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Special talents and defects

Chapter 106: INDEX
By Leta Stetter Hollingworth
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Psychiatry/PsychologyTeaching & Education

About This Book

This work surveys evidence for mental functions that are dissociated from general intelligence and outlines implications for schooling. It reviews methods for measuring special aptitudes versus IQ, statistical relations among capacities, and psychographic profiling of individual strengths and weaknesses. Physiological hypotheses about neural localization receive critical treatment. Separate chapters analyze reading, spelling, arithmetic, drawing, and music, presenting psychological analyses, case studies of exceptional or deficient performance, and considerations of heredity and variability. Practical implications for diagnosis, remediation, and classroom organization are discussed to guide educators in recognizing and responding to diverse endowments.

INDEX

  • Ability, definition of, 4.
  • Absolute pitch, 171.
  • Agnew, M., 181.
  • Agraphia, 51.
  • Aikens, H. A., 48.
  • Alexia, 51;
    • “congenital,” 63.
  • Alcoholic psychosis, 20.
  • Ambidexterity, 185.
  • Anderson, C. I., 96, 121, 139.
  • Aphasia, 51.
  • Aphemia, 51.
  • Arithmetic, capacity for, 114;
    • defined, 115;
    • special defect in, 119 f.
  • Arithmetical abilities, organization of, 117 f.;
    • of children over 180 IQ, 131 f.;
    • inheritance of, 137 f.
  • Arithmetical prodigies, 122 ff.
    • See also Lightning calculators.
  • Attendance, effects of irregular, 68, 120.
  • Ayer, F. C., 143, 144, 147, 148, 149, 150, 163.
  • Ayres’ scale, 12, 105.
  • Baerwald, R., 11, 46.
  • Baldwin, J. M., 188.
  • Beeley, A. L., 186, 189, 195.
  • Berkau, O., 96.
  • Berkowitz, I. H., 96.
  • Bernfield, S., 166, 181.
  • Binet, A., 21, 24, 34, 35, 46, 96, 128, 139, 163.
  • Binet-Simon tests, 190.
  • Boggs, L., 171, 181.
  • Brachiometer, 186.
  • Brain, localization, 49 f.;
    • injury to, 53 f.
  • Broca; P. P., 51.
  • Broca’s area, 51, 56.
  • Bronner, A. F., 65, 94, 96, 119.
  • Brown, W., 47, 118, 140.
  • Bryan, W. L., 128, 140.
  • Burt, C., 32, 47, 69, 96, 209.
  • Buswell, G. T., 96.
  • Cameron, E. H., 210.
  • Capacities, relationship among, 11;
    • decay of, 20.
  • Capacity, definition of, 4.
  • Carman, E. K., 113.
  • Charters, W. W., 113.
  • Childs, H. G., 163.
  • Clark, E., 210.
  • Clemesha, I. C., 63, 96.
  • Cobb, M. V., 117, 121, 138, 140.
  • Coefficient of correlation, 11;
    • interpretation of, 12;
    • negative, 16;
    • derived from chance combination, 29 ff.;
    • derived from biological coherence, 31.
  • Collar, D. J., 117, 140.
  • Color blindness, 153.
  • Common factor, 15.
  • Compensatory distribution, demand for, 9;
    • not found, 34.
  • Comprehension, in reading, 61 f.
  • Copp, E. F., 175, 181.
  • Correlation, coefficient of, 11;
    • between ability to spell and IQ, 13;
    • in various groups, 18;
    • of abilities of dements, 21 ff.;
    • between ability to read and IQ, 57;
    • between ability in arithmetic and IQ, 114;
    • between ability in drawing and IQ, 146 f.;
    • between ability in music and IQ, 168 f.;
    • between mechanical ability and IQ, 190.
  • Cortex, 50 f.
  • Coy, G., 201.
  • Defects, special. See Special defects.
  • Dementia paralytica, 20 f.
  • Democracy, human nature and, 199 f., 210.
  • Dice, 29 ff.
  • Disorganizing minds, study of, 19 ff.
  • Distribution of ability, 9.
  • Downey, J. E., 195.
  • Drawing, various kinds of, 141 f.;
    • ramifications of, 143;
    • analysis of talent for, 143 f.
  • Earle, E. L., 105, 113.
  • Edgren, J. G., 181.
  • Elderton, E., 147, 163.
  • Elliott, C. H., 210.
  • Evanston schools, experimentation in, 145.
  • Eye-movements, in reading, 61.
  • Eyes, defects of, 59.
  • Fernald, G. M., 69, 90, 96.
  • Fildes, L. G., 95, 96.
  • Fischlovitz, A., 146, 163.
  • Fisk, S., 74.
  • Franzen, R., 210.
  • Freeman, F. N., 67, 96.
  • Galton, F., 11, 91.
  • Gates, A. I., 61, 62, 69, 96, 98.
  • Gatewood, E. L., 167, 181.
  • Gaw, E. A., 181.
  • General factor, 15.
  • General intelligence, versus special aptitudes, 14;
    • measurement of, 34 ff.;
    • relation to reading, 57;
    • to spelling, 100;
    • to arithmetic, 114;
    • to drawing, 146 f.;
    • to musical talent, 168 f.;
    • to mechanical ability, 190;
    • to leadership, 193;
    • to school progress, 200.
  • Gillingham, A., 140.
  • Gordon, H., 188, 195.
  • Gowin, E. B., 195.
  • Gray, W. S., 67, 90, 96.
  • Habits, arithmetical, 120;
    • methods of detecting, 121.
  • Haggerty’s scale, 84.
  • Hansen, C. F., 167, 181.
  • Hart, B., 22, 23, 24, 47.
  • Head, H., 51, 56.
  • Heredity, of mental endowment, 3, 10;
    • of arithmetical abilities, 137 f.;
    • of talent in drawing, 158;
    • of musical talent, 175;
    • of left-handedness, 185.
  • Hierarchy, of abilities, 15, 29;
    • derived by chance, 29 ff.;
    • of habits in arithmetic, 120.
  • Hinshelwood, J., 64, 97.
  • Hollingworth, H. L., 41, 47.
  • Hollingworth, L. S., 13, 113.
  • Huey, E. B., 57.
  • Illustrative cases, of defect in reading, 65 f., 71 f.;
    • of talent in reading, 91 f.;
    • of defect in spelling, 109 f.;
    • of special ability in spelling, 111;
    • of special defect in arithmetic, 119 ff.;
    • of lightning calculators, 122 ff.;
    • of marked ability to calculate, combined with high IQ, 131 ff.;
    • of special ability in drawing, 154 ff.;
    • of mirror writing, 189.
  • Individuality, values of, 196 f.;
    • compulsory education and, 198;
    • cost of fostering, 206;
    • rewards of fostering, 208.
  • Intellect, organization of, 11 f.;
    • inheritance of, 27;
    • uses of, 197 f.
  • IQ, determination of, 34 ff.;
    • significance of, 36;
    • nervous stability and, 70.
    • See also General intelligence.
  • Ivanof, E., 147, 163.
  • Jones, E. E., 145, 163.
  • Jones, F., 186.
  • Judd, C. H., 115, 210.
  • Kallom, A. W., 113.
  • Keller, H., 69, 90, 96.
  • Kerschensteiner, G., 163.
  • Kik, C., 163.
  • King, I., 97.
  • Knock, C. J., 181.
  • Kreuger, F., 47.
  • Kries, J. Von, 181.
  • Ladd, G., 51, 56, 96.
  • Lanterne, S., 140.
  • Lashley, K. S., 56.
  • Lazar, E., 140.
  • Leadership, 192.
  • Lee, V., 182.
  • Left-handedness, 183 ff.
  • Lightning calculators, 115 ff.
  • Lindley, E. H., 128, 140.
  • Linguistic functions, loss of, 51;
    • complexity of, 52;
    • coherence among, 98.
  • Lip-movements, 60.
  • Literacy, 94.
  • Máday, H. V., 140.
  • Manuel, H. T., 141, 144, 145, 150, 151, 163.
  • Martha, precocious reader, 92.
  • Mathematical ability, 115, 118.
  • Mayberry, L. W., 211.
  • McCall, W. A., 33, 47.
  • Mechanical ability, 190.
  • Mechanical tests, 85.
  • Mechanics, of reading, 58 ff.;
    • of arithmetic, 120.
  • Mendel, G., 27.
  • Mendelian inheritance, 27, 176, 185.
  • Mental age, 35, 39.
  • Mental endowment, origin of, 3;
    • when first evident, 42.
  • Mental functions, speculation concerning, 1;
    • definition of, 4;
    • complexity of, 6;
    • believed to have common factor, 15;
    • believed to be specialized, 16;
    • selective enfeeblement of, 21 ff.;
    • attempted localization of, 49 ff.
  • Mental measurement, ideals of, 36;
    • present limitations of, 37.
  • Mental tests, foretold, 1;
    • defined, 34;
    • present limitations of, 37 f.
  • Merton, E., 96.
  • Meumann, E., 10, 11, 98, 144, 163.
  • Meyer, M., 164.
  • Miller, G. A., 140.
  • Mirror writing, 188 f.
  • Mitchell, F. B., 123, 129, 137, 140.
  • Möbius, P. J., 140.
  • Monakow, C. Von, 51, 56.
  • Moore, T. V., 24, 25, 47.
  • Morgan, W. P., 63, 96.
  • Music, nature of, 164;
    • various kinds of, 165;
    • appreciation of, 180.
  • Musical sensitivity, 166.
  • Nervous instability, and reading, 69;
    • and arithmetic, 122.
  • Nervous system, 49.
  • Neurotic children, 69, 122.
  • Non-reader, four-year study of, 71 f.
  • Non-readers, summary of studies of, 89 f.
  • Oakland schools, organization of, 204.
  • O’Brien, J. A., 97.
  • Ophthalmologists, reports of, 59.
  • Pannenberg, H. J., 163, 166, 182.
  • Pannenberg, W. A., 163, 166, 182.
  • Performance, as criterion of ability, 5.
  • Performance tests, Pintner’s, 85.
  • Peter, R., 163.
  • Peters, W., 140.
  • Phonics, taught to non-readers, 66;
    • carried to excess, 67.
  • Pictorial completion test, Healy’s, 85.
  • Pittman, M. S., 113.
  • Plato, 1.
  • Platt, W., 182.
  • Pöhler, Otto, 91.
  • Poull, L. E., 93, 97.
  • Problem-solving, 119
  • Prodigies, 122 f.
  • Pryor, H. C., 113.
  • Psychographs, to picture individuality, 38 ff.;
  • Psychological analysis, of reading, 58;
    • of spelling, 98;
    • of calculation, 116;
    • of talent in drawing, 143;
    • of musical talent, 165;
    • of leadership, 192.
  • Quantitative investigation, results of, 4 f.;
    • methods of, 11 f.
  • Ranschburg, P., 58, 97, 140.
  • Reading, relation to IQ, 57;
    • very early, 58;
    • mental age necessary for, 61 f.;
    • oral, 60;
    • special defect in, 65 ff.;
    • special ability in, 91 f.;
    • effect on spelling, 106.
  • Révész, G., 47, 166, 171, 182.
  • Richet, C., 182.
  • Riley, H. A., 52, 56.
  • Rogers, A. L., 40, 115, 140.
  • Rugg, H. O., 47, 211.
  • Rupp, H., 166, 182.
  • Scarborough school, experimentation in, 106 f.
  • Schmitt, C., 65, 90, 97, 119, 140.
  • Schröck, G., 63, 96.
  • Schussler, H., 166, 168, 169, 182.
  • Scripture, E. W., 123, 140.
  • Seashore, C., 7, 10, 166, 167, 171, 182.
  • Senile dements, 20 f., 26.
  • Simon, Th., 21, 24, 46.
  • Simpson, B. R., 18, 47, 147.
  • Smith, J. H., 119, 140.
  • Spaulding, F. E., 211.
  • Spearman, C., 5, 11, 15, 16, 22, 23, 24, 29, 30, 34, 47, 54.
  • Special abilities, measurement of, 37 ff.;
    • detection of, 37 ff.;
    • origin of, 43, 45;
    • frequency of, 44;
    • relation to school progress, 201 f.
  • Special defects, and brain anatomy, 52;
    • detection of, 37 ff.;
    • origin of, 43, 45;
    • frequency of, 44;
    • relation to school progress, 201 f.
  • Special senses, in reading, 59.
  • Speech defects, 70.
  • Spellers, psychological examination of, 100 f.
  • Spelling, correlation with IQ, 100;
    • special defect in, 98 ff.;
    • analysis of, 98 ff.
  • Stanford-Binet, 57, 58, 68, 85, 95, 109, 150, 191, 193.
  • Stanton, H. M., 175, 182.
  • Stenquist, J. L., 190, 195.
  • Stern, W., 10, 11.
  • Tachistoscope, 58.
  • Taussig, F. W., 195.
  • Terman, L. M., 47, 92, 97, 131, 193, 201, 211.
  • Terry, P. W., 140.
  • Thompson, J. R., 47.
  • Thomson, G., 29, 30, 47, 54.
  • Thorndike, E. L., 10, 11, 15, 16, 33, 34, 47, 62, 97, 116, 117, 140, 146, 163, 190, 195, 211.
  • Thorndike-McCall scale, 57, 82, 83.
  • Tildesley, M. L., 163.
  • Tilney, F., 52, 56.
  • Tone deafness, 172.
  • Tonoscope, 174.
  • Trabue, M. R., 190.
  • Trabue’s scale, 57, 77 ff.
  • Transfer of training, 28, 104.
  • Truant officers, 199.
  • Types, folk notions concerning, 2;
    • human beings not divided into, 6.
  • Uhl, W. L., 97, 119, 121, 140.
  • Unmusical children, 169.
  • Washburn, C., 211.
  • Weglein, D. E., 17, 48.
  • Weseen, M. H., 113.
  • White, A., 93, 97.
  • Whitford, W. G., 163.
  • Winford, C. A., 105.
  • Winnetka schools, organization of, 205, 207.
  • Witmer, L., 113, 170.
  • Woodworth, R. S., 51, 56, 96.
  • Woolley, H. T., 211.
  • Word blindness, 63 f.
  • Wundt, W., laboratory of, 4.
  • X, instruction of, in reading, 71 ff.
  • Zirbes, L., 211.