41 5073.64 2782.75 3395.932233.79 2824.77
8000 11691.23 11860.45 5264.47 5798.45 3180.28 3881.062552.90 3228.30
9000 13152.64 13343.02 5922.53 6523.25 3577.82 4366.202872.02 3631.84
10000 14614.04 14825.58 6580.59 7248.06 3975.35 4851.333191.13 4035.38

DENSITY AND STRENGTH OF SULPHURIC ACID (SIDERSKY).

Degrees Twaddell.Sp. Gr. at 15° C.% of pure acid (H2SO4).Equivalent (in cc.) of a kilo of pure acid.Equivalent (in cc.) of a liter of pure acid.
11.0071.952.62096.930
31.0142.835.71066.450
41.0223.825.65047.230
61.0294.820.41037.582
81.0375.816.67030.690
91.0456.814.08525.938
101.0527.812.19822.460
121.0628.810.75519.803
131.0679.89.52417.540
151.07510.98.54715.740
171.08311.97.75214.278
181.09113.07.04212.969
201.10014.16.45211.882
221.10815.25.95310.962
231.11616.25.52610.177
251.12517.35.4059.954
271.13418.54.768.770
291.14219.64.4658.223
301.15220.84.1847.723
321.16222.23.8767.138
341.17123.33.6636.745
361.18024.53.5416.521
381.19025.83.2585.999
401.20027.13.0775.666
421.21028.42.9075.353
441.22029.62.7705.102
461.23131.02.6184.865
481.24132.22.5004.604
501.25233.42.3924.406
531.26334.72.2834.205
551.27436.02.1794.012
571.28537.42.0793.829
601.29738.81.9883.661
621.30840.21.9053.508
641.32041.61.8213.354
661.33243.01.7453.214
691.34544.41.6653.085
711.35745.51.6212.985
741.37046.91.5582.869
771.38348.31.4972.757
801.39749.81.4362.646
821.41051.21.3862.551
851.42452.61.3352.459
881.43854.01.2872.370
911.45355.41.2372.270
941.46856.91.1952.200
971.48358.31.1562.130
1001.49859.61.1162.050
1031.51461.01.0801.980
1061.53062.51.0451.930
1081.54064.01.0101.860
1131.56365.50.9751.800
1161.58067.00.9501.740
1201.59768.60.9171.690
1231.61570.00.8881.630
1271.63471.60.8551.570
1301.65273.20.8451.520
1341.67174.70.8001.470
1381.69176.40.7741.430
1421.71178.10.7491.390
1461.73279.90.7221.320
1511.75381.70.7051.280
1551.77484.10.6721.235
1601.79886.50.6391.190
1641.81989.70.6091.120
1681.842100.00.5441.000

*Densities of Potassium Carbonate Solutions at 15 C (Gerlach)

Sp. Gr. Per cent of
pure K2CO3
1.00914 1
1.01829 2
1.02743 3
1.03658 4
1.04572 5
1.05513 6
1.06454 7
1.07396 8
1.08337 9
1.09278 10
1.10258 11
1.11238 12
1.12219 13
1.13199 14
1.14179 15
1.15200 16
1.16222 17
1.17243 18
1.18265 19
1.19286 20
1.20344 21
1.21402 22
1.22459 23
1.23517 24
1.24575 25
1.25681 26
1.26787 27
1.27893 28
1.28999 29
1.30105 30
1.31261 31
1.32417 32
1.33573 33
1.34729 34
1.35885 35
1.37082 36
1.38279 37
1.39476 38
1.40673 39
1.41870 40
1.43104 41
1.44338 42
1.45573 43
1.46807 44
1.48041 45
1.49314 46
1.50588 47
1.51861 48
1.53135 49
1.54408 50
1.55728 51
1.57048 52
1.57079 53.024

*Constants of Certain Fatty Acids and Triglycerides

Triglycerides of Per cent Yield
Mol. Wt.
of Fatty Acid		 Mol. Wt.
of Triglycerides		 Fatty Acid Glycerine
Stearic Acid 284 890 95.73 10.34
Oleic Acid 282 884 95.70 10.41
Margaric Acid 270 848 95.52 10.85
Palmitic Acid 256 806 95.28 11.42
Myristic Acid 228 722 94.47 12.74
Lauric Acid 200 638 94.04 14.42
Capric Acid 172 594 93.14 15.48
Caproic Acid 116 386 90.16 23.83
Butyric Acid 88 302 87.41 30.46

PERCENTAGES OF SOLID CAUSTIC SODA AND CAUSTIC POTASH IN CAUSTIC LYES ACCORDING TO BAUME SCALE.

Degrees Baumé.% NaOH% KOH
10.610.90
20.931.70
32.002.60
42.713.50
53.354.50
64.005.60
74.5566.286
85.297.40
95.878.20
106.559.20
117.3110.10
128.0010.90
138.6812.00
149.4212.90
1510.0613.80
1610.9714.80
1711.8415.70
1812.6416.50
1913.5517.60
2014.3718.60
2115.1319.50
2215.9120.50
2316.7721.40
2417.6722.50
2518.5823.30
2619.5824.20
2720.5925.10
2821.4226.10
2922.6427.00
3023.6728.00
3124.8128.90
3225.8029.80
3326.8330.70
3427.8031.80
3528.8332.70
3629.9333.70
3731.2234.90
3832.4735.90
3933.6936.90
4034.9637.80
4136.2538.90
4237.5339.90
4338.8040.90
4439.9942.10
4541.4143.40
4642.8344.60
4744.3845.80
4846.1547.10
4947.5848.25
5049.0249.40

GLYCERINE CONTENT OF MORE COMMON OILS AND FATS USED IN SOAP MAKING.

Kind.Theoretical Yield
of Pure Glycerine
of Neutral Oil or Fat.		Average
Free Fatty Acid
in Commercial Oil.		% Pure Glycerine
in Commercial Oil.		Yield Soap Lye
80% Crude Glycerine.
Beef Tallow10.7510.212.75
Bone Grease10.520-505.2- 8.46.5 -10.5
Castor Oil9.80.5-108.8- 9.811.0 -12.45
Cocoanut Oil13.93-513.2-13.516.5 -16.9
Cocoanut Oil Off15-408.3-11.810.37-14.75
Corn Oil10.41-109.3-10.311.62-12.9
Cottonseed Oil10.6Trace10.613.25
Hog Grease10.60.5-110.5-10.613.12-13.25
Horse Grease10.61-310.5-10.613.12-13.25
Olive Oil10.32-257.7-10.29.62-12.75
Olive Foots30-604-75- 8.75
Palm Oil11.010-505.5-106.87-12.5
Palmkernel Oil13.34-812.2-12.815.25-16
Peanut Oil10.45-208.3- 9.910.37-12.37
Soya Bean Oil10.4210.212.75
Train Oil10.02-208- 9.810.0 -12.25
Vegetable Tallow10.91-310.5-10.813.12-13.5

*Table of Specific Gravities of Pure Commercial Glycerine with Corresponding Percentage of Water. Temperature 15 C.