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Stone Art / Thirteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1891-1892, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1896, pages 47-178. cover

Stone Art / Thirteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1891-1892, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1896, pages 47-178.

Chapter 1: STONE ART BY GERARD FOWKE
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About This Book

The work presents a systematic survey and illustrated catalogue of prehistoric stone implements and ornaments from a large museum collection, emphasizing classification, materials, and geographic distribution across the Mississippi valley. Implements are divided into chipped and pecked/ground types, with attention to raw materials, manufacture, hafting, and wear. Detailed descriptions and plates document grooved axes, celts, adzes, gouges, chisels, scrapers, pestles, mortars, pipes, gorgets and decorative forms, with notes on function, regional variation, and identification challenges caused by weathering and similar forms.

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Title: Stone Art

Author: Gerard Fowke

Release date: December 26, 2015 [eBook #50769]
Most recently updated: October 22, 2024

Language: English

Credits: Produced by PM for Bureau of American Ethnology, The
Internet Archive (American Libraries) and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
file was produced from images generously made available
by the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) at
http://gallica.bnf.fr)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STONE ART ***

The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.


STONE ART
BY
GERARD FOWKE


CONTENTS

Introduction 57
Basis for the work 57
Classification of objects and materials 57
The arts and their distribution 60
Districts 60
Descriptive terms 62
Ground and pecked articles 62
Grooved axes 62
Celts 72
Gouges 82
Chisels and scrapers 83
Chipped celts 86
Hematite celts 86
Pestles 87
Pitted stones 91
Cupped stones 91
Mullers 93
Grinding and polishing stones 93
Hammerstones 94
Grooved stones other than axes 95
Mortars 96
Sinkers 97
Perforated stones 98
Discoidal stones 99
Spuds 109
Plummets 110
Cones 113
Hemispheres 114
Paint stones 115
Ceremonial stones 115
Functions and purposes 115
Gorgets 116
Banner stones 120
Boat-shape stones 124
Picks 125
Spool-shape ornaments 125
Bird-shape stones 125
Shaft rubbers 126
Tubes 126
Pipes 128
Chipped stone articles 132
Materials and manufacture 132
Spades 133
Turtlebacks 136
Smaller chipped implements 139
Materials and modes of manufacture 139
Classification of the implements 142
Stemless flints 143
Characters and uses 143
Larger implements 144
Smaller objects 147
Stemmed flints 150
Straight or taper stems 150
Expanding stems 156
Perforators 164
Character and uses 164
Stemless forms 165
Stemmed forms 167
Blunt arrowheads, or “bunts” 168
Scrapers 169
Stemmed 169
Stemless 169
Cores 170
Flakes 171
Miscellaneous forms 174
Notes on beveled flints 177

ILLUSTRATIONS

Museum number Page
Fig. 29. Grooved ax, showing groove projections (82379) 63
30. Grooved ax, showing pointed edge (99318) 64
31. Grooved ax, showing groove entirely around (83360) 65
32. Grooved ax, slender, showing groove entirely around (116240) 65
33. Grooved ax, showing grooved back 66
34. Grooved ax, showing grooved back (90512) 66
35. Grooved ax, showing rounded back (71575) 67
36. Grooved ax, showing flattened curved back 68
37. Grooved ax, showing flattened straight back (71258) 68
38. Grooved ax, Keokuk type (71566) 69
39. Grooved ax, showing adze form (84348) 69
40. Grooved ax, showing diagonal groove (72211) 69
41. Grooved ax, showing wide edge (90862) 69
42. Grooved ax, showing curved edge (91746) 70
43. Grooved ax, showing single groove projection (62907) 70
44. Grooved adze (114526) 71
45. Grooved adze, showing curved blade (131483) 71
46. Notched ax, showing polished edge (62753) 72
47. Celt, showing blade thick near edge (71413) 73
48. Celt, showing blade thick near edge (91518) 73
49. Celt, showing long, slender form (114494) 74
50. Celt, nearly round section (65652) 75
51. Celt, nearly round section (65661) 75
52. Celt, showing nearly diamond section (65698) 76
53. Celt (112509) 77
54. Celt (83111) 77
55. Celt (82917) 77
56. Celt, showing “bell-shape” and roughening for handle (Tho. 7882) 78
57. Celt, showing rectangular section (114151) 78
58. Celt, showing wedge-shape (98427) 79
59. Celt, showing half-elliptical section (72059) 79
60. Celt, showing half-elliptical section (65440) 81
61. Celt, showing concave sides (115504) 81
62. Thin, polished celt (83056) 82
63. Thin, polished celt (114021) 82
64. Thin, polished celt (114157) 82
65. Celt, showing thin, gouge-form edge (92034) 83
66. Celt, chisel-form (91418) 83
67. Celt, chisel-form (82464) 83
68. Celt, chisel-form (131697) 83
69. Celt, chisel-form (82949) 84
70. Celt, chisel-form (116300) 84
71. Celt, showing scraper-form edge 85
72. Scraper (83346) 85
73. Scraper or adze, with projecting ridge (72289) 85
74. Adze or scraper (90528) 85
75. Chipped celt (87571) 86
76. Chipped celt (83272) 86
77. Chipped celt (113837) 86
78. Hematite celt (91920) 87
79. Hematite celt (113925) 87
80. Hematite celt (87843) 87
81. Hematite celt (90733) 87
82. Handled pestle, with expanding base (90876) 88
83. Pestle, long cylindrical form (115416) 89
84. Pestle, conical (114254) 89
85. Pestle (65452) 90
86. Pestle (71428) 90
87. Pestle, grooved for handle (72276) 90
88. Pestle (131524) 90
89. Cupped stone or paint cup (82509) 93
90. Muller, showing polished surface (116134) 93
91. Muller, showing polished surface (132119) 94
92. Hammerstone (114344) 95
93. Grooved round stone (72277) 95
94. Grooved hammer (107300) 96
95. Discoidal stone (115414) 100
96. Discoidal stone, with perforation (88137) 101
97. Discoidal stone, with perforation (30234) 101
98. Discoidal stone, with secondary depression (82619) 102
99. Discoidal stone, in form of a ring (62708) 102
100. Discoidal stone (90497) 103
101. Discoidal stone (114330) 103
102. Discoidal stone, convex (83142) 104
103. Discoidal stone (91805) 105
104. Discoidal stone (82953) 106
105. Discoidal stone, with V-shaped edges (116198) 108
106. Discoidal stone, used as mortar (131566) 108
107. Discoidal stone, probably used as hammer (97763) 108
108. Discoidal pottery fragment (115873) 109
109. Spud (115544) 110
110. Spud (115925) 110
111. Spud (88130) 111
112. Plummet, grooved near one end (82490) 111
113. Plummet, double-grooved (90746) 111
114. Plummet, grooved near middle (114349) 112
115. Plummet, grooved lengthwise (65318) 112
116. Plummet, grooveless, perforated (65319) 112
117. Plummet, double cone in shape (132140) 112
118. Plummet (131923) 112
119. Plummet (90850) 113
120. Plummet, end ground flat (98659) 113
121. Plummet (116072) 113
122. Plummet, cylindrical (71445) 113
123. Cone (116339) 113
124. Cone (72305) 113
125. Cone (71501) 114
126. Cone (91944) 114
127. Hemispheres 114
128. Hemisphere (90729) 115
129. Paint stone (90731) 115
130. Gorget (88014) 118
131. Gorget (?) (Tho. 7834) 118
132. Gorget, reel-shape (113721) 119
133. Gorget (90649) 119
134. Gorget (72125) 120
135. Gorget, boat shape (114354) 121
136. Gorget, resembling boat-shape stone (107323) 121
137. Banner stone (90657) 121
138. Banner stone (115685) 121
139. Banner stone, reel-shape (63186) 122
140. Banner stone, with horn-like projections (113782) 122
141. Banner stone, crescent-shape (88586) 122
142. Banner stone, crescent-shape (115871) 122
143. Banner stone, crescent-shape (115900) 123
144. Butterfly banner stone 123
145. Butterfly banner stone (90831) 123
146. Banner stone (90714) 123
147. Boat-shape stone (87665) 124
148. Boat-shape stone (72347) 124
149. Pendant (116008) 125
150. Pick (113742) 125
151. Spool-shape ornament (38128) 125
152. Bird-shape stone (88351) 126
153. Shaft rubber 127
154. Tube, one end flattened (90713) 128
155. Tube, conical (88022) 128
156. Tube, hour-glass form (62869) 129
157. Tube, cylindrical (88588) 129
158. Pipe, flat base (90840) 129
159. Pipe (116048) 130
160. Pipe (82390) 130
161. Pipe, ornamented (72134) 130
162. Pipe (115452) 130
163. Pipe, long-stemmed (82832) 131
164. Pipe, short-stemmed (115546) 131
165. Pipe (114168) 131
166. Pipe (114310) 131
167. Pipe (62808) 132
168. Pipe (116024) 132
169. Chipped spade with pointed ends (82661) 134
170. Chipped spade with rounded ends (88155) 134
171. Chipped spade, ovoid (71695) 136
172. Chipped spade (65683) 137
173. Chipped spade, showing handle notches (90925) 138
174. Chipped spade (88428) 138
175. Chipped disk, or “turtleback” (15335) 138
176. Diagram, explaining terms 143
177. Triangular chipped flint (87556a) 144
178. Chipped flint (90672) 144
179. Chipped flint (116058) 145
180. Chipped flint, somewhat bell-shape (82883) 145
181. Chipped flint, elliptical outline (71562a) 145
182. Chipped flint, leaf-shape or oval outline (88353) 145
183. Chipped flint (132186) 146
184. Chipped flint, large, pointed elliptical outline (88122) 146
185. Chipped flint, large, long, sharp point (113767) 146
186. Chipped flint, large (114486) 147
187. Chipped flint (91921a) 147
188. Chipped flint (114277) 147
189. Chipped flint, with shoulders (115419) 147
190. Chipped flint, small (62883) 148
191. Chipped flint, triangular (91754a) 148
192. Chipped flint, asymmetric (115404) 148
193. Chipped flint, concave edges (82832) 148
194. Chipped flint, triangular (88072) 148
195. Chipped flint, small (131633) 149
196. Chipped flint, short, convex edges (114539) 149
197. Chipped flint, triangular (83235) 149
198. Chipped flint, concave edges (65811) 149
199. Chipped flint, convex base (114405) 149
200. Chipped flint, edges concave (91921b) 150
201. Chipped flint, pentagonal (115634) 150
202. Chipped flint, narrow and thick (115665) 150
203. Chipped flint, stemmed, barbless (87555) 151
204. Chipped flint, stemmed, barbless (97754) 151
205. Chipped flint, expanding shoulder (132212) 152
206. Chipped flint, double-curved edges (83409a) 152
207. Chipped flint, double-curved edges (113605a) 152
208. Chipped flint, convex edges, long, tapering stem (72123) 152
209. Chipped flint, with long, tapering stem (82718) 153
210. Stemmed chipped flint, diamond or lozenge shape (91859a) 153
211. Stemmed chipped flint (65803) 153
212. Stemmed chipped flint (115405) 154
213. Stemmed chipped flint, ovoid (71562b) 154
214. Stemmed chipped flint, short blade (90750) 154
215. Stemmed chipped flint, symmetric outline (113821) 155
216. Stemmed chipped flint (113726) 155
217. Chipped flint, with very long, slender stem (87847) 156
218. Stemmed chipped flint, with but one barb or shoulder (91731) 156
219. Stemmed chipped flint, short (90673) 156
220. Stemmed chipped flint (87664) 156
221. Stemmed chipped flint, roughly made (65817) 157
222. Stemmed chipped flint (65786) 157
223. Stemmed chipped flint (90739a) 157
224. Stemmed chipped flint, edges convex (88323) 157
225. Stemmed chipped flint, with long barbs (83409b) 158
226. Stemmed chipped flint (131775) 158
227. Stemmed chipped flint (71562c) 159
228. Stemmed chipped flint, broad point (71562d) 159
229. Stemmed chipped flint, slender point (87837) 159
230. Stemmed chipped flint (90760) 159
231. Stemmed chipped flint (114558) 160
232. Stemmed chipped flint, thin (91921d) 160
233. Stemmed chipped flint (116059) 160
234. Stemmed chipped flint (113741) 160
235. Stemmed chipped flint (114340) 160
236. Stemmed chipped flint, slender, with small stem (116047) 161
237. Stemmed chipped flint, oval outline, notched (97547) 161
238. Stemmed chipped flint (65614) 162
239. Stemmed chipped flint, notched, very wide stem (113894) 162
240. Stemmed chipped flint, notched, very wide stem (90739b) 162
241. Stemmed chipped flint (82686) 163
242. Stemmed chipped flint, projecting shoulders (91754b) 163
243. Stemmed chipped flint (91921c) 163
244. Stemmed chipped flint, very rough (91136) 164
245. Perforator, not stemmed (87556b) 165
246. Perforator, not stemmed, double pointed (90843) 165
247. Perforator, not stemmed, double pointed (90759) 166
248. Perforator, not stemmed, rough base (91924) 166
249. Perforator, not stemmed, expanding base (87951) 166
250. Perforator, not stemmed, expanding base (88019) 166
251. Perforator, stemmed (113605b) 167
252. Perforator, stemmed, very wide shoulders (91754c) 167
253. Perforator, stemmed 167
254. Perforator, stemmed (83409c) 167
255. Perforator, stemmed, with cutting point (132226) 168
256. Blunt arrowhead, or “bunt” (132204) 168
257. Stemmed scraper (132190) 169
258. Stemmed scraper (71560) 169
259. Stemless scraper, celt form (131749) 170
260. Stemless scraper, flake (90822) 170
261. Cores (97526) 171
262. Core (97520) 171
263. Flake, chipped for scraper (91968) 173
264. Flake, chipped for knife or arrowhead (97537) 174
265. Flake, slender, probably for lancet (88018) 174
266. Stemmed chipped flint (132176) 174
267. Stemmed chipped flint, winged (132213) 175
268. Stemmed chipped flint (132174) 175
269. Stemmed chipped flint, barbed 175
270. Stemmed chipped flint, broad (132235b) 175
271. Stemmed chipped flint 176
272. Stemmed chipped flint, slender (132208) 176
273. Stemmed chipped flint 176
274. Stemmed chipped flint, triangular 176
275. Stemmed chipped flint (132235a) 176
276. Chipped flint, with sharp-edged stem (63150) 177
277. Stemmed chipped flint, point blunted from use 177
278. Stemmed chipped flint 177


STONE ART
By Gerard Fowke