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Steam-ships

Chapter 4: PLANS
By R. A. Fletcher
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Engineering & TechnologyHistory - Modern (1750+)

About This Book

A concise historical survey traces the development of steam-powered merchant and naval vessels across roughly a century, describing early experimental engines and the gradual replacement of sail as hulls progressed from wood to iron and steel. It follows major engineering shifts—paddle to screw propulsion, compound and multiple-expansion engines, twin screws, forced draught, and the adoption of turbine machinery—and explains how these innovations changed ship construction, performance, fuel consumption, and commercial routing. The work compares maritime and land steam transport, reviews shipbuilding and dock developments, and supplies technical illustrations and archival material to document decade-by-decade progress.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE
1. The William Fawcett, the first P. & O. Steam-ship; with a Bomb Ketch and H.M.S. St. Vincent. [To face title-page
  From a painting by Charles Dixon; by kind permission of the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Co.  
2. The Chancellor Livingston Headpiece to Preface
  From a drawing by W. T. Loveday  
3. Primitive Paddle-boats   3
  From Robertus Valturius, De Re Militari, 1472  
4. “Barque à Roues”: Primitive Chinese Paddle-boat   5
  Sketched from a drawing  
5. “Liburna” or Galley, worked by Oxen   7
  From Morisotus, Orbis Maritimi Historia, 1643  
6. Jonathan Hulls’ Paddle-steamer, 1737 To face 14
  From the drawing in the Science Museum, South Kensington  
7. The Marquis de Jouffroy’s Steamboat, 1783 To face 16
  From a copy of a French print published in 1816  
8. John Fitch’s Oared Paddle-boat, 1786   22
  From a contemporary drawing  
9. John Stevens’ Phœnix, 1807 To face 28
  From a contemporary picture, by courtesy of E. A. Stevens, Esq., Hoboken, N.J.  
10. Robert Fulton’s Clermont, 1807   37
  By courtesy of the Shipping World  
11. The Paragon, built 1811 To face 40
  By courtesy of the Master, Mate, and Pilot  
12. The Philadelphia, built 1826 To face 44
  From a contemporary picture, by courtesy of E. A. Stevens, Esq., Hoboken, N.J.  
13. The De Witt Clinton, built 1828 To face 46
14. The William Cutting, built 1827 To face 48
  By courtesy of the Master, Mate, and Pilot  
15. The Mary Powell (Hudson River Day Line)   50
  Sketched by E. Coffin from a photograph  
16. The Hendrick Hudson (Hudson River Day Line), 1906 To face 50
  Photograph by courtesy of the Hudson River Day Line  
17. The Robert Fulton (Hudson River Day Line), 1909 To face 52
  As the last  
18. The William M. Mills To face 54
19. The City of Cleveland To face 54
  Both by courtesy of the Shipping World  
20. Patrick Miller’s Triple Boat the Edinburgh To face 56
  From the engraving at South Kensington  
21. Model of Miller’s Double Boat To face 58
  From the original at South Kensington  
22. The Charlotte Dundas: longitudinal section   60
  From a drawing  
23. Symington’s Original Engine of 1788 To face 60
  Preserved at South Kensington  
24. Model of the Charlotte Dundas To face 62
  From the original at South Kensington  
25. The Original Engines of the Comet To face 64
  Preserved at South Kensington  
26. The Comet, 1812 To face 66
27. The Industry, 1814 To face 68
  Both by courtesy of the Institute of Marine Engineers, from the lecture by J. H. Hulls, delivered Feb. 26, 1906  
28. Plan and Lines of the Comet To face 70
29. The Engine of the Leven To face 70
  Both by courtesy of Messrs. MacLehose and Sons and of the author, from Captain Williamson’s “Clyde Passenger Steamers”  
30. The Sea-Horse, about 1826 To face 72
  By courtesy of the Institute of Marine Engineers, from the lecture by J. H. Hulls, delivered Feb. 26, 1906  
31. The Monarch and Trident, convoying the Royal George Yacht, with Queen Victoria and the Prince Consort, to Edinburgh, August 1842 To face 80
32. The Trident, in which the Queen and Prince Consort returned, Sept. 1842 To face 82
  Both by courtesy of the General Steam Navigation Co.  
33. The Carron To face 84
  By courtesy of the Carron Co.  
34. The Kingfisher To face 84
  By kind permission of the General Steam Navigation Co.  
35. The Fingal To face 86
  By courtesy of the London and Edinburgh Shipping Co.  
36. The Lady Wolseley To face 86
  By courtesy of the British and Irish Steam Packet Co.  
37. The Ben-my-Chree (I.), built 1845 To face 88
38. The Tynwald (I.), built 1846 To face 90
39. The Mona’s Isle (II.), built 1860, as a paddle steamer To face 92
40. The Ellan Vannin (the foregoing, altered to a screw steamer and re-named, 1883) To face 94
  The last four illustrations by courtesy of the Isle of Man Steam Packet Co.  
41. The Majestic To face 96
  From a photograph of a contemporary bill, by courtesy of J. W. Little, Esq., of Little and Johnston  
42. The Lady Roberts To face 98
  By courtesy of the British and Irish Steam Packet Co.  
43. The Augusta, 1856   100
  By courtesy of F. H. Powell and Co., Liverpool  
44. The Turbine Steamer Marylebone (G.C. Railway) To face 104
45. The Cambria (L. & N.W. Railway) To face 104
46. The Turbine Steamer St. Patrick (G.W. Railway) To face 114
47. The R.M. Turbine Steamer Copenhagen (G.E. Railway) To face 116
48. The Scotia (L. & N.W. Railway) To face 120
  The last five by courtesy of the respective companies  
49. The Savannah To face 124
  By kind permission of the Master, Mate, and Pilot  
50. The Rising Star   130
  Drawing by E. Coffin from a very rare picture  
51. The Dieppe (L.B. & S.C. Railway) To face 134
  By permission of the Company  
52. The United Kingdom To face 134
  By courtesy of Syren and Shipping  
53. The Sirius, from a print of 1837 To face 140
54. The Great Western, from a print of 1837 To face 142
  Preserved at South Kensington  
55. The President   146
  Drawn by E. Coffin from a contemporary picture  
56. The British Queen To face 146
  From an original oil-painting in the possession of the Author  
57. The Britannia, 1840 To face 152
  By courtesy of the Cunard Co.  
58. The Atlantic   156
  Drawn by E. Coffin from a contemporary picture  
59. The Adriatic (Collins Line, 1857) To face 160
  From “The Atlantic Ferry,” by A. J. Maginnis, by kind permission of the publishers, Messrs. Whittaker and Co.  
60. The Earl of Hardwicke   168
61. The Massachusetts   171
  Both drawn by E. Coffin from contemporary pictures  
62. The Hindostan, 1842 To face 178
63. H.M. Troopship Himalaya in Plymouth Sound To face 180
  Both from prints kindly supplied by the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Co.  
64. H.M. Troopship Himalaya To face 182
  By courtesy of the Thames Iron Works and Shipbuilding Co.  
65. The Norman (Union-Castle Line, 1894) To face 184
  By permission of the Engineer  
66. Maudslay’s Oscillating Engine To face 200
  From the original at the Science Museum, South Kensington  
67. Model of the Engines of the Leinster To face 204
  From the original at South Kensington  
68. The Pacific   205
  Drawn by E. Coffin from a contemporary picture  
69. Stevens’ 1804 Engine, showing Twin-screw Propellers To face 208
  By courtesy of E. A. Stevens, Esq., Hoboken, N.J.  
70. The Q.E.D.   211
  Drawn by E. Coffin from a contemporary picture  
71. The John Bowes, launched 1852 To face 214
72. The John Bowes, 1906 To face 214
  By courtesy of Palmer’s Shipbuilding and Iron Co.  
73. The Novelty, built 1839 To face 218
  From the model at the Science Museum, South Kensington  
74. The Great Britain To face 222
75. Engines of the Great Britain To face 224
  From the models at South Kensington  
76. The Sarah Sands, 1846 To face 230
77. The City of Glasgow (Inman Line, 1850) To face 236
78. The City of Rome (Inman Line, 1881) To face 242
  The last three from “The Atlantic Ferry,” by kind permission of the publishers, as above  
79. The City of Chicago   244
  Drawn from a contemporary print  
80. The Persia and Scotia (Cunard, 1856 and 1862) To face 244
81. The China (Cunard, 1862) To face 246
82. The Russia (Cunard, 1867) To face 246
  The last three from “The Atlantic Ferry,” by kind permission of the publishers, as above  
83. Model of the City of Paris, 1866 To face 248
  From the original at South Kensington  
84. The Oregon (Cunard and Guion Lines, 1883) To face 250
  From “The Atlantic Ferry,” by kind permission of the publishers, as above  
85. The America (National Line, 1884) To face 254
  From “The Atlantic Ferry,” by kind permission of the publishers, as above  
86. The Delta leaving Marseilles for the opening of the Suez Canal To face 260
  From a photograph kindly supplied by the P. & O. Co.  
87. The Thunder   265
  Drawn by E. Coffin from a contemporary picture  
88. Model of the Great Eastern To face 270
89. Longitudinal section of the Great Eastern To face 272
  From the originals in the Science Museum, S. Kensington  
90. Caricature of the Great Eastern To face 274
  From a contemporary print  
91. Model of the Paddle-engines of the Great Eastern To face 276
  From the original at South Kensington  
92. The Britannic (White Star Line, 1874) To face 280
  By courtesy of the White Star Line  
93. The Umbria and Etruria (Cunard) To face 280
  By courtesy of the Cunard Co.  
94. The Mauretania (Cunard, 1907) To face 282
  By courtesy of the Cunard Co.  
95. The Campania (Cunard, 1892) To face 282
  From “The Atlantic Ferry,” by kind permission of the publishers, as above  
96. The Teutonic and Majestic (White Star Line, 1889) To face 288
  By courtesy of the White Star Line  
97. The Olympic (White Star Line, 1910) To face 288
  From the painting by Charles Dixon  
98. The Olympic building, October 18, 1909 To face 290
  By courtesy of the White Star Line  
99. The St. Louis (American Line) To face 294
  By courtesy of the American Line  
100. The Morea (P. & O. Line) To face 294
  By courtesy of the P. & O. Co.  
101. The Assiniboine (Canadian Pacific Railway Co.) To face 300
  By courtesy of the Canadian Pacific Railway Co.  
102. The Kronprinzessin Cecilie (Norddeutscher Lloyd) To face 304
103. The Kaiser Wilhelm II. (Norddeutscher Lloyd) To face 304
  Photographs by G. West and Son  
104. The Turbinia To face 308
  Photographs by G. West and Son, and by courtesy of the Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Co.  
105. The Otaki (New Zealand Shipping Co.) To face 310
  By courtesy of W. Denny and Sons  
106. H.M.S. Waterwitch, armoured gunboat   321
  Drawn by E. Coffin from a contemporary picture  
107. H.M.S. Minotaur To face 326
  By courtesy of the Thames Iron Works and Shipbuilding Co.  
108. The Koenig Wilhelm, German Navy To face 328
109. The Baden, German Navy To face 328
110. H.M.S. Devastation To face 330
111. H.M.S. Thunderer To face 330
112. H.M.S. Dreadnought To face 332
113. H.M.S. Lightning, torpedo-boat To face 334
114. H.M.S. Tartar, torpedo-boat To face 334
115. H.M.S. Lord Nelson To face 336
116. H.M.S. Invincible, armoured cruiser To face 336
  The last nine from photographs by G. West and Son  
117. The Minas Geraes, Brazilian battleship To face 336
  By special permission of the Brazilian Naval Commission, from a photograph kindly supplied by Messrs. Armstrong, Whitworth and Co.  
118. The Kearsarge, U.S. Navy To face 340
119. The San Francisco, U.S. Navy To face 340
  Both from photographs by G. West and Son  
120. The Monitoria To face 348
  By courtesy of Messrs. Osbourne Graham and Co.  
121. The Iroquois and Navahoe To face 348
  By permission of the Syren and Shipping  
122. The Monitoria, transverse section   350
  By courtesy of Messrs. Osbourne Graham and Co.  
123. The old Floating Dock at Rotherhithe, circa 1800 To face 354
  By courtesy of Messrs. Clark and Standfield  
124. Model of the Bermuda Dock To face 356
  From the original at South Kensington  
125. Self-docking of the Bermuda Dock (well heeled) To face 358
126. Bermuda Dock: Centre Pontoon Self-docked To face 358
127. Bolted Sectional Dock lifting a Vessel To face 360
128. The Cartagena Dock To face 362
  The last four by courtesy of Messrs. Clark and Standfield  
129. The Baikal To face 362
  By courtesy of the Magazine of Commerce  
130. The Drottning Victoria To face 366
  From a photograph by Frank and Sons, by courtesy of the Shipbuilder and Messrs. Swan, Hunter, and Wigham Richardson  
131. The Ermack To face 370
  By courtesy of Sir W. G. Armstrong, Whitworth and Co.  
132. The Earl Grey To face 370
  By courtesy of the Magazine of Commerce  
133. The Royal Yacht Victoria and Albert To face 372
134. The Imperial Yacht Hohenzollern To face 372
  Photographs by G. West and Son  

PLANS
135. The Evolution of Floating Docks, 1800-1910   389
  By courtesy of Messrs. Clark and Standfield