Superstition and Force / Essays on the Wager of Law, the Wager of Battle, the Ordeal, Torture

INDEX.

Ames II., story of, 260
Abbeys, champions of, 197
Abbo of Fleury claims exemption from ordeal for clerics, 414
Abelard and Heloise, legend of, 364
Aben Ezra on water of golden calf, 262
Abiadiong, or sorcerer, 254
Abingdon, Abbey of, uses ordeal of chance, 356
the black cross of, 373
Abraham, covenant of, 27
exposed to fire ordeal, 303
Abraham of Freisingen takes ordeal of Eucharist, 348
Absolution for use of torture, 485
secures escape in ordeal, 402
Abuse of the ordeal, 405, 417
of power by judges, 545
of torture under Wisigoths, 461
by modern judges, 539
Accessories of oaths, 29
Accomac County, Va., case of bier-right, 366
Accomplices, the weakest tortured first in Rome, 448
in Spain, 463
in Germany, 543
evidence not used against in Rome, 443, 445
in England, 563
received in Wales, 564
torture to discover, in Inquisition, 484
in France, 515, 517, 584
in Germany, 546
in Denmark, 562
in Massachusetts, 570
Accusation withheld from accused, 514
Accusations, repeated, 45
Accusatorial conjurators, 94
in France, 94
in England, 95
in Béarn, 96
in Germany, 96, 97
in Northern kingdoms, 97
in Vehmgericht, 99
Accusatorial ordeals, 389
Accused (see also Defendant),
advantage of compurgation to, 62
allowed to present a warrantor, 121
entitled to duel though guilty, 131
obliged to accept the duel, 140, 141, 143
his right of election, 144
swears to his innocence, 166
allowed choice of weapons, 177
selects the ordeal, 292
obliged to submit to the ordeal, 383
compounding for the ordeal, 384
fined if his adversary escapes in the ordeal, 384
can demand ordeal, 387
counsel denied to, by Inquisition, 486
in France, 517
allowed counsel in Castile, 469
in Germany, 544
hearing allowed him, 518
refused a hearing, 547
entitled to see adverse testimony in Castile, 468
in Italy, 507
in Valtelline, 508
in France, 504, 512
evidence refused him in France, 514
in Germany, 544
held responsible for torture, 532
torture of witnesses against absent, 542
confrontation with accuser, 545
tortured after conviction, 545, 546
absolved by retraction of confession, 550
after acquittal pays expenses, 552
Damhouder’s advice to, 553
not to be chained in England, 565
Accuser (see also Appellant, Plaintiff),
selects the conjurators, 48, 49
onus of proof on, 74, 272
obliged to accept the duel, 140, 141
not obliged to accept duel, 143
his right to demand duel, 144, 145
allowed choice of weapons, 176
selects the ordeal, 291
fined if accused escapes in the ordeal, 384
defeated, ordeal for, 385
guilty of perjury, 386
can demand ordeal, 386
ordeal for, 389
must be present at ordeal, 405
subject to talio in Rome, 440, 445
under Wisigoths, 459
must inscribe himself in Rome, 440, 446
his responsibility for torture under Wisigoths, 458, 460
relieved of responsibility in inquisitorial process, 513
confrontation with accused, 545
Accusers, limitation of, in China, 122
fire ordeal used by, 305
Achan, case of, 262
Acquittal usual in ordeal, 406
in ordeal, fees for, 416
accused pays expenses after, 552
Adalbert, St., power of his intercession, 377
Adalger at Council of St. Baseul, 395
Adaulfus of Compostella, legend of, 372
Admiralty courts, duel not admitted by, 165
Adrian, his restrictions on torture, 446
his estimate of torture, 446
Adrian II. administers ordeal of Eucharist, 349
Adulteress, escape of, in ordeal, 402, 403
Adultery, accusation of, in Wales, 45
accusation of, in the Koran, 46
compurgation prescribed for, 87
ordeal for, 413
in China, 253
torture for, in Rome, 439, 448
under Wisigoths, 460
torture of partners in, 551
evidence of slave received in Rome, 444
Adurabad, ordeal of, 267
Advocates, use of, 70
exempt from torture in Castile, 467
must testify against clients in witch-trials, 555
of churches, 198
Advowson, origin of, 198
Æneum, 278
Affaire Calas, 584
Afia-ibnot-idiok, 254
Afia-edet-ibom, 254
Africa, ordeals in, 254
Agde, council of, in 508, condemns the sortes sanctorum, 354
Age, compurgation as privilege of, 57
minimum, liable to duel, 141
subject to torture in Rome, 446
in Spain, 463, 466
in Germany, 527
advanced, exempted in Germany, 527
Agobard, St., denounces the duel, 206
on confusion of laws, 275
his tracts against ordeals, 409
cold-water ordeal unknown to, 321
Ahyto, Bishop, prescribes the ordeal, 409
Ainos of Japan, duel among, 108
ordeals used by, 253
Aix-la-Chapelle, merchants exempt from duel, 204
council of, 816, prohibits ordeal of cross, 338
Alamanni, Laws of—
selection of compurgators, 43
compurgation for murder, 52
formula of compurgation, 60
perjury of compurgators, 63
judicial duel in, 113, 119
fine for defeated combatant, 167
kinsmen as champions, 180
Albenga, conviction by ordeal at, 418
Albero of Mercke, ordeal refused to, 418
Albert I. substitutes compurgation for the duel, 81
Albertus de Gandino, his work on torture, 525
Albertus Magnus, his recipe against fire, 408
Alby, Council of, 1254, denies counsel to accused, 487
Alcalá, Ordenamiento de, on the duel, 216
Alexander I. (Pseudo) on extorted confessions, 478
Alexander II. forbids ordeal of Eucharist, 369
denounces the ordeal, 414
Alexander III. forbids duel to clerics, 156, 207
on extortion in ordeals, 417
prohibits the ordeal, 417
secures confession by deceit, 559
Alexander I. (Scotland), his charter to Scone, 162
Alexander II. (Scotland) on use of champions, 192
restricts ordeals, 421
Alexander the slave, his torture, 447
Alexander of Constantinople, case of, 379
Alexis Mikhailovich abrogates the duel, 239
Alfin, his duel with Olaf Trygvesson, 115
Alfonso VI. (Castile) introduces Roman ritual, 132
Alfonso VII. undergoes compurgation, 67
Alfonso X. introduces the jure de juicio, 22
rejects negative proofs, 74, 425
his charter to Treviño, 202, 424
restricts the duel, 214
his regulation of torture, 462
Alfonso XI. allows accused to see testimony, 468
duel ordered by, 215
his regulations of the duel, 216
Aliprandus of Milan on punishment of conjurators, 64
Alltud, 39
Alphonse of Poitiers, his charter to Riom, 203
to Auzon, 490
Alsace, cold-water ordeal for slaves, 322
Altars, oaths on, 28
Alternative numbers of conjurators, 43
Altoviti and Gaddi, duel of, 236
Althing, or Icelandic assembly, 18
Ambassadors, champions necessary to, 129
America, appeal of death in, 246
compurgation in, 88
bier-right in, 366
torture in, 569
peine forte et dure in, 575
Amiens, bailli of, compurgation prescribed for, 77
duel restricted in, 201
nobles of, claim the duel, 227
torture of clerics in, 491
Amsterdam deprived of its headsman, 536
exile for retracted confession, 549
use of torture in 1803, 578
Amula of Modena, story of, 293
Andernach, battle of, 400
André de Trahent, case of, 397
Andreas of Lunden regulates fees for ordeal, 416
Andres, founding of abbey of, 316
Andrew, St., his lance tested by ordeal, 308
Angelo da Chiavasco describes compurgation, 92
his allusion to ordeals, 425
Angli & Werini, laws of—
judicial duel in, 114
limit of duel, 147
kinsmen as champions, 180
ordeal of red-hot iron, 291
Anglican Church, compurgation in, 93
Anglo-Saxons, compurgation for injuries, 17
classification of oaths, 24
reduplicated oaths, 28
rules for compurgation, 46, 48
juramentum supermortuum, 55
oath of compurgators, 58
overcythed, 61
forath, 95
judicial duel not used, 114
ordeals in suits with Welsh, 276
use of hot-water ordeal, 283
of red-hot iron ordeal, 287
accuser selects the ordeal, 291
the dead cleared by ordeal, 294
formula for cold-water ordeal, 318
use of cold-water ordeal, 322
triple ordeal for sorcery, 326
corsnæd for clerics, 341
Eucharist for clerics, 348
ordeal of the lot, 353
enforcement of ordeal, 383
compounding for the ordeal, 384
accuser can demand ordeal, 386
ordeal for all suspects, 489
in failure of compurgation, 390
for perjurers and convicts, 392
prevention of collusion in ordeal, 405
Anjou, hired champions allowed, 193
Anselm and the sacred vessels of Laon, 136, 324, 474
Antejuramentum, 95
Antioche, Assises d’, 143
Antonino, St., his allusion to ordeals, 425
Antoninus Pius orders torture of slaves in civil suits, 441
rejects evidence of accomplices, 445
Antrustions, hot-water ordeal for, 323
Apollonius of Tyana, his power, 447
Appeal of death, 242
in Massachusetts, 245
in Maryland, 247
abolished, 246
Appeals determined by duel, 123
from feudal courts, 473
denied to villeins, 491
from sentence of torture in Castile, 465, 467
in France, 514
in Germany, 545
refused, 547
from conviction, torture to prevent 546
after conviction, torture to prevent, 552
Appellant (see also Accuser).
selects conjurators, 48, 49
his right to demand duel, 144
swears to justice of his cause, 166
punishment of defeated, 167
for default, 173
allowed choice of weapons, 176
use of champions by, 181
Approvers, 175, 243
Apremios, 583
Aquitaine, torture resisted in, 498
Aquinas on duel and ordeal, 209
Ara maxima, the, 27
Arabs, ordeal among the, 264
Aragon, limit of value for duel, 148
duels between Christians and Saracens forbidden, 151
duel prohibited, 214
bier-right in, 366
ordeals prohibited, 424
torture restricted in, 462, 469
Arcadius and Honorius on exemption of decurions, 438
Arckel, Jan van, his duel, 104
Ardennes, ordeal of staff in, 397
Arducius, Bishop of Geneva, 162
Arezzo, Bishop of, grants the duel, 161
admits champions in a duel, 189
Argenton, Seigneur d’, subjected to torture, 499
Argentré, Bertrand d’, accepts bier-right, 366
on preliminary proof, 515
Arian, ordeal to convert an, 296
defeated by hot-water ordeal, 279
worsted by fire ordeal, 304
relics tested by fire, 315
Aristogiton, torture of, 433
Aristotle quoted for bier-right, 359
Arius, death of, 379
Armagnac, Count of, his duel, 222
challenges Foix, 225
Arms of witnesses blessed at altar, 120
choice of, in duel, 176
coats of, duels concerning, 105
Arnoul of Flanders offers the ordeal, 294
Arnoul, St., his relics tested with fire, 316
Arnustus, his death, 343
Arques, punishment of murder in, 13
restriction on duel in, 203
Arras, ordeal of fire at, 310
Bishop of, uses ordeal for heretics, 411
council of, 1025, tortures heretics, 474
Aryans, social organization of, 13
the duel a custom of, 108
ordeal among, 265
use of torture among, 431, 432
Ashantee, poison ordeal in, 255
Ashford vs. Thornton, case of, 246
Askew, Ann, torture of, 568
Aspres, customs of, 19
Assizes of Clarendon order cold-water ordeal, 322, 388, 400
Assyria, use of imprecations in, 260
use of torture in, 430
Astesanus on oaths, 30
condemns the ordeal system, 420
Astin of Wispington, case of, 389
Astyages, his use of torture, 431
Atharva Veda, allusion to ordeals in, 267
Athia, 147
Atto of Vercelli objects to compurgation, 37
denounces the duel, 128
on clerical liability to duel, 155, 157
Audefroy le Bâtard, ballad by, 68
Augsburg, duel in 1409, 172
Augustin, St., on oaths on relics, 31, 372
favors the lot, 352
condemns torture, 477, 576
Augustus tortures Q. Gallius, 435
his opinion of torture-evidence, 441
Ausch, Council of, 1068, confirms the ordeal, 410
Australia, duel among aborigines, 108
Austria, case of bier-right in, 364
torture of page of Richard I., 474
abolition of torture, 580
Dukes of, allowed champions, 134
Auxerre, relics of St. Martin at, 380
Auzon, charter of, exempts from torture, 490
Avantparlier, 70
Aventinus on judgment of God, 102, 426
Avesta, responsibility of kindred in, 14
ordeal prescribed by the, 265
Avitus, St., denounces the duel, 206, 409
his dispute with the Arians, 379
Avoués of churches, 198
Ayesha accused of adultery, 46
Aymar, Jacques, 427
Aztecs, oath ordeal among, 259
Bacon, Francis, recommends torture, 568
Bacon, Roger, admits virtue in ordeals, 424
Baden, torture abolished, 581
Baglioni, lord of Spello, grants the duel, 236
Bahr-recht, 359
Bail required of combatants, 173
liability of, 174
Baioarian law—
admission of compurgation, 53
witnesses and conjurators, 62
accusatorial conjurators, 94
challenge of witness, 103
judicial duel, 113, 119
minimum limit for duel, 147
champions always used, 181
use of ordeal, 274
torture of slaves, 452
Bajazet, his method of investigation, 576
Balance, ordeal of, 334
used in witchcraft cases, 335
Balbás, Fuero of, compurgation in, 34, 49
Bâle, council of, denounces abuse of oaths, 23
Baldus de Periglis, his work on torture, 525
Baldwin VII. (Flanders) his charter to Ypres, 48, 201
Bands of iron used as an ordeal, 377
Banishment after success in ordeal, 401
Bankruptcy cases, torture used in, 530
Baptista de Saulis describes compurgation, 93
his allusion to ordeals, 425
Barbarian laws, personal not territorial, 131, 275, 453
rest on negative proofs, 73
accusatorial conjurators, 94
judicial duel, 112
use of champions, 180
ordeal of the lot, 353
no trace of bier-right, 359
use of torture, 449
corporal punishment unknown, 451
torture of slaves, 451
Barbarians, the, their jurisprudence, 16
lack of confidence in oaths, 24
universal use of compurgation, 34
general use of ordeal, 275
cold-water ordeal not used, 320
Barberousse punished for suspicion, 521
Barcelona, council of 599, prescribes the lot, 355
Bari exempted from duel and ordeal, 201
Barker, Janet, case of, 571
Barriller and Carrington, duel of, 231
Bastards, their right to the duel, 140
Battle, Wager of, 101
Battoon, the, for duels, 176
Bavaria, torture in, 473
torture abolished, 581
Bavarian house of Guelf, founding of, 133
Bayle, Peter, condemns torture, 577
Béarn, selection of compurgators, 51
formula of compurgation, 58
compurgation retained, 79
accusatorial conjurators, 96
duel between prince and subject, 135
limitations on duel, 145
penalty for defeat in duel, 168
for default in duel, 174, 233
use of champions, 194
duel legal till 1789, 232
hot-water ordeal, 283
red-hot iron ordeal, 295
cold-water ordeal, 323
torture not used in, 487
Beaulieu, Abbey of, its jurisdiction, 161
Beaumanoir, silence as to compurgation, 75
limitations on duel, 140
on punishment of defeated champion, 185
his opinion of the duel, 221
rejects negative proofs, 74
no reference to torture, 488
Beauvais, champion of, 196
Beccaria on torture, 516, 546, 549, 586
Belfast, relic of St. Patrick at, 374
Belgium, witches tried by ordeal in 1815, 323
Belief, compurgators only swear to, 71
Benares, ordeal in 1783, 284, 290
Bera and Sanila, duel of, 117
opposition excited by it, 206
Berkeley, Abbey of, 40
Bermuda, compurgation in, 87
Bernard, St., on study of Roman law, 73
Bernard, St.—
approves of ordeal for heretics, 410
Bernard Gui complains of restrictions on torture, 511
Bernard of Italy, his rebellion, 470
Bernard VI. of Armagnac, 203
Bernhardi, Martin, opposes torture, 577
Berthaut Lestalon, case of, 501
Bertin, St., power of his intercession, 378
Bertrand, St., of Comminges, his improvised ordeals, 285, 374
Bertulf of Bruges, case of, 152
Béziers, council of, 1255, 490
Bible and key, ordeal of, 357
Bibliomancy, 335
Bier-right, 359
explanations of it, 369
weight of its evidence, 370
influence of imagination, 396
Biers placed in the lists, 172
Bignon, Jerome, on cold-water ordeal for witchcraft, 330
Bigorre, conjurators in, 43
exemption of widows from duel, 146
hired champions, 195
duel not obligatory, 202
profits of ordeals, 415
Bilateral ordeals, 249
ordeal of cross, 336
in Tibet, 269
Binsfeld on cold-water ordeal in witchcraft, 327
Bishops, oaths taken on hand of, 30
number of conjurators for, 43
select compurgators for clerics, 51
decree duels in their courts, 162
selected by the lot, 355
fitness determined by ordeal, 410
their profits from ordeals, 416
their unrestricted power to torture, 511
Spanish, their privilege in swearing, 36
Bitter water, ordeal of, 262
Blind, the, torture of, 528
Blois, assembly of notables in 1498, 513
Blondel, Geoffrey, a salaried champion, 196
Blood swallowed as an ordeal in India, 258
in Greece, 270
Blood-money (see Wer-gild).
Bobenzan, Dr., his torture, 526
Boccaccio’s story of Calendrino, 341
Boden, von, opposes abuses of torture, 577
Bodin on cold-water ordeal in witchcraft, 327
urges punishment for suspicion, 519
approves deceit in witch-trials, 559
Boguet complains of uselessness of torture, 558
disapproves deceit in witch-trials, 559
Bohemia, judicial duel used, 110
duels of women, 153
universal use of ordeals, 274
iron bands to punish fratricide, 377
compounding for the ordeal, 384
ordeal for all suspects, 388
in prohibited marriages, 410
fees for ordeals, 416
use of torture, 473, 476
Bohemian Brethren use the lot, 355
Bologna, regulation of champions, 195
torture in cases involving fines, 529
Bones, bleeding, murder revealed by, 364
Boniface, St., on perjury of compurgators, 63
Boniface converts Russia by an ordeal, 310
Bonifazio de’ Vitaliani, his work on torture, 525
Bonuszeno of Soavo, 196
Books tested by fire ordeal, 313, 314
Boot, torture of, 573
Bordeaux, oath of plaintiff in, 98
bier-right in, 366
torture resisted in, 498
Borneo, ordeals in, 257
Borru, ordeal of, 256
Bothwell, his offers of the duel, 240
Bourbons of Naples, their use of torture, 587
Bourges, torture of Jews in, 492
Bourges, Nicholas, case of, 492
Bowgas, Margery, cleared by compurgation, 92
Boys with greased boots detect witches, 539
Bracton on use of compurgators, 71, 84
ordeals obsolete in his time, 421
knows nothing of torture, 564
Brahm, F. M., on water ordeal for witches, 331
Brahman caste, oaths prescribed for, 25
hot-water ordeal for, 284
ordeal of balance for, 334
their presence required at ordeals, 269, 280
Brant, N., water ordeal for witches, 331
Bread and cheese, ordeal of, 339
Brehons, inspiration of, 272
Bribes in ordeal, 406
Brice, St., his ordeal, 304
Bridewell, the, torture used in, 569
Britanny, accusatorial conjurators in, 99
duel permitted till 1539, 231
bier-right in, 366
charter of 1315, 495
use of torture, 504
responsibility of judges for torture, 515
Brothers, duel between, 141, 218
Brown and Hepburn, duel of, 240
Bruchsal, torture in prison of, 582
Bruges, duel prohibited in, 203
ordeal at choice of accused, 387
for convicts, 392
witch-trial in, 567
Bruntfield and Carmichael, duel of, 240
Brunnemann on facilities for defence, 547
Brzetislas, ordeal in his laws, 274
Buda, Council of, 1279, prohibits ordeals, 423
Buddha, his relic tested by fire, 314
Buddhism, its influence in China, 252
accepts the ordeal, 269
Bulgaria, survival of the duel, 239
use of torture in, 478
Bull’s blood, ordeal of, 270
Burchard, Bishop of Chartres, subjected to ordeal, 410
Burckardt of Worms on the ordeal, 392, 410
Burgmeister on water ordeal for witches, 329, 331
Burgundian law, kindred as compurgators, 50
judicial duel, 112, 119
champions unusual, 181
witnesses must be of same race, 275
torture of slaves, 451
Burgundy, nobles of, claim the duel, 227
duel abolished by Philippe le Bon, 231
ordeal for witches in 17th century, 331
bier-right in, 366
charter of, 1315, 495
Burial alive, women punished by, 153, 503
Burke defends the appeal of death, 246
Burning for refusal of ordeal, 411
Burnt Njal, saga of, 17
Byzantine Empire, ordeal used in, 277, 299, 304, 313
Cacabus, 278
Cachielawis, torture of, 573
Cadiz, Córtes of, abolishes torture, 583
Cæsarism, extension of torture by, 435
Cæesarius of Heisterbach, his theory of ordeal, 402
on ordeal for heretics, 411
Cæsarius of Königswinter, case of, 374
Cagots as conjurators, 43
Cain and Abel, their duel, 107
Calas, case of, 584
Caldaria, 278
Calendrino, story of, 341
Caligula, his relish for torture, 436
Calixtus II. approves of ordeal, 412
Cambrai, heretics convicted by ordeal, 297
Campetti, his use of divining-rod, 428
Campion, Jesuit, his torture, 569
Canon law on perjury, 30
adopts compurgation for heretics, 36
Canonical compurgation, 33
Canute, his laws on compurgation, 48
Cappadocians hardened to torture, 558
Caracalla allows torture for poisoning, 439
of slaves in adultery cases, 444
Caraffa, Cardinal, his trial, 541
Cardigan, holy taper of, 32
Cardone, Raymond de, challenges Armagnac, 225
Carena on bier-right, 359
his explanation of it, 369
Carlovingian law—
selection of compurgators, 50
admission of compurgation, 53
punishment of compurgators, 64
accusatorial conjurators, 95
judicial duel proscribed, 113, 118
challenging of witnesses, 120
liability of ecclesiastics, 155
penalty for defeat in duel, 167
for defeated champion, 184
robbers not to serve as champions, 186
reliance on judgment of God, 250
red-hot iron ordeal, 291
cold-water ordeal, 322
ordeal of cross, 336
in failure of compurgation, 390
for ill-repute, 392
as a punishment, 393
confidence reposed in the ordeal, 399
use of chrism in ordeal, 407
of torture, 469
Carlos, Don, his torture, 468
Carmichael and Brentfield, duel of, 240
Caroline Constitutions, torture in, 522
adopted in 1532, 524
Carpzov on the evidence of bier-right, 370
denies appeal from sentence of torture, 545
Carrington and Bariller, duel of, 231
Carrouges and le Gris, duel of, 229
Carter, Paul, bier-right in case of, 366
Casimir III. (Poland) regulates compurgation, 83
forbids inquisitorial process, 509
Casimir IV. (Poland) restricts compurgation, 83
Castelnau, Sire de, offers the duel, 233
Castile, purgatorial oaths, 24
compurgation in, 80
Mozarabic rite defended by duel, 132
by fire ordeal, 313
duels only permitted between gentlemen, 151
use of champions restricted, 195
duel restricted, 214
bier-right, 366
ordeals prohibited, 424
use of torture in, 462
Catalonia, limitation on duels, 146
Truce of God enforced by the ordeal, 323
Cathari, ordeal used to convict, 411
Catherine II. restricts torture, 581
Catholics tortured under Elizabeth, 568
Cats, use of, in torture, 554
Caussade, Raymond de, challenged by Thomas Felton, 229
Caussois, Gervaise, case of, 501
Cautinus of Auvergne uses ordeal of Eucharist, 348
Celestin III. on perjury of compurgators, 64
forbids clerical duels, 158, 207
Celtiberians, judicial duel among, 108
Celts, solidarity of the family among, 15
judicial duel among, 108
ordeals used by, 272, 273
Cemeteries, duels forbidden in, 209
Centulla I., his charter to Lourdes, 202
Centulla IV., employs the ordeal, 295
Ceremonial of compurgation, 60
Calchuth, council of, condemns the lot, 353
Chaldea, use of imprecations in, 260
Challenging of witnesses, 103, 120
of judges, 123
Champagne, nobles of, claim the duel, 227
cold-water ordeal for witchcraft, 330
resistance to torture, 496
Champion of England, the, 134
Champions, 179
put forward as warrantors, 121
denied to witnesses, 121
of ambassadors, 129
allowed to Dukes of Austria, 134
used to convict thieves, 135
oath of, 139
in duels of different ranks, 150
supplied by the State, 152
allowed to clerics, 157
defeated, penalties of, 168, 184
as witnesses, 182
disabilities incurred by, 187
restrictions on their employment, 189
hiring of, 190, 193
equalization of, 194
of towns, 196
of churches, 197
in ordeals, 295, 337, 390, 398, 400
Chance in selection of compurgators, 49
ordeal of, 352
in China, 253
in Borneo, 257
in Rajmahal, 259
Charlemagne tries Leo III., 35
on number of conjurators, 43
urges use of judicial duel, 118
prohibits duel between his heirs, 127
his duel with Witikind, 130
cold-water ordeal ascribed to, 321
favors ordeal of cross, 337
on iron bands for parricide, 378
his confidence in the ordeal, 399
on use of chrism in ordeal, 407
orders buildings for the mallum, 471
torture for sorcerers, 470
Charles le Chauve attacks Louis of Saxony, 400
Charles IV. (Emp.) interferes with duels of Bishop of Liége, 160
his charter to Worms, 205
torture in his Golden Bull, 504
Charles V. (Emp.) prescribes compurgation, 81
challenges Francis I., 106
duel ordered by, 216
on sentences of torture, 467
his laws on torture, 522
Charles V. (France) alludes to compurgation, 77
Charles VI. (Fr.) limits the duel, 230
admits women as witnesses, 228
Charles IX. (France), edict against duels, 104, 235
Charles I. (England) tries to prevent duel, 244
Charles XI. (Sweden) restricts compurgation, 83
Charles of Anjou challenges Pedro of Aragon, 105
prohibits the ordeal, 422
Charles de Valois, his use of torture, 494
Charles the Good, of Flanders, his murder, 152, 474
Charles the Bold tries to prevent duel, 232
Charms forbidden in duels, 139
in ordeals, 407
use of, against torture, 556, 557
Charteris and Douglass, duel of, 239
Charters exempting from duel, 200
of prelates granting jurisdiction of ordeal, 412
Chartres, council of, sanctions ordeal, 412
Chassanée accepts bier-right, 366
Chastity tested by fire ordeal, 304
Chateaudun, church of, its interest in ordeals, 415
Château-Neuf, case of torture in, 493
Châtelet of Paris, its use of torture, 493, 500
Cheese, ordeal of, 339
Cherleman, 47
Cherreen, ordeal of, 259
Children, responsibility for, 20
as substitutes in ordeals, 398
their evidence received in witch-trials, 554
not subject to torture in Rome, 446
in Spain, 463, 466
in Germany, 527
Chimpanzee skull used in ordeal, 254
China, redemption of punishment, 122
freedom from superstition, 251
torture not used, 431
Chindaswind prohibits Roman law among Goths, 458
his regulation of torture, 460
Chivalry, duels of, 242
Choice of conjurators made by sheriff, 48
by plaintiff, 48, 49
by court, 49
by judge, 51
by defendant, 57
of weapons in duel, 176
Chrism, use of, in ordeal, 407
Christ, his swaddling-cloth tested by fire, 315
Christian burial, ordeal prerequisite to, 412
Christianity, its influence on torture in Rome, 444
Christians, their torture in Rome, 436
Christiern IV. abolishes compurgation, 82
Christiern V. prohibits compurgation, 82
restricts use of torture, 562
Church, the, supersedes family ties, 19, 35
favors the use of oaths, 22
its teachings as to perjury, 30
its profits in administering oaths, 32
adopts compurgation, 35
degree of confidence in compurgation, 61
it modifies the compurgatorial oath, 71
disabilities imposed on women, 122
deprived of exemption from duel, 131
its secular jurisdiction, 161
its champions, 197
its opposition to duel, 206
its perplexities as to the duel, 211
influence in favor of ordeal, 276
does not favor the lot, 352
its relations with the ordeal, 408, 409
its opposition to the papacy, 415
its condemnation of torture, 471, 477
extorted confession invalid, 478
adopts use of torture for heresy, 484
adopts the talio, 169, 513
Churches, oaths taken in, 29
champions of, 197
local, their interest in ordeals, 415
Cicero, his estimate of torture, 447
Cid, the, requires compurgation of Alfonso VI., 68
Ciruelo on Eucharist ordeal, 351
his theory of ordeals, 403
Cin, 18
Citizenship in Rome, 440
Civil cases, champions required for, 192, 193
ordeal in, 385
lack of testimony requisite for ordeal, 387
torture of slaves in, 433, 441
torture used in, 530
Clarendon, Assizes of, ordeal for all suspects, 388
disbelief in ordeal, 400
Class-privileges as to oaths, 24
in compurgation, 57
Claudia Quinta, her ordeal, 271
Claudius, his relish for torture, 436
swears not to torture freemen, 439
Claxton vs. Lilburn, case of, 244
Clement III. forbids clerics to fight, 156
Clement V. forces torture of Templars, 511
Clergy, the, sustain the ordeal, 417
Clerics, their wer-gild, 20
purgatorial power of their oaths, 22
oaths administered by, 30
their claim of disculpatory oaths, 36
not allowed to select compurgators, 47
compurgators for, 51
their evidence decisive in Wales, 55
not to serve as advocates, 73
Irish, their use of the duel, 109
not received as witnesses, 122
duel unfitted for, 128
subject to duel by Otho II., 131
their liability to the duel, 155
they fight personally, 156
champions allowed them, 157
dispensations for fighting duels, 160
exempted from secular laws, 161
forbidden the duel, 207
ordeal of corsnæd for, 342
ordeal of Eucharist for, 348
shaving reserved for, 403
they uphold the ordeal, 409
ordeal specially for, 412
exempted from the ordeal, 414
relieved from ordeals and duels, 415
subject to torture in Rome, 438
exempted from torture in Castile, 467
in France, 491
their presence forbidden at torture, 471, 475
use of torture renders them irregular, 484
their exemption from torture limited, 527
tortured in England, 566
Clog Oir, the, 397
Clotair II., his legitimacy proved, 39
prevents collusion in ordeal, 405
Clovis and the vase of Soissons, 450
Club, the, for duels, 176
Coblentz, council of, on conjurators, 43
Cobra used as an ordeal, 376
Cock used in ordeal, 256
Coke, Sir Edward, on use of torture, 567
Coke, Sir Thomas, his torture, 566
Colbert refuses counsel to accused, 517
Cold-water ordeal, its process, 318
its use in India, 319
its introduction in Europe, 321
a patrician or plebeian ordeal, 322
used in witchcraft cases, 325
in cases of heresy, 410
abuse of women, 417
Collaudantes (see Conjurators).
Collusion in the ordeal, 405
Coloman, King, regulates privilege of ordeals, 415
Colville, Sir Thomas, 197
Combat, Trial by, 101
Commerce, its influence on the duel, 204
Comminges, Bernard of, challenges Foix, 225
Common law, torture not legal in, 563
Communes, their exemption from duel, 200
their influence on ordeals, 426
Communion before duel efficacious, 138
Communities, 14
responsibility of, 41
champions of, 196
Como, number of witches in, 560
Compensation for injuries, 16
Compounding for duel forbidden, 144
for the ordeal allowed, 383
Compurgation, 33
adopted by the Church, 35
conditions of, 51
in default of testimony, 52
depends on degree of crime, 56
in place of duel, 57
formulas of, 58
its ceremonial, 60
combined with ordeal, 61
confidence felt in it, 61
responsibility incurred, 64
its decline, 67
modification of oath, 71
abolished in England in 1833, 87
as used in the Inquisition, 90
combined with ordeal, 389
ordeal in case of failure, 390
and ordeal alternative, 392
replaces ordeal, 418
Condemnation of the innocent explained, 403
Conditions of compurgation, 51
of wager of battle, 140
of the ordeal, 383
Confession (judicial), partial, 46
withdrawal of, 52
extorted, invalid, 462, 563
in ecclesiastical law, 478
under torture must be confirmed, 463, 514, 522, 548
extorted in Inquisition, 485
under illegal torture is invalid, 550
revoked, invalid in Sicilian Constitutions, 482
questions concerning, 548
absolves accused, 550
torture repeated for, 463, 522, 548, 550
not necessary for conviction in Germany, 523
spontaneous, torture after, 546
under torture to secure salvation, 552
under promise of pardon, 558
rewarded by strangling, 573
must be spontaneous in England, 565
Confession (sacramental) secures victory in duel, 138
escape in ordeal by, 297, 310, 402
not made in ordeal of Eucharist, 351
Confidence reposed in compurgation, 61
in judicial duel, 127
in the ordeal, 399
Confirmation of confession required, 463, 522, 548, 550
of evidence required, 550
Confiscation for refusal of duel, 131
for default in duel, 173
for refusal of ordeal, 383
torture not used for cases of, 529
Confrontation of accused with witnesses, 517
of accused with accuser, 545
Confucianism, its freedom from superstition, 252
Conjurations forbidden in duels, 139
in ordeals, 407
use of against torture, 556, 557
Conjurators, 33
selection of, 38
large numbers required, 39
classified by rank, 46
not witnesses, 51
subject to penalty of perjury, 63
double the number of witnesses, 85
accusatorial, 94
substituted for duel, 201
tried by ordeal of cross, 337
subjected to ordeal, 390
Conrad of Marburg, his inquisition, 89
convicts heretics by ordeal, 419
Conring, Hermann, approves of water ordeal, 331
Consanguinity determined by ordeal, 410
Consecration of ordeal-iron, 288
Consecrated crosses, value of, 30
Constance, council of, prescribes compurgation, 92
Constantine orders torture for unnatural lust, 439
enforces the talio, 440
Constantinople, use of iron ordeal, 299
use of fire ordeal, 304, 313
Constantius prescribes torture for sorcerers, 439, 554
Constitutio Criminalis Theresiana, 580
Continuance of torture, 466, 517
Contrition secures escape in ordeal, 402
Convents, torture in, 560
Conversion of Iceland, 199
of Denmark, 295
of Russia, 310
Convictions rare in ordeal, 406
in ordeal, fees for, 416
without confession in Germany, 523
punishment without, 528
where there has been no crime, 531
torture after, to prevent appeals, 552
Convicts sent to ordeal, 392
not tortured in Rome to implicate others, 445
so tortured in modern times, 484, 515, 517, 546, 562, 570, 584
Cope of St. Martin used in compurgation, 60
Copper, molten, ordeal of, 266
Copres uses the fire ordeal, 304
Corporal punishment unknown to Barbarians, 451
Corsica, bier-right in, 366
use of torture, 506
Corsnæd, the, 339
in Rome, 272
in 16th century, 343
its use in India, 344
Cory, Giles, case of, 575
Cosha, 344
Coucy, Enguerrand de, case of, 221
Coucy, Jacques de, case of, 516
Counsel, his assertion not binding on client, 70
allowed to accused in Castile, 469
denied by Inquisition, 486
in France, 517
allowed in 1788, 583
in Germany, 544
fined for frivolous appeal, 545
must testify against clients in witch-trials, 555
Court records altered by the duel, 135
Courtenay, Sir Piers, case of, 145
Courts, challenging of, 123
their right to refuse the duel, 140
ecclesiastical, duel in, 161
publicity of Carlovingian, 471
of feudal, 512
Covenant between the pieces, 27
Cowbridge, Margaret, cleared by compurgation, 92
Crannchur, 354
Crespy exempted from duel, 203
Cremona, case of bier-right, 359
Crime, torture to ascertain, 530
Crimes liable to duel, 147
excepted, in Roman torture, 439
under Wisigoths, 459, 460
in Castile, 464, 466
in Germany, 526
Crimen majestatis, torture in, 435, 438, 443
in France, 495
in England, 564, 570
Criminal cases, champions in, 192, 193
Cripples forced to provide champions, 152
champions allowed to, 181, 189
limitation on right to champions, 194
Crippling, torture not to cause, 465, 467, 523
caused by torture, 532
Cross, ordeal of, 336
relic of, tested by fire, 317
Crosses, oaths taken on, 30
suffice for clerics, 414
Crucet-houses, 476
Culm, synod of, on ordeal for witches, 322
Cunigunda, St., her ordeal, 287, 293
Dacia, purgatorial oaths in, 23
Dagobert I. revises the Barbarian laws, 113
Dalzell, Sir Wm., case of, 145
Damages allowed to champions, 188
of slaves in torture paid for by pleader, 433
paid to master in Rome, 445
among Barbarians, 452
under Wisigoths, 458
in Castile, 468
Damhouder approves the duel, 237
his Praxis, 524
his advice to accused, 553
on insensibility to torture, 557
Dante justifies the duel, 211
Darius, his savage punishments, 431
David and Goliath, their duel, 107, 209, 261
David I. (Scotland), his charter to Holyrood, 162
David, penitential of, 29
Deacons, number of conjurators for, 43
Dead, the, their evidence obtained by conjurators, 56
champions represent them in duel, 152
cleared by ordeal, 294
pardon asked of, 360
their repentance proved by ordeal, 412
Deaf-mutes, torture of, 528
Death, appeal of, 242, 245
in America, 246
invoked as an ordeal, 379
under torture, penalty for under Wisigoths, 460
in modern times, 504, 523, 532, 574
Debt, action for, negative proofs in, 74
Debts, compurgation used to escape, 85
Deceit, use of, by Inquisition, 485
use of, in witch-trials, 558
Decline of compurgation, 67
Decline—
of the duel, 199
of the ordeal, 421
of the torture system, 575
Decurions exempt from torture, 438
Deeyeh, 29
Default in duel, penalty for, 173, 233
Defeat in duel is perjury, 167, 184
Defence, accused not heard in, 518, 547
facilities for, in Castile, 468
in Châtelet of Paris, 504
in Italy, 507
in Valtelline, 508
in France, 512
withdrawn in France, 513
in Germany, 544
Defendant (See also Accused).
has choice of conjurators, 57
proof required of, 74
obliged to accept the duel, 140, 141, 143
swears to justice of his cause, 166
allowed choice of weapons, 177
use of champions by, 181
can demand ordeal, 387
allowed his own law, 394
Degradation inflicted on champions, 187
Degrees of kinship settled by ordeal, 410
of torture, five, 543
De la Barre, case of, 584
Delay accorded in duel, 173
Delfos, Bellido, kills Sancho II., 68
Del Rio, his explanation of bier-right, 369
on severity of torture, 532
approves deceit in witch-trials, 559
Demoniacal possession caused by perjury, 372
Denmark, levying of wer-gild in, 18
kinsmen as compurgators, 41
selection of compurgators, 49
prolonged use of compurgation, 82
early use of duel, 110
duel abolished in, 200
converted by the ordeal, 295
bier-right in, 364
ordeals prohibited, 422
torture introduced, 562
Deposition of priests engaged in duels, 156
Des Guerres and Fendilles, duel of, 234
Deuterius of Constantinople, case of, 379
Dharma and Adharma, 352
Diabolic illusions in ordeal, 408
Die, priory of, its relics, 373
Difference of rank prevents duel, 141, 149
Dinteville and du Plessis, duel of, 233
Diocletian, his torture of Christians, 437
forbids torture of soldiers, 438
allows torture of slaves in will cases, 442
masters not to offer slaves to torture, 444
his restrictions on torture, 446
Diodorus Siculus, his account of Egyptian courts, 430
Disabilities of women, 122
inflicted on champions, 187
Disability, bodily, averts duel, 144
Disbelief in ordeal, 400
Discretion of judge, everything left to, 533, 538, 541, 544
its abuse, 545
Disease as exemption from torture, 528
Dislocations generally result from torture, 532
Disowning of children in Wales, 55
Dispensations for clerical duellists, 160
for duellists, 207
for use of torture, 485
Divination condemned, 354
employed to justify torture, 539
Diviners tortured in Rome, 439
Divining-rod, the, 427
Divorce, compurgation in cases of, 93
Doctors exempted from torture in Spain, 463, 466
their exemption limited in Germany, 525
Dog of Montargis, story of, 228
Dolum bonum and malum, 559
Domenico da Pescia, his ordeal of fire, 311
Dominic, St., his writing tested by fire, 313
Domitian, his use of torture, 439
Dortmund exempted from duel, 205
Doubtful results in the ordeal, 405
Douglass and Charteris, duel of, 239
Dower, no duel in cases of, 141
Drowning, punishment of, 321
for sorcery, 325
Dubos, Jehan, punished for suspicion, 519
Duel, judicial, 101
supersedes compurgation, 61
difference between it and modern duel, 103
in diplomacy, 129
legislative function of, 129, 133
state questions decided by, 130
penalty for refusing, 131
habitual use in criminal law, 135
explanations of its injustice, 136
limitations on it, 140
minimum limit of value in, 141
regulations of, 166
of women, regulations of, 153
ferocity of, 178
use of champions, 179
rendered a matter of chance, 195
its decline, 199
forbidden to clerics, 207
exemptions of the communes, 201
opposition of the Church, 206
influence of the Roman law, 212
reforms of St. Louis, 216
prolonged use in England, 241
traces of, in the United States, 246
used in Japan, 253
ordeal of cross substituted, 337
Dunning defends the appeal of death, 245
Dunstan, St., his formula for cold-water ordeal, 319
Du Plessis and Dinteville, duel of, 233
Durham, Bishop of, exempted from duel, 159
Dyaks, ordeals among, 257
Dyvnwal-moel-mud, ordeals ascribed to, 110
Earth, the, rejects corpse of criminal, 319
Earth swallowed as an ordeal, 258
from grave detects witches, 382
Earl Richard, ballad of, 361
Eastern Empire, ordeal used in, 277, 299, 304, 313
Ebroin of Burgundy, 29
Eccelino da Romano, his use of torture, 483
Ecclesiastical courts, duel in, 161
torture in, 510
Ecclesiastical law, disculpatory oaths, 28
value of oaths, 30
acceptance of compurgation, 35
number of compurgators, 43
selection of compurgators, 51
default of evidence requisite, 54
oath of compurgators, 59
modified, 72
retention of compurgation, 88
accusatorial conjurators, 95
clerics forbidden to fight duels, 156
exempted from secular law, 161
jurisdiction over duels claimed by churches, 162
lex talionis, 169, 513
the duel forbidden to clerics, 207
effect of dispensations, 208
denial of sepulture to duellists, 211
duels forbidden by Council of Trent, 237
use of ordeals, 409
Gratian’s hesitation about ordeals, 413
ordeals forbidden to clerics, 414
priests forbidden to conduct ordeals, 419
to be present at torture, 471
extorted confessions forbidden, 478
torture ordered In the Inquisition, 484
established in episcopal courts, 511
for discovery of accomplices, 516
of witnesses, 541
in monastic establishments, 560
known as, 511
Ecgbehrt of York, ordeal of the lot, 353
exempts priests from ordeal, 414
Edict of Theodoric, duel not referred to, 116
torture in, 457
Edinburgh, torture in 1652, 574
Edmund, St., intervenes in a duel, 137
Edward the Confessor and Queen Emma, 294
convicts Duke Godwin, 341
Edward I. refuses lists to Charles of Anjou, 106
Edward II. orders torture of Templars, 511
Edward III. enlarges the sphere of compurgation, 85
his challenge of Philippe de Valois, 104
Egeno accuses Otho of Bavaria, 133
Eggs, hot, used in torture, 588
Egil Skallagrimsson, 111
Egiza introduces ordeal among Goths, 275
Egypt, ordeals in, 259
use of torture, 430
Eisenach, duel limited in, 205
Ekkehardus Junior on abuses of ordeals, 417
Ekkehard of Munster forbids the ordeal, 418
Elfstan of Winchester, his faith, 282
Eldon, Lord, on champions, 192
Elizabeth, Queen, legislation on duel under, 244
torture under, 567, 568
Ellenborough, Lord, sustains the duel, 246
Elne, council of, 1065, recognizes the ordeal, 410
Emeric, St., power of his intercession, 378
Emma, Queen, undergoes the ordeal, 294
Emo of Wittewerum, 422
Employer, slave not tortured against, 442
Endurance, ordeal of, 336, 339
Engel, M. A., defends torture, 578
Engilbert of Trèves, 343
England (see also Anglo-Saxons).
reduplicated oaths, 28
alternative number of conjurators, 43
rise of jury-trial, 48
extensive use of compurgation, 57
compurgation abolished, 67
its limited use, 70
its use prolonged, 84
finally abolished in 1833, 87
in ecclesiastical cases, 93
accusatorial conjurators, 95, 97
William I. introduces judicial duel, 115, 394
challenging of warrantors, 121
of courts, 123
the champion of England, 134
habitual use of the duel, 135
limitations on duel, 144, 146
minimum limit of value, 147
clerics exempted from duel, 158
no duel in mercantile law, 165
penalty for defeat in duel, 168, 169
lex talionis, 171
penalty for default in duel, 174
expenses defrayed by the crown, 175
approvers, 175, 243
equality of weapons, 176, 177
champions as witnesses, 182, 183
defeated, their punishment, 184
hiring of, forbidden, 190
salaried, 192
required in civil cases, 192
charters exempting from duel, 201
persistence of the duel, 241
duel of chivalry, 242
abrogation of duel, 246
red-hot iron an aristocratic ordeal, 292
use of cold-water ordeal, 322
for witchcraft, 330, 333
witch weighed against Bible, 336
ordeal of Bible and key, 357
of sieve-driving, 358
for all suspects, 388
for accuser or accused, 389
result of ordeal inconclusive, 400
ordeals forbidden in 1219, 421
torture used under Stephen, 476
of Templars, 511
unknown to common law, 563
used under royal prerogative, 566
in witch-trials, 570
peine forte et dure, 574
English and Normans, duels between, 115
English influence on duel in France, 231
Enguerrand de Marigny, his trial, 494
Epicharis, her endurance, 437
Epileptics, torture of, 528
Epilepsy caused by false oaths, 373
Episcopal courts, duel in, 162
unlimited torture in, 511
Equality of combatants, 144
of weapons, 177
Equalization of champions, 194
Equestrian duel among Goths, 117
Equity of redemption not subject to duel, 141
Erembors, ballad of, 68
Erfurt, citizens tortured by Lothair II., 475
Dr. Bobenzan tortured, 526
Eric VII. on levying of wer-gild, 18
Erik Hakonsen abolishes duel, 199
Erkenbald de Burban, case of, 346
Erwig, King, on abuse of torture, 461
Escape in ordeal, explanation of, 401
Estates, succession to, regulated by duel, 129
Estevenes li Barbiers, case of, 519
Estrapade, the, 485
Ethelwold, St., his test of Elfstan, 282
Ethiopia, ordeals in, 256
Eubule-Evans on use of torture in Prussia, 582
Eucharist preliminary to ordeal, 280
the, as an ordeal, 344
beliefs connected with, 345
a sacerdotal purgation, 348
used in 17th century, 351
Eugenius II., cold-water ordeal ascribed to, 321
Eulalius, Count, tried by Eucharist, 348
Eurik, his Wisigothic Code, 458
Evidence, difficulty of rating it, 21
of relatives, 38
compurgation in default of, 52
not admitted in Wales, 55
compurgation to confirm it, 56
conjurators give none, 62
negative, in Barbarian laws, 73
absence of, requisite for duel, 142, 145, 239
supersedes duel, 155
of women not admitted, 122
received in 1396, 228
reliance on, in China, 252
false, allowed in India, 268
weight of, in bier-right, 370
ordeal in absence of, 385, 386
requisite to justify torture, 487, 523, 537
of clergy, 527
torture in default of, 465
external, necessary for conviction, 489
retracted, witness tortured for, 550
of witchcraft unattainable, 554
withheld from accused in France, 514
in Germany, 544
under torture, estimate of, in Rome, 446
unknown to Barbarians, 453
in modern times, 542, 547
of slaves requires torture in Greece, 433
in Rome, 440
under Barbarians, 452
under Goths, 459
Evil looks do not justify torture, 537
Examen pedale, 287
Excepted crimes in Rome, 439
under Wisigoths, 459, 460
in Castile, 464, 466
in Germany, 526
Exclusion of women as witnesses, 122
Exclusive salvation, results of belief in, 589
Excommunication of duellists, 207
Exemption from secular laws for clerics, 414
from torture in Rome, 438
in Spain, 463, 466
in France, 495
in Germany, 525
of nobles in England, 570
Exile after success in ordeal, 401
for retracted confession, 549
Exorcism for hot-water ordeal, 280
for red-hot iron ordeal, 288
in fire-test of relics, 315
for the corsnæd, 340
in ordeal of Eucharist, 347
of witches on trial, 556
Expenses of prosecution, 552
Experimentum crucis, 339
Explanations of results of duel, 136
of injustice of ordeal, 401
Extorted confession invalid in the Church, 478
received in Inquisition, 485
Extortion in ordeals, 417
torture used for, 476
of confession is homicide in England, 565
Eye, loss of, in duel, 145
Ezpeleta, his use of torture, 583
Fachtna Tulbrethach, 272
Failure in compurgation, 65
in duel through other sins, 137
in ordeal through other sins, 403
Faith in the intervention of God, 135
False Decretals, extorted confessions invalid, 478
on accusation of accomplices, 515
False money, ordeal for issuing, 393
Family, organization of the, 13
solidarity of the, 14, 19
Family ties superseded by Church, 19, 35
Farfa, Abbey of, case of, 155
Farinacci on torture of sleeplessness, 535
Fasting preliminary to ordeal, 280, 288
Father, his purgatorial oath, 41
and son, rule as to torturing, 543
Feast days, torture not to be used on, 505
torture on, 551, 556
Fechtbücher, 238
Fees to champions, 190, 195, 196
derived from ordeals, 415
their enforcement, 416
for administering torture in Peru, 511
in Valenciennes, 548
Feini, levying of fines, 18
tribal responsibility, 42
judicial duel among, 109
their judges warned, 272
hot-water ordeal used by, 273
Felix, St., of Nola, oaths on his relics, 372
Felonies, duel for, 146
champions not allowed in, 192
tried by water ordeal, 322
Felton, Thomas, challenges Raymond de Caussade, 229
Fendilles and Des Guerres, duel of, 234
Ferdinand and Isabella furnish counsel to accused, 469
Fernando III. (Castile), his charter to Medina, 202
Ferocity of judicial duel, 178
Fetish, invocation of, in ordeals, 255
Feudal jurisdictions, 219
courts, their publicity, 473
Feudalism, its struggle with civilization, 78
undermined by the Roman law, 212
struggle for the duel in France, 216
torture under, 473
its resistance to torture, 494
Fian, Dr., torture of, 573
Ficino, Marsiglio, his belief in bier-right, 365
Fiefs, titles to, settled by ordeal, 324, 387
Figeac, Abbey of, its advocate, 198
Fijodalgo, privilege of, 24
Fines, distribution of, 18
for conjurators, 64, 417
for withdrawing from duel, 144, 145
for defeated combatant, 167
for challenging in Bruges, 204
for losing party in the ordeal, 384, 416
torture in cases involving, 529
Fire, ordeal of, among the Persians, 266
in the Ramayana, 267
in the Manava Dharma Sastra, 268
in Greece, 270
in India, 303
among Hebrews, 303
in Christendom, 304
employed on relics, 314
precautions against unguents, 408
Fisherman of Utrecht, case of, 402
Flamen Dialis relieved from oath-taking, 36
Flanders, selection of compurgators, 48
compurgation in default of evidence, 54
compurgation retained, 82
villein cannot challenge a noble, 152
penalty for default in duel, 174
charters exempting from duel, 201-3
merchants exempted from duel, 204
duel abolished by Philippe le Bon, 231
survival of duel, 237
ordeal for second accusation, 392
torture system in, 521
evidence refused to accused, 544
Fleta, multiple oaths in, 28
negative proofs in, 74
definition of secta, 85
Fleurant de Saint-Leu, case of, 502
Fleury, Abbey of, 343
Floating of sorcerers and witches, 325
Florence, church subjected to duel, 160
Flower-buds in fire ordeal, 303
Foix, Raymond Bernard of, his duel, 222
Fontaines, Pierre de, ignores compurgation, 76
on appeals, 124
on gladiators and champions, 187
his opinion of the duel, 221
no reference to torture, 489
Fontanelle, Abbey of, its ordeal-iron, 288
Foot, loss of, for hired warrantor, 131
for hired champions, 191
For de Morlaas, duels in the, 134
Forath, 95
Forchheim, case of bier-right, 362
Forez, fines for withdrawing from duel, 144
Formosus, pope, case of, 382
Formulas of compurgation, 58
in Lille, 78
in the Inquisition, 90
of application for duel, 142
for the corsnæd, 340
for bier-right, 368
for unguent against fire, 408
to protect from torture, 557
Fort of Bordeaux, 98
Fortescue, Sir John, on use of torture, 566
Foulcher de Chartres on lance of St. Andrew, 309
France (see also Merovingian Law, Salic Law, Carlovingian Laws).
judicial use of oaths, 23
reduplicated oaths, 28
oaths required of prelates, 36
evidence of kinsmen excluded, 38
selection of compurgators, 40, 47
clients responsible for advocates, 70
decline of compurgation, 76
accusatorial conjurators, 94
Henry II. prohibits wager of battle, 107
challenging of witnesses, 121
protection of witnesses, 123
challenging of judges, 124
conditions of the duel, 140
minimum limit for duel, 147
Jews exempted from duel, 149
duels between different ranks, 149
liability of clerics to duel, 157, 159
lex talionis in duel, 170
club used in duels, 176
champions a matter of course, 181
defeated, their punishment, 184
employment of, 193
decline of the duel, 216
its disappearance, 235
cold-water ordeal for witchcraft, 326, 330
ordeal of sieve-driving, 358
bier-right, 366
iron bands for parricide, 378
ordeals become obsolete, 423
reappearance of torture, 479, 487
resisted by Feudalism, 494
use of torture becomes general, 499
adoption of inquisitorial process, 513
applications of torture, 515
Ordonnance of 1670, 517
réserve des preuves, 518
abolition of torture, 583
Francesco della Puglia opposes Savonarola, 311
Francis I. challenged by Charles V., 106
grants the duel, 233
perfects the inquisitorial process, 514
Francis, St., uses ordeal of fire, 307, 309
Franconia, use of purgatorial oaths, 24
Frangens jusjurandum, 46
Frankfort, duel in 1369, 171
Franks, use of compurgation, 34
use of judicial duel, 113
use of ordeal, 274
punish sorcery with drowning, 325
compounding for ordeals, 384
torture of slaves, 453
torture of freemen, 470
Fratricide punished with iron bands, 377
Fraud, torture in cases of, 530
use of, in witch-trials, 558
Fredegonda, her compurgation, 39
her use of torture, 455
Frederic I. (Emperor) overthrows Henry the Lion, 133
his charter to Austria, 134
exempts traders from the duel, 204
prescribes iron ordeal for slaves, 292
ordeal at discretion of accused, 387
master’s oath clears a slave, 390
prescribes torture for theft, 475
Frederic II. (Emperor) on compurgation, 41
rules for compurgation, 54, 56
ignores compurgation, 75
prohibits clerics as judges, 73
compels clerics to duel, 159
allows defendant choice of weapons, 177
on cowardice of champions, 185
provides champions at public expense, 190
his charters to Ratisbon and Vienna, 204
denounces the duel, 212
prohibits the ordeal, 422
prescribes torture for treason, 475
is use of torture, 482
Frederic of Mainz takes ordeal of Eucharist, 348
Frederic the Great limits use of torture, 579
Fredum, 16
Freeman not liable to personal punishment, 65
and serf, combat between, 122
cannot be challenged by serf, 140
red-hot iron ordeal for, 291
not tortured in Greece, 432
not subject to torture in Rome, 434
exceptions, 435, 437, 439
is a Roman citizen, 440
not tortured among Ostrogoths, 457
limitation on torture of, under Wisigoths, 459, 460
subject to torture in Castile, 464
inviolability obsolete, 470
presence required at the mallum, 472
Freedman not tortured in Greece, 433
not tortured against his patron in Rome, 442
among Ostrogoths, 457
against patron in Spain, 464
Freisingen, duels of women in, 153
Frese, Georg, his ordeal, 301
Friends, evidence of, excluded, 38
Frisian laws, oaths in, 23
use of compurgation, 34
rules for compurgators, 47
compurgation and ordeal combined, 61
penalties of conjurators, 64
judicial duel in, 114
facilities for judicial duel, 119
either party can claim the duel, 140
right of litus to the duel, 148
hired champions allowed, 180
hot-water ordeal, 283
ordeal of the lot, 353
ordeal for defeated accuser, 385
Frisia, ordeals persisted in, 422
torture not used, 563
Frithborgs, 41
Frotho III. orders judicial duel, 110
Fuero Juzgo, no compurgation in, 75
torture in, 461
Fuero Viejo, compurgation in, 75, 80
Fulk the inquisitor, his abuse of torture, 486
Fulk Nera, his charter to Abbey of Beaulieu, 161
Fulvius Flaccus, case of, 448
Furstenberg, Count of, uses the ordeal, 300
Gaddi and Altoviti, duel of, 236
Gæum, ordeal used in the, 270
Galanas, 40
Galbert, his explanation of ordeal, 401
Galicia, hot-water ordeal in, 281
Gallius, Q., case of, 435
Gascony, land title decided by cold-water ordeal, 323
Gauls, torture of widows among, 452
Gauntlet, iron, ordeal of, 296
Gautama, ordeal unknown to, 268
Gavarret, revenue from ordeal at, 415
Geiler von Kaisersberg opposes torture, 575
Gelmirez, Diego, authorizes duel, 132
Gengulphus, St., his improvised ordeal, 286
George IV. abolishes torture in Hanover, 581
Geirröd, his torture of Odin, 454
Gerald, St., of Braga, case of, 379
Gerard of Cambrai on torture of heretics, 474
Gerberga drowned as a witch, 325
Gerefa, 48
Gerhardt, E., on ordeal for witches, 332
Germany (see also Sachsenspiegel, Schwabenspiegel, Sachsische Weichbild).
purgatorial oaths, 23, 24
of father, 41
sinodales homines, 41
rules for compurgation, 54
juramentum supermortuum, 56
use of advocates, 70
clerics not to be judges, 73
compurgation retained, 80
accusatorial conjurators, 96, 97
judicial duel among ancient Germans, 112
challenging of judges, 126
legislative function of duel, 129
duel habitual in criminal cases, 135
theory of guilt, 136
limitations on the duel, 141
crimes liable to duel, 147
penalty of defeat in duel, 171
of default in duel, 173
weapons allowed, 177
champions a matter of course, 190
exemptions granted to the towns, 204
prolongation of the duel, 238
use of hot-water ordeal, 283
titles to fiefs settled by water ordeal, 324
cold-water ordeal in witchcraft, 326
ordeal of sieve-driving, 358
cases of bier-right, 362
formula for bier-right, 368
use of ordeal in civil cases, 387
ordeal for convicts, 392
persistence of ordeals, 423
mediæval use of torture, 475, 476
reappearance of torture, 479, 505
torture established, 522
disused, 579
substitutes for torture, 582
Gerode, Abbey of, its ordeal, 295
Geroldus converts Mecklenburg, 277
Gerstlacher, his defence of torture, 580
Getter’s case, bier-right in, 367
Ghent, laws of, no allusion to ordeal, 202
ordeal for slaves, 394
Ghee, boiling, ordeal of, 283
Giraldus Cambrensis on study of Roman law, 73
Gifts to hired champions, 191
Giuliano Rondinelli, his ordeal of fire, 311
Gladiators identified with champions, 187
subject to torture in Rome, 441
Glanville, jury-trial ascribed to him, 48
allusions to compurgation, 70
prescribes cold-water ordeal for slaves, 322
knows nothing of torture, 564
Glastonbury, Abbey of, its hired champion, 197
Gloucester, Statute of, 242
Thomas of, his duel code, 241
Glove as gage of battle, 245
Gobereen, ordeal of, in Rajmahal, 259
God, judgment of, faith reposed in, 102
tempting of, in the ordeal, 207, 411
his interposition expected, 250
appeals to, among Hebrews, 261
Godelmann on cold-water ordeal in witchcraft, 328
Godfrey, St., his charter to Amiens, 201
Godi, Norse priest and judge, 27
decides as to compurgation, 53
Godwin of Kent, his death, 341
Golden Bull, torture in, 505
Golden Calf, ashes of, as ordeal, 262
Gonsalvo de Cremona, 359
Gothic ritual defended by duel, 132
by fire ordeal, 313
Goths (see also Ostrogoths and Wisigoths).
compurgation not used, 34
use of judicial duel by, 115
their civilization, 456
their use of torture, 457
Gout cured by torture, 528
Gräfe, Johann, opposes torture, 576
Grágás (see Iceland).
Grammatico, Tomaso, on punishment for suspicion, 520
Gran, council of, 1099, prescribes the ordeal, 410
Grand jury, presentation by, 388
Grandier, Urbain, case of, 556
Grateley, council of, 928, regulation of ordeal, 406
Gratian does not condemn the ordeal, 413
on extorted confessions, 478
Greece, family organizations in, 15
oaths used, 26
traces of compurgation in, 34
traces of judicial duel, 108
ordeals in, 270
oath of the gods, 371
use of torture in, 432
varieties of torture, 434
Greeks, duels with Franks, 151
Gregory I. on oaths on relics, 372
extorted confessions invalid, 478
Gregory II. prescribes oaths for clerics, 36
Gregory III., penitential of, on oaths, 30
Gregory VII., his war on simony, 62
introduces Roman ritual in Spain, 132
tries cold-water ordeal, 324
takes ordeal of Eucharist, 349
his improvised ordeal, 350
Gregory IX., his Decretals, 419
on purgation of heresy, 484
prohibits counsel to accused, 487
Gregory XI. condemns the Sachsenspiegel, 210, 420
Gregory of Tours, his purgatorial oaths, 28
accused by Leudastes, 454
Grenoble, accused refused a hearing, 518
Grillandus on compurgation, 93
on torture of sleeplessness, 535
his five degrees of torture, 543
on charms against torture, 557
Grimkel, Bishop, tests relic with fire, 316
Grimoald, King, restricts judicial duel, 114
restricts right of slaves to duel, 148
Grossolano, Archbishop, convicted by ordeal, 306
Gualberto, St. Giovanni, urges the ordeal, 305
Guarantees required for oaths, 25
of compurgatorial oath withdrawn, 72
Guardians, required to provide champions, 153
Guardianship cases, slave torture in, 442
Gudrun, Queen, cleared by the ordeal, 385
Guelf, Bavarian house of, founded, 133
Guibert of Nogent uses ordeal for heretics, 410
Guido, Abbot, of Pescara, 157
Guy (Emp.) on duels of clerics, 155
Guilds to furnish conjurators, 82
Guillot de Ferrières, case of, 492
Guilt before God but not before man, 136
Guisbert, Ladislas, case of, 588
Gulathingenses Leges, partition of wer-gild, 18
selection of compurgators, 50
oath of compurgators, 59
Gundeberga, Queen, case of, 113
Gundobald, King, use of duel ascribed to, 112
the duel as remedy for perjury, 118
Gunner’s case, 86
Gushtasp converted by the ordeal, 295
Gustavus Adolphus, compurgation in his laws, 83
Gyda, Queen, duel for, 115
Hainault, penalty for default in duel, 173
charter of 1619, torture in, 556
Hako Hakonsen on division of wer-gild, 18
choice of compurgators, 49
oath of compurgators, 59
prohibits ordeal, 422
Hair may float in cold-water ordeal, 319
Hale, Sir Matthew, on the duel, 245
Hales, Alexander, on duel, 209
condemns ordeals, 420
Halle, citizens tortured by Lothair II., 475
punishment without conviction, 521
torture of aged in, 527
Hanche, Adolf, his duel, 171
Hand of bishop, oath taken on, 30
Hand, loss of, for perjury, 64
for hired champions, 191
wrapped up after ordeal, 280, 288
Hanover, torture abolished, 581
Hans Speiss, convicted by bier-right, 363
Hardening to torture, 558
Harold Blaatand abolishes duel, 200
converted by ordeal, 295
Harold the Simple abolishes duel, 200
Harry, slave, convicted by bier-right, 367
Haselwood, Wm., uses ordeal of sieve, 358
Hatchet used in iron ordeal, 289
Hatred excuses from duel, 146
Haut-justiciers, their rights over duel, 218
Haynokes, Susannah, case of, 336
Hearing refused to accused, 518, 547
Heaven, its interposition relied on, 251
Hebrew customs, sacrificial oaths, 26, 27
use of ordeals, 261
fire ordeal, 303
torture not used, 430
Hela, witch tried by ordeal in, 333
Hellenic Patræ and Phratriæ, 15
Hen used in ordeal, 256
Henry II. (Emp.) accepts a duel, 134
restricts use of champions, 189
accords duel to the guilty, 131
hangs thieves convicted by the duel, 135
cold-water ordeal for slaves, 322
Henry III. (Emp.) on number of conjurators, 43
rules for compurgation, 54
challenges Henry I. (France), 130
charter to church of Volterra, 161
Henry IV. (Emp.) offers the duel, 133
his charter to Pisa, 200
refuses ordeal of Eucharist, 350
Henry V. (Emp.) his charter to Venice, 57
Henry I. (England), laws of, compurgation abolished, 67
his charter to London, 201
Henry II. (Engl.) exempts clerics from duel, 158
forbids hiring of champions, 190
his bleeding after death, 360
Henry III. (Engl.) prohibits the ordeal, 421
Henry VIII., compurgation under, 92
use of torture under, 566, 568
Henry II. (France) swears to grant no duels, 234
Henry III. (France) revises coutumier of Normandy, 79, 231
Henry IV. (France) edict against duels, 104
his pardons to duellists, 107
Henry II. (Navarre) grants the duel, 233
Henry of Bavaria buries a tortured pilgrim, 474
Henry of Essex, case of, 137
Henry, Duke of Limburg, 343
Henry the Lion, case of, 133
Henry of Lorraine claims jurisdiction of duel, 238
Henry I. of Mainz administers the ordeal, 295
Henry of Strassburg convicts heretics by ordeal, 419
Henry of Susa pronounces ordeals illegal, 420
Hepburn and Brown, duel of, 240
Hera, oaths taken by, 26
Heracles pays for murder of Iphitus, 15
Heretics, compurgators for, 88
conviction of, by ordeal, 297, 410, 419
ordeal forbidden in their trial, 419
torture used in 1025, 474
Heresy, no limitations on torture, 467
torture habitually used, 484
Herigarius, miracle granted to, 379
Herkia defeated in ordeal, 385
Hermann of Cologne, conversion of, 418
Hermann of Slavonia prescribes compurgation, 84
Hermann of Suabia challenges Henry II., 134
Hermes, mutilation of statues of, 433
Herzegovina, ordeal for witches, 333
Hidulf, St., power of his intercession, 377
Hildebert of Le Mans on torture, 475
Hinemar, his rules for compurgators, 47
his eulogy of hot-water ordeal, 278, 282
explanation of cold-water ordeal, 319
ordeals for witnesses and compurgators, 389
his suggestion of a champion, 398
Hindu customs (see India).
Hiring of champions, 190, 193, 195
Hirpi walk over burning coals, 287
Hoel Dda, his laws, 20
abrogation of ordeals ascribed to, 110
Holland, ordeal of balance in, 335
torture system in, 521, 576
disuse of torture, 577
Holm-gang, 111
abolition of, 199
Holstein, bier-right in, 364
Holy Coat of Trèves, 422
Holy Ghost, ordeal of, 381
Holy water used in ordeal, 281, 407
Holyrood, Abbey of, its jurisdiction, 162
Homicide, penalty of, at Arques, 13
duel necessary to prove it, 142
inferior can challenge superior, 151
Homines sinodales, 41
Homo infamatus sent to ordeal, 392
Honor, duel of, 104
Honorius III. forbids clerical duels, 160
prohibits ordeals, 423
Honorius of Autun sanctions ordeal, 413
Horatii and Curiatii, preliminary oath, 271
Horatius, wer-gild paid by, 15
Host, consecrated, power of, 347
Hot-water ordeal in Japan, 253
in Ethiopia, 256
in Madagascar, 257
among the Khonds, 258
in Rajmahal, 259
among the Mazdeans, 265
in Tibet, 269
>among the Feini, 272
in earliest Salic law, 274
among the Wisigoths, 275
its use in Europe, 278
swallowing hot water, 283
its use in India, 283
miraculous cases, 285
used for trifling cases, 292
patrician or plebeian ordeal, 322
Household slaves, torture of, in Spain, 464
Hubert, Bishop of Worcester, 40
Huesca, ordeals prohibited in, 424
Hugh Capet challenged by Louis d’Outremer, 130
Hugh, king of Italy, 128
Hugh, legate, refuses bribe, 62
Hungary, liability of clerics to duel, 157
restriction of duel in, 237
ordeals introduced, 277
use of iron ordeal, 299
witches tried by ordeal in 1730, 332, 335
ordeal for all suspects, 388
preservation of purity of ordeal, 405
privilege of administering ordeals, 415
fees for ordeals, 416
ordeals prohibited in 1279, 423
torture legalized, 508
Husband and wife, rule as to torture of, 543
Hutten, Ludwig von, declines a challenge, 238
Iarnsida, partition of wer-gild, 18
selection of compurgators, 50
compurgation in default of evidence, 54
oath of compurgators, 59
use of compurgation, 82
no torture in, 562
Iceland, legal process in, 17
levying of fines, 18
sacrificial oaths, 27
use of compurgation, 35, 82
admission of compurgation, 53, 54
oaths of compurgators, 59
accusatorial conjurators, 97
use of duel in, 111
penalty for default, 174
duel abolished, 199
use of red-hot iron ordeal, 292
accused can demand ordeal, 387
ordeals abolished, 422
use of torture, 561
Ictus capituli, 163
Idol-water as an ordeal, 344
Iesameh, 29
Iglau, compurgation in laws of, 84
the duel in, 205
Illegal torture renders confession invalid, 550
Illinois, bier-right in, 368
Illusions, diabolic, in ordeal, 408
Imagination, influence of, in ordeals, 339, 396
Imbrico of Augsburg, his ordeal of Eucharist, 351
Immunity of clerics from secular law, 414
Imprecations, use of, in Assyria, 260
Imprisonment for retracting confession, 549
Incest, evidence of slave in cases of, 444
Incrimination of accomplices rejected in Rome, 443
accepted in modern times, 484, 515, 517, 546, 562, 570, 584
Incontinency, compurgation for, 87
India, communal organization in, 14
use of oaths, 25
evidence of friends and kinsmen excluded, 38
duel to avert battles, 104
judicial duel not used, 108
limitations on witnesses, 122
champions allowed in ordeals, 179
ordeals of pre-Aryan races, 258, 291, 344
oaths as ordeals, 267
ordeal of fire, 267
complicated ordeal system, 268
is a religious ceremony, 269, 280
ordeal of boiling oil, 283
of red-hot iron, 289
of fire, 303
relics tested by fire, 314
ordeal of cold water, 319
of balance, 334
of endurance, 339
of rice, 344
of cosha, or idol-water, 344
of chance, 352
of poison, 375
only for doubtful characters, 384
either party can undergo the ordeal, 384
minimum limit of ordeals, 391
torture unknown, 431
Infamy of champions, 187
ordeal in cases of, 388
Influence of torture on judges, 534
Informers, responsibility of, in Rome, 440, 446
under Wisigoths, 459
Injustice of ordeal, explanation of, 401
Innocent I. on use of torture, 477
Innocent II. prescribes compurgation, 62, 71
forbids clerics to fight, 156
Innocent III. modifies compurgatorial oaths, 71
orders purgation for heresy, 89
on failure in duel, 137
forbids clerics to fight, 156, 158
his relation to the duel, 208
suppresses the ordeal, 418
Innocent IV. forbids clerical duels in France, 159
orders torture to discover heresy, 484
Innocent VIII. on torture of clerics in England, 566
Inquest of Fame, 71
Inquests, torture not used in, 499, 512
Inquisition, its use of compurgation, 89
its use of torture, 483
extortion of confession, 485
its influence on use of torture, 486, 512
restricted by Council of Vienne, 511
torture to discover accomplices, 516
Inquisition of State in Venice, 507
Inquisitorial Process, the, 512
becomes general, 499
not used in Poland, 509
retained in Germany, 581
Inquisitors dispensed for use of torture, 484
Insane, the, exempt from torture, 528
Inscription of accuser in Rome, 440, 446
under Wisigoths, 459
Intervention of God expected in the duel, 135
Inundation of 1219 caused by ordeals, 422
Inverness exempted from duel, 201
Involuntary perjury, penance for, 31
Ipswich, selection of conjurators in, 49
Ireland, solidarity of the family in, 15
levying of fines, 18
tribal responsibility, 42
judicial duel among the Feini, 109
duel in 1583, 243
inspiration of judges, 272
hot-water ordeal in, 273
hot-iron ordeal for women, 292
ordeal of the lot, 354
of the oath, 374
use of the Clog Oir, 397
Irregular ordeals, 377
Irregularity of clerics, 484
Iron bands used as an ordeal, 377
Iron ordeal (see Red-hot iron).
Isaac, assassin of Charles the Good, 474
Isidor of Seville on perjury, 31
Islam, reduplicated oaths, 29
accusations of adultery, 46
oaths as ordeals in, 263
Italy (see also Lombard Law, Sicilian Constitutions).
conjurators to confirm witnesses, 56
challenging of witnesses, 120
Otho II. enlarges the sphere of the duel, 131
cases admitting the duel, 141
the Church subjected to the duel, 155, 160
jurisdiction of the Church over duel, 163
oaths preliminary to the duel, 166
penalty for defeat in duel, 169
duels fought to the end, 178
champions always employed, 182
as a profession, 189
restrictions on use of, 189
equalization of, 194
abrogation of duel, 235
bier-right, 365
ordeals prohibited in Naples, 422
in 15th century, 425
reappearance of torture, 481, 484
its development, 506
its abolition, 586
Itzehoe, case of bier-right in, 365
Ivan III., torture introduced by, 509
Ivo of Chartres, distrust of compurgation, 61
refuses to grant the duel, 162
his opinion of the ordeal, 401, 412
claims exemption of ordeal for priests, 414
on extorted confessions, 478
Jacintus, his hot-water ordeal, 279
Jacob’s Review of the Statutes, 86
James I. grants the duel, 240
approves of ordeal for witches, 330
his belief in bier-right, 361
torture under, 567, 568
his torture of Dr. Fian, 573
Jamnuggur, ordeal in 1867, 284
Janssen, Hendrik, torture of, 578
Jardine on torture in England, 566
Jarnac, his duel with La Chastaigneraye, 106
Japan, judicial duel in, 108
ordeals in, 253
use of torture, 432
Jayme I. (Aragon) restricts torture, 462
prohibits the duel, 214
Jeanne de Bourgogne, offers the combat, 226
Jeffniteed, 97
Jehan de Warlus, case of, 501
Jerusalem, Assisses de, 75
on use of counsel, 70
reject negative proofs, 74
no compurgation, 75
women cannot be witnesses, 122
limitations on duel, 143
limit of value for duel, 148
discrimination of race in, 151
champions supplied to the poor, 152
no duel in mercantile law, 165
lex talionis enforced, 170
penalty of defeat for women, 173
champions as witnesses, 183
punishment of defeated champion, 184
red-hot iron ordeal plebeian, 292
use of iron ordeal, 298
ordeal for all suspects, 388
reappearance of torture, 480
Jew, duel with, ordered by the Virgin, 209
ordeal to convert, 296
Jews (see also Hebrews).
their liability to the duel, 149, 151
asking pardon of a corpse, 360
convicted by bier-right, 362
ordeal of brambles for, 382
torture of, by King John, 477
in Bourges, 492
mode of executing them, 503
John XII. challenged by Bishop Liutprand, 129
John, King (England), favors the duel, 241
tortures Jews, 477
John, King (France), abrogates compurgation, 78
John, Bishop of Avranches, recognizes the ordeal, 412
John, Bishop of Didymoteichos, 402
John of Coldinghame, 191
John of Freiburg on duel in episcopal courts, 165
John of Freiburg—denounces ordeals, 420
Jonah, use of lot, 262
Jonathan, case of, 262
Joseph II. abolishes torture, 581
Jovem lapidem jurare, 270
Judaism (see Hebrews).
Judges decide as to compurgators, 53
challenging of, 123
royal, not liable to appeal, 126
discretion in granting duel, 140, 146
inspiration of, in Islam, 263
inspiration of, among Feini, 272
responsibility for torture under Wisigoths, 458, 460
in Castile, 465, 467
in Italy, 507
in France, 515
in Germany, 523
responsibility elusory, 533
using torture liable for homicide in England, 565
cannot be witnesses, 509
everything left to their discretion, 533, 538, 541, 549
abuse of their discretion, 545
influence of torture on, 534
their abuse of torture, 539
their neglect of favoring evidence, 544
Judgment of God expected, 250
faith reposed in, 102
appealed to by Hebrews, 261
Judgment reversed, penalty of, 124, 126
of blood forbidden to clerics, 471
Judicial duel, 101
Judicium means ordeal, 298
Judicium crucis, 336
Judicium ferri, 287
Judicium offæ, 339
Juise, 287, 298
Julius (Pseudo) forbids evidence of accomplices, 515
Julius II., his bull against duels, 236
Jura de juicio, 22
Juramentum supermortuum, 55
Juratores (see Conjurators).
Jurisdiction over duel, profits of, 218
over ordeals, its advantages, 415
Jury and ordeal combined, 388
Jury-trial, rise of, 48
as substitute for duel, 144
for pleaders unable to fight, 192
in Denmark, 562
influence of, on the duel, 241
in England, 564
Jus cruentationis, 359
Jus feretri, 359
Jus Provinciale Alamannicum (see Schwabenspiegel).
Jus Provinciale Saxonicum (see Sachsenspiegel).
Jusjurandum in jure, 21, 22
Jusiers, church of, its exemption, 158
Justice, tardy recognition of, 13
Justinian orders torture for adultery, 439
enforces the talio, 440
orders torture of witnesses, 441
Kai Kaoos orders fire ordeal, 266
Kalabarese ordeals, 254
Katrington, his duel, 179
Kayser-Recht, duel limited in, 205
denounces the duel, 212
no allusion to torture, 480
Keller, Fried., opposes torture, 576
Keure de Bruges, 203
Keyser Retenn, 563
Khandogya Upanishad, its explanation of the ordeal, 267
Khonds, ordeals among the, 258
Kilty on duel in Maryland, 247
Kincaid, a witch-pricker, 571
King vs. Williams, case of, 86
Kinship a bar to duel, 141
Kinsmen, responsibility of, 14, 18, 19
their evidence, 38
not admitted in Castile, 465
as compurgators, 38, 40, 45, 48, 50
as champions, 180
witness not tortured against, 542
Knighthood, oath of, 186
Knipschild on torture of nobles, 526
Knox, John, on Bothwell’s challenge, 240
Koran, accusation of adultery in, 46
Kraku Hreidar, 111
Kshatriya caste, oaths required of, 25
La Chastaigneraye, his duel with Jarnac, 106
Lactantius, his account of persecution, 437
Ladislas, St., prevents collusion in ordeal, 405
regulates fees for ordeals, 416
Lafon, Mary, on affaire Calas, 585
Lag feste men, 41
Lambert of Redenberg, case of, 401
Lambert of Tuscany, his duel, 128
Lamoignon on counsel for accused, 517
Lance of St. Andrew, case of, 308
Lancelotti prescribes compurgation, 93
Land, communal holding of, 14
acquired by duel, 111, 211
Land-titles decided by ordeal of cross, 339
Lang, J. P., on cold-water ordeal for witches, 330
Languedoc, use of torture in, 495
Laon, theft of sacred vessels of, 136, 324, 474
Lascaris, Theod., invents a torture, 554
La Seauve, Abbey of, its revenue from ordeals, 415
Lateran, council of, 1216, on heresy, 89
forbids clerics to fight, 156
forbids the duel, 208
forbids priestly ministration in ordeals, 419
on purgation of heresy, 484
Latins, ordeals disused among, 270
Lausanne, chapter of, adjudges the duel, 162
Law means compurgation, 57
personal, not territorial, 131
Lawyers, advantage of employing, 70
exempt from torture in Castile, 467
Laymen as compurgators for clerics, 44
sin of shaving by, 403
Lebanon, Ills., bier-right in, 368
Ledesma, case of bier-right in, 366
Legislation, secular, against ordeals, 421
Legislative functions of duel, 129, 133
Legitimacy proved by ordeal, 273, 381
Le Gris and Carrouges, duel of, 229
Lemarinier, Jehan, case of, 517
Lemgow, cold-water ordeal in, 327
Lent, ordeal administered in, 410
Leo III. (Pope) clears himself by compurgation, 35
cold-water ordeal ascribed to, 321
Leo IV. forbids ordeal of lot, 353
Leo X., his prohibition of duels, 236
Leopold, Gr. Duke, abolishes torture, 586
Leper cured by St. Martin’s relics, 380
battle not allowed to, 141
Les cous lou roi, 163
Lescar, Bishop of, uses the ordeal, 295
Lèse majesté, first recognition of, in France, 495
its appearance in England, 564
Lessingon, patronage of church of, 119
Leudastes, case of, 454
Lex apparens and simplex, 148
Lex Gundebalda, 112
Lex Monachorum, 412
Lex talionis (see Talio).
Lhotka, assembly of, 355
Libo, prosecution of, 443
Lie as preliminary to duel, 229
Liége, Bishop of, demands the duel, 160
use of torture in, 505
Liguaire, St., quarrel over his relics, 354
Life not to be jeoparded in torture, 465, 467
Lilburn and Claxton, case of, 244
Lille, responsibility of kindred, 19
formula of compurgation in, 78
torture not used in, 498
Lillebonne, council of, 1080, on clerical duellists, 156
on fees for ordeals, 416
Lima, fees for torturing in, 511
Limitations on the duel, 140
on use of champions, 189
on torture in Rome, 445
in Castile, 465
none in Châtelet of Paris, 500
in Italy, 506
disregarded, 526
Limbs not to be crippled in torture, 465, 467
Lindisfarne, unchaste priest of, 346
Lioba, St., undergoes ordeal of cross, 337
Lists, biers placed in, 172
Litus, his right to duel, 148
Liutgarda forced to duel, 123
Liutprand (King), on perjury of compurgators, 63
restricts judicial duel, 114
Liutprand, Bishop, his challenges, 129
Liutprand convicts Grossolano by ordeal, 306
Livonians asked to be relieved from ordeals, 423
Livre de Jostice et de Plet requires compurgation, 76
no reference to torture, 488
Ljot the Pale, 111
Loaf of bread, ordeal of, 357
Lombard law—
rules for compurgation, 47, 50, 53
withdrawal of confession, 52
oath of compurgators, 58
ceremony of compurgation, 60
witnesses outweigh conjurators, 62
perjury of compurgators, 63
Otho II. limits compurgation, 67
judicial duel, 113
Otho II. extends use of duel, 118, 131
duel allowed to the guilty, 131
minimum limit for duel, 147
right of slaves to duel, 148
liability of clerics to duel, 155
penalty for defeat in duel, 168
kinsmen as champions, 180
champions always employed, 181
freedmen or clients, 186
restrictions on use of champions, 189
use of hot-water ordeal, 283
cold-water ordeal prohibited, 322
for slaves, 322
duel for cases of sorcery, 326
ordeal of cross prohibited, 338
London, exemption from duel granted, 201
Loquetier, Nicholas, case of, 493
Lord and vassal, no duel between, 146
Lorraine, Dukes of, their rights over duel, 238
Lorris, oaths in laws of, 23
fines for withdrawing from duel, 144
Lot, ordeal of the, 352
among Hebrews, 261
in Greece, 270
Lothair, King, his divorce from Teutberga, 281
dies of ordeal of Eucharist, 349
Lothair I. (Emp.), formula of compurgation, 53
prohibits cold-water ordeal, 322
prohibits ordeal of cross, 338
Lothair II., his use of torture, 475
Loudon, charter of, 391
Louis le Débonnaire tries Pascal I., 37
on selection of conjurators, 51
compurgation in lack of evidence, 53
on penalty for defeat, 167
condemns cold-water ordeal, 321
prohibits ordeal of cross, 338
orders freemen present at mallum, 472
Louis II. (Emp.), compurgation in lack of evidence, 53
decides cases in favor of Siena, 56
Louis IV. (Emp.), his charter to Dortmund, 205
punishes Ueberlingen, 363
Louis d’Outremer offers duel to Hugh Capet, 130
Louis VI. (France) grants charter of Loudun, 391
Louis VII., his charter to Lorris, 23
exempts the church of Jusiers, 158
Louis VIII., his charter to Crespy, 203
Louis IX. on use of oaths, 23
makes clients responsible for advocates, 70
his Établissements, 76
restricts challenging of judges, 125
prohibits duel between brothers, 141
enforces the lex talionis, 170
his struggle with feudalism, 216
his restriction of the duel, 217
punishes Enguerrand de Coucy, 221
torture not in his laws, 488
gives facilities for defence, 512
Louis X. endeavors to repress the duel, 227
orders cold-water ordeal for sorcery, 326
maintains use of torture, 494
Louis XIV. revises the torture process, 517
Louis XVI. abolishes torture in France, 585
Louis of Saxony, his use of the ordeal, 400
Lourdes exempted from duel, 202
Low vs. Paramore, case of, 139, 243
Lowe’s case, torture in, 571
Lubeck, introduction of torture in, 483
Lucerne, case of bier-right, 363
Lucius III. annuls judgment by ordeal, 418
Lucretius quoted for bier-right, 360
Ludlow, ordeal of Bible and key, 357
Luitzes, their duel with Saxons, 131
Lust, unnatural, torture for, in Rome, 439
Lycanthropy, prolonged torture for, 529
Lyons, council of, 1080, on simony, 62
Archbishop of, uses ordeal for heretics, 411
Macarius, St., his appeal to God, 251
Maci, Jehannin, case of, 501
Madagascar, ordeals in, 256
Madrid, compurgation in fuero of, 75
Magdeburg, thieves convicted by the duel, 135
Magi use fire-test on swaddling cloth of Christ, 315
Magic arts in duel, 139
in ordeal, 407, 410
torture in trials for, 469, 554
Magicians lose their specific gravity, 325, 334
tortured in Rome, 439
their evidence not received, 523
Magna Charta, no allusion to torture in, 564
Mahabharata, the, 14
Mahomet on accusations of adultery, 46
on interposition of God, 262
Mahuot and Plouvier, duel of, 232
Maiming, permanent, prerequisite for duel, 142
Mainz, council of, 847, ordeal for slaves, 394
council of, 848, prescribes iron ordeal, 291
councils of, 888 and 1028, prescribe the ordeal, 410
Templars offer the ordeal, 299
Majestas, torture in, 435, 438, 443
its extension, 436
Majjars, ordeals introduced among, 277
Majorca, duel prohibited, 214
ordeal prohibited, 424
Mallum, regulations for holding it, 471
Manasses of Reims deposed for simony, 62
Manava Dharma Sastra, village communities in, 14
oaths prescribed in, 25
on perjury, 267
ordeals described in, 268
Mandeure, ordeal of staff in, 396
Manichæan defeated by fire ordeal, 304
Manorial courts, compurgation in, 57
Mansuetus, St., power of his intercession, 378
Mantra in Hindu ordeals, 289
for cold-water ordeal, 319
for ordeal of balance, 335
for poison ordeal, 375
Manuscripts tested by fire, 313
Marches, Scottish, duel universal, 145
liability of clerics to duel, 158
death does not release from duel, 174
Marcus Aurelius, his exemptions from torture, 438
Maresca, Marc Antonio, case of, 520
Maria Theresa, torture in her laws, 580
Marguerite de la Pinele, case of, 503
Marmoutiers, Abbey of, case of, 404
Marne, jurisdiction of duel at, 163
Marriage, compurgation to prove nullity, 93
tested by ordeal, 336, 410
Marshal’s court, the, regulates duels, 241
Marschalck, his duel, 172
Marsigli, Hipp. de’, his case of bier-right, 365
his torture of sleeplessness, 535
on abuse of torture, 539
Martial, St., of Limoges, perjury on his altar, 373
Martin of Austrasia, 29
Martin, St., vindicates his relics, 380
his cope used in compurgation, 60
Martin II. forbids duel of Charles of Anjou, 106
Mary, wife of Otho III., story of, 293
Mary, Queen, torture under, 568
Maryland, compurgation in, 88
appeal of death in, 247
Mass as part of the ordeal, 413
mortuary, in ritual of ordeal, 394
Massachusetts, appeal of death in, 246
use of torture in, 569
peine forte et dure, 575
Masserano, Marquis of, 531
Master’s oath clears a slave, 22, 390
Master and serf, no duel between, 146
his consent necessary to his serf’s duel, 149
slaves not tortured against, in Rome, 442
except in treason, 443
other exceptions, 444
under Ostrogoths, 457
under Wisigoths, 459
in Spain, 464
repaid for damage to tortured slave in Rome, 445
among Barbarians, 452
under Wisigoths, 458
in Castile, 468
Maternal kindred as compurgators, 45
Mathieu le Voyer sues Louis IX., 219
Matthias Corvinus restricts the duel, 237
Maubourguet exempted from duel, 203
Maumarel, Guillaume, 157
Maur, St., perjury on his relics, 273
Maximilian I. restricts compurgation, 81
Maximus on crimes involving torture of slave against master, 444
Mazdeism, ordeals in, 265, 295
torture not prescribed in, 431
Mecklenburg, ordeal introduced into, 277
Medina del Pomar exempted from duel, 202
ordeals prohibited, 424
Melanesians, judicial duel among, 108
Men, hot-iron or water ordeal for, 292
Menelaus and Paris, their duel, 108
Mennonites, use of the lot by, 355
Mental torture efficacious, 543
Mercantile law, duel not recognized in, 165
adverse to use of torture, 483
torture used in, 530
Merchants, multiple oaths by, 28
exempted from the duel, 204
Merida, council of, 666, on torture by priests, 554
Merovingian laws, accusatorial conjurators, 94
ordeal for slaves, 453
of the lot prescribed, 353
in absence of evidence, 386
precautions against collusion in ordeals, 405
Merovingians, torture used by, 454
Merseburg, thieves convicted by the duel, 135
Messalina, her torture of patricians, 439
Metz, Bishop of, has jurisdiction over duel, 164
Mexico, ordeal of oath in, 259
Michael Palæologus condemned to ordeal, 299
Milan, disappearance of duel in, 236
fire ordeal in, 306
restrictions on torture in, 506
Miles the Stammerer, his duel, 138
Milhaud, torture used in, 499
Minimum limit of value for duel, 147
for ordeals, 391
for ordeal in India, 290
Mir, the Russian, 15
Miracle, endurance of torture is a, 504
Miraculous hot-water ordeals, 285
red-hot iron ordeals, 301
Miralles, Archbishop, tests relics by fire, 317
Mirandola, limitations on torture in, 507
Miroir de Souabe, ordeals in, 424
Modena, iron ordeal in, 299
Bishop of, claims jurisdiction of duel, 163
Modestinus, his estimate of torture, 446
Modestus tortured by Fredegonda, 455
Moine de Caen, 516
Monasteries, their interest in ordeals, 415
torture in, 560
Monks as compurgators for monks, 93
appear personally in duels, 156
torture of, 560, 568
Montaigne argues against torture, 576
Montano of Toledo, his ordeal, 305
Montargis, story of dog of, 228
Monte Cassino, test of relics by fire, 316
Montenegro, ordeal for witches, 333
Montesquieu denounces torture, 583
Montigny-le-Roi, ordeal for witches at, 331
Montfort, Simon de, restricts the duel, 208
Montpellier, limitation on duel, 146
on ordeal, 387
Montricher, Sire de, case of, 150
Monza, duel of abbey at, 158
Mt. Gerizim, its claims tested by fire, 314
Moore, Samuel, case of, 510
Morann, his miraculous chain, 272
Moravia, the duel in, 205
Mortuary mass in ritual of ordeal, 394
Motive extenuates perjury, 31, 268
Mowbray, Francis, condemned to the duel, 240
Mozarabic rite defended by duel, 132
tested by fire, 313
Mstislas Davidovich exempts merchants from the duel, 204
Muh-Wang, his instructions to his judges, 252
Multiple oaths, 28
Municipal champions, 196
Muratori on ordeal for witches, 332
Murder (see Homicide).
Mutilation of defeated champions, 184
under torture unusual, 532
Myagh, Thos., his torture, 569
Myrc, John, instructions to priests, 242
Name written on paper and used in ordeal, 398
Namur, council of, sustains the duel, 238
Naples (see Sicilian Constitutions).
fire ordeal in 1811, 317
ordeals prohibited in, 422
punishment for suspicion in, 520
torture after conviction, 546
modern torture in, 587
Natives can decline duel with strangers, 141
Navarre and Castile, proposed duel between, 129
late introduction of torture, 469
Neffn i kyn, 41
Nefninge, 562
Negative proofs in Barbarian laws, 73
rejected, 74
unknown to Roman law, 272
Nehring, J. C., oil ordeal for witches, 331
Nempdarii, 563
Nero, his torture of Christians, 436
Netherlands, compurgation in, 81
ordeal of balance in, 335
bier-right in, 365
torture system in, 521
torture abolished in, 578
Neuwald on ordeal for witches, 327
New Granada, abuse of torture in, 540
modern use of torture, 582
New Hampshire, judicial duel in, 247
New Jersey, bier-right in, 367
New York, bier-right in, 396
Niam-Niam, ordeals among the, 256
Nicene creed, confirmation of, 379
Nicetius, St., power of his intercession, 378
Nicholas I. discourages the duel, 156, 207
forbids use of torture, 478
Nicholas, St., saves a convict from hanging, 381
Nicolas, Augustin, on torture system, 552, 577
Nieuport, laws of, on compurgation, 54, 66
no allusion to duel, 202
iron ordeal plebeian, 292
Nihilism, torture used to suppress it, 587
Nimrod exposes Abraham to fire ordeal, 303
Nithstong, 174
Nivard, Guillaume, case of, 493
Noailles, monks of, their duel, 196
Nobles can only be challenged by nobles, 150
allowed to employ champions, 193
subjected to cold-water ordeal, 323
their exemption from torture under Wisigoths, 460
in Spain, 463, 466
torture of, in Champagne, 496
their liability to torture, 499, 500
exemption limited in Germany, 525
claim exemption in England, 570
and villeins, duels between, 149
Nod-men, 45, 60
Norgaud of Autun, his trial for simony, 59, 66
Normandy, formula of compurgation, 58
survival of compurgation, 79
duels in real estate cases, 146
limit of value for duel, 148
penalty for defeat in duel, 167, 169
lex talionis introduced, 170
champions as witnesses, 183
punishment of defeated champions, 184
hiring of champions forbidden, 190
duel legal till 1583, 231
ordeal for all suspects, 388
ordeals become obsolete, 423
torture not used in, 487
torture introduced, 495
Normans not liable to duel with Saxons, 115, 394
Norsemen, their use of oaths, 26, 27
form of oath used by, 25
compurgation used by, 35
duel supersedes compurgation, 61
accusatorial compurgators, 97
use of judicial duel, 111
ordeal used by, 274
hot-water ordeal, 283
use of torture, 561
Northampton, Assizes of, on the ordeal, 322, 400
Norway, selection of compurgators, 50
oaths of compurgators, 59
accusatorial conjurators, 97
duel abolished, 199
ordeals prohibited, 422
Nôtre Dame de Paris, its liability to duel, 159
chapter of, adjudges the duel, 163
Nouveaux indices survenus, 518
Novara, Bishop of, claims jurisdiction of duel, 163
Nucius, Nicander, on torture in England, 568
Nullity of marriage, compurgation in, 93
Number of compurgators, 39
for clerics, 36
Nuns, torture of, 560
Nürnberg exempted from the duel, 204
Oaths, 21
in Roman law, 21
their purgatorial power, 22
guarantees required for, 25
reduplicated, 28
relics necessary for, 29
simplicity of, in Spain, 32
of clerics, 36, 414
of denial, in Wales, 55
of conjurators, 58
value of conjuratorial, 62
of conjurators modified, 71
disculpatory, in Suabia, 98
preliminary, in duels, 139, 166
not required in China, 252
as ordeals, 32, 371
among the Khonds, 258
among Aztecs, 259
among Ostiaks, 259
among Samoiedes, 259
in Islam, 263
in Greece, 269
in Rome, 270
Oath and ordeal alternative, 391
of master clears a slave, 390
convicts not admitted to, 392
of discharged prisoner, 550
O’Connors, duel of the, 243
Odin, his torture by Geirröd, 454
Odum wood, ordeal of, 255
Oelsner, his explanation of bier-right, 369
Officials exempt from torture in Spain, 463
of cities, their exemption, 495
Oil, boiling, ordeal of, 283
in Ethiopia, 256
among the Khonds, 258
Olaf, St., his ordeal, 296
his relics tested with fire, 316
saves a convict from hanging, 381
his use of the ordeal, 404
Olaf Trygvesson, his duel with Alfin, 115
Olaus Magnus on water torture, 510
Oldenkop on cold-water ordeal in witchcraft, 328
Olim, the, compurgation in, 76
cases of duel in, 224
cases of torture in, 491
Oodeypur, ordeal in 1873, 290
Opstallesboom, laws of, no torture in, 563
Oracles as ordeals, 260
Ordeal, the, 249
for roturiers, 58
combined with compurgation, 61, 389
administered by priests, 276
varieties of, 277
of boiling water, 278
of red-hot iron, 287
of fire, 303
of cold water, 318
of the balance, 334
of the cross, 336
of bread and cheese, 339
of the Eucharist, 344
of the lot, 352
of Bible and key, 357
of sieve-driving, 358
bier-right, 359
oaths as ordeals, 371
poison ordeals, 375
irregular ordeals, 377
of Holy Ghost, 381
for witches, 382
of the staff, 397
as preparatory to torture, 329
conditions of its use, 383
for accusers, 385, 389
in default of evidence, 385, 386
at demand of accuser, 386
of accused, 387
of both parties, 387
for ill-repute, 388, 392
in failure of compurgation, 390
and oath alternative, 391
as a punishment, 391
and compurgation alternative, 392
ritual of, 394
as a torture, 394
replaced by torture, 395, 429
champions in, 295, 337, 390, 398, 400
confidence reposed in it, 399
explanations of its injustice, 401
efforts to preserve its purity, 405
usually results in acquittal, 406
its relation to the Church, 408
fees and profits derived from it, 415
abuses of, 417
prohibited by the papacy, 418
suppression by secular law, 421
used to supplement torture, 481
Ordeal-iron, 288
Ordeal nut, 254
Ordenamiento de Alcalá, 216
Ordines for ordeals, 276, 413
Ordonnance of 1254, 487, 490 of 1670, 517
Orissa, ordeals in, 258
Orleans, limit of value for duel, 147
punishment for suspicion in, 521
Bishop of, grants the duel, 162
claims jurisdiction of duel, 163
Orphans not liable to duel, 141
Ostiaks, oath-ordeal among, 259
Ostrogoths, compurgation not used, 34
judicial duel not used, 116
their use of torture, 456
Oswyn, his relics tested by fire, 316
Othlonus, case related by, 403
Otho I. favors the duel, 128
punishes refusal of duel, 131
Otho II. limits compurgation, 67
extends use of duel, 109, 118, 131
minimum limit for duel, 147
subjects the Church to duel, 155
restricts use of champions, 189
Otho of Bavaria sentenced to duel, 132
Otto Premizlas, compounding for the ordeal, 384
fees for ordeals, 416
Oudewater, scales for weighing witches, 335
Outlaws, torture of, in Iceland, 562
Outlawry for refusal of ordeal, 383
after success in ordeal, 400
Outsworn, 61
ordeal in such cases, 390
Overcythed, 61
Owner of slaves (see Master).
Pabulum probationis, 339
Pachymere, George, describes the ordeal, 299
Pain, insensibility of witches to, 556
methods of acquiring insensibility, 408, 557
Palencia, council of, 1322, prohibits ordeals, 424
Palermo, abuse of torture, 587
Pallor may justify torture, 537
Panis conjuratio, 339
Papacy, its opposition to the duel, 207
it opposes the ordeal, 409, 414
its final assault on the ordeal, 417
Paper with names of accused submitted to ordeal, 398
Pardon, promise of, in witch-trials, 558
Parikyah, 269
Paris, church of, its liability to duel, 157, 159
council of, 1212, restricts the duel, 209
Parker and Vaughan, duel of, 242
Parlement of Paris rarely prescribes compurgation, 76, 77
extension of its jurisdiction, 220
discourages the duel, 224
on lie as preliminary to duel, 229
its right to grant the duel, 230
forbids ordeal for witchcraft, 330
cases of torture before, 491
Parliament, English, rejects the Roman law, 566
declines to abrogate the duel, 244
debate on appeal of death, 245
Parricide, red-hot iron ordeal for, 291
punished with iron bands, 377
Parsis, ordeal among the, 265, 295
Partidas las Siete, jura de juicio in, 22
privilege of bishops’ oaths, 36
negative proofs rejected, 74, 424
use of champions, 195
restrictions on duel, 214
regulation of torture, 462
Partial confession, 46
Pascal I. clears himself by compurgation, 36
Paterculus, account of duels ascribed to, 112
Paterfamilias, authority of, 444
Paternal kindred as compurgators, 45
Paternity, proved by compurgation, 55
by water ordeal, 285
by iron ordeal, 294
by recognition, 381
torture to discover, 561
Patræ, Hellenic, 15
Patriarchate of Constantinople, test of, 313
Patricians exempt from torture in Rome, 438
tortured by Messalina, 439
Patrick, St., restricts judicial duel, 109
perjury on his relics, 374
Patron, freedman not tortured against, 442
Paul, St., his Roman citizenship, 440
Paulus Jovius on Russian torture, 509
Peacham’s case, torture in, 568
Peasants, their right to the duel, 148
champions not allowed, 193
accused, can choose ordeal, 387
Pedro the Cruel, compurgation in his Fuero, 80
Pedro III. of Aragon challenged by Charles of Anjou, 105
Pedro IV. (Aragon) grants duel to Thomas Felton, 229
Peers of accused as conjurators, 43
Pehlvi, the ordeal in, 266
Peine forte et dure, 574
Pelagius I., his purgatorial oath, 28
Penance for perjured oaths, 30
for priest engaging in duel, 156
for the sortes sanctorum, 354
Penitentials, the, on oaths, 29
Penniwinkis, torture of, 573
Pennsylvania, bier-right in, 367
Pepin le Bref orders ordeal of cross, 336
Peregrina judicia, 418
Périgord, secrecy of trials forbidden, 496
Perjurers sent to ordeal, 392
Perjury, degrees of, 29
penance for, 30
retribution for, 31
punishment of, 168
by demoniacal possession, 372
conjurators liable for, 63
temptation to, in compurgation, 85
duel used for its suppression, 120
defeat in duel is equivalent to, 167
divine punishment of, in India, 267
allowed with sufficient motive, 268
ordeal of cross for, 337
Persians, ancient, ordeals among, 265
Peru, fees for torturing in, 511
Pescara, abbey of, duel adjudged to, 157
Peter, St., his assistance in duel purchased, 138
oaths on his relics, 372
power of his intercession, 378
Peter, Bishop, case of, 65, 390
Peter Cantor denounces the duel, 162, 207
argues against ordeals, 310, 401, 418
on refusal of ordeal, 411
on fees for ordeals, 416
Peter Bartholomew, his fire ordeal, 308
Petrobatalla of Soavo, 196
Petrus Igneus, his fire ordeal, 305
Phelipot de Monine, case of, 501
Philadelphia, belief in bier-right, 368
Philippe II. (France) enforces the lex talionis, 170
regulates weapons in duel, 176
his charter to Tournay, 54, 202, 386
restricts use of ordeals, 421
Philippe le Hardi allows duels, 222
Philippe le Bel prescribes compurgation, 77
represses the duel, 222
his Ordonnance of 1306, 167, 223
remonstrates against torture, 486
Philippe le Long exempts Jews from duel, 149
duel becoming obsolete, 228
prohibits secrecy of trials, 496
Philippe de Valois restricts abusive appeals, 228
Philip II. (Spain), his torture of Don Carlos, 468
regulates torture in Flanders, 521
Philip of Alsace, his charters, 202
Philippe le Bon abolishes the duel, 231
Philippines, ordeals in the, 257
Philotas, his torture, 433, 448
Phocion threatened with torture, 433
Phratriæ, Hellenic, 15
Piacenza, disappearance of duel in, 236
Picardy, use of duel in, 227
Piedmont, bier-right in, 365
perjury followed by death, 372
Pietro, Bishop of Florence, convicted by ordeal, 305
Pilgrim, torture of, in Bavaria, 473
Pisa, duel limited in, 200
Piso, conspiracy of, 437
Pitto, his duel with Adalulf, 113
Pius IV., his trial of Cardinal Caraffa, 541
Pius V. orders torture to discover accomplices, 516
Plaintiff (see also Accuser).
value of his oath, 98
obliged to accept the duel, 140, 141
punishment of defeated, 167
can demand ordeal, 386
Plantagenets endeavor to use torture, 565
Plead, torture for refusal to, 541
punishment for, 574
Plebeian ordeals, 292
Ploughshares, red-hot, ordeal of, 287, 289
Plouvier and Mahuot, duel of, 232
Poison ordeals in Africa, 254
in Madagascar, 256
among the Khonds, 258
Bitter Water among Hebrews, 262
in Greece, 270, 375
in India, 375
Poisoning, duel necessary in cases of, 144
red-hot iron ordeal for, 291
use of torture for, in Rome, 439
Poitiers, council of, 1100, on simony, 66
Poland, wer-gild in, 16
prolonged use of compurgation, 83
duel abolished, 239
torture introduced, 509
modern use of torture, 588
Polus, Philippe, case of, 555
Pons of Andaone, his improvised ordeal, 285
Popes, their opposition to the duel, 207
to the ordeal, 409, 414
they prohibit the ordeal, 417
Poppo, Bishop, converts the Danes by the ordeal, 295
Præjuramentum, 95
Prauda jeliezo, 274
Prayer before duel efficacious, 138
preliminary to ordeal, 280
escape from ordeal by, 298
in fire-test of relics, 315
Pre-Aryan races of India, ordeals of, 258, 291, 344
Precautions before duel, 138
against magic arts in ordeal, 407
Prelates as temporal seigneurs, 161
assert jurisdiction over the duel, 162
their interest in ordeals, 415
liable to ordeal, 417
Prerogative, royal, torture under, 567
Presles, Raoul de, his torture, 494
Pressing to death, 574
Previous offences, torture to discover, 501
in Germany, 546
Pricking for witches, 571
Priest, hand of, oath taken on, 30
Priests (see also Clerics).
disculpatory oaths of, 28
number of conjurators for, 36, 43
their oaths, 36
penance for engaging in duel, 156
administration of ordeals by, 276, 409
sinful, warning of Eucharist, 346
the ordeal part of their functions, 413
their control of the ordeal, 414
their influence augmented by ordeals, 417
forbidden to minister in ordeal, 419
their exemption from torture in Rome, 438
torture the slaves of their churches, 554
Privileges of administering ordeals, 415
Procès ordinaire and extraordinaire, 499
Professional champions, 184
Profits of jurisdiction over duel, 218
derived from ordeals, 415
Proof required of accuser, 74
Property acquired by duel, 111
Dante approves of, 211
Prosecutor to be present at ordeal, 405
Protestant clergy degraded before torture, 527
Prussia, ordeals introduced by the Teutonic knights, 423
torture restricted, 579
still used, 582
Prudentius, his description of tortures, 449
Pselli, ordeal to prove legitimacy, 273
Psillus seeds, 408
Pseudo-Isidor on clerical immunity, 414
Publicity of criminal procedure, 471, 496
withdrawn in inquisitorial process, 513
Publius Syrus, his estimate of torture, 447
Punishment of conjurators, 64
of defeated witnesses, 120
for refusing duel, 131
of default in duel, 144, 145, 173
of defeat in duel, 167
of defeated champions, 184
of hired champions, 191
ordeal as, 391
torture as, 579
without conviction, 519, 528
for refusal to plead, 574
corporal, none in Barbarian laws, 451
Purgatio canonica, 37
Purgatio vulgaris, 282
Purgatorial power of oaths, 22
Purrikeh, 269
Pyrrhus, his indestructible toe, 314
Quæstors, their functions as torturers, 444
Quarrel over compurgation, 39
Quercy, secrecy of trials forbidden, 496
Question avec réserve des preuves, 518
définitive or préalable, 515, 517, 547
not allowed in Rome, 445
used in Massachusetts, 569
in Denmark, 562
abolished in France, 585
ordinaire and extraordinaire, 516
préparatoire, 515, 517
abolished in France, 585
Quintilian, his estimate of torture, 447
Quintus Curtius, his estimate of torture, 448
Rachinborgs, 53
Radenicht, 47
Raguald, code of, torture not used in, 563
Raith, 38
Raithmen, 39
their character, 45
their oath, 60
Rajmahal, hill-tribes of, 14
ordeals in, 258
red-hot iron ordeal, 291
ordeal of salt, 344
Ramayana, ordeal in, 267
Ramgur, ordeal of endurance at, 339
Ramon de Peñafort, his definition of duel, 117
condemns the duel, 209
denounces ordeals, 420
Rank, distinction of, in duel, 141, 149
prevents torture under Wisigoths, 460
high, entitles to use of champions, 194
Raoul de Caen on lance of St. Andrew, 309
Raoulin du Pré, torture of, 500
Rape, duels of women for, 153
Ratification of confession under torture required, 463, 482
in France, 514
of evidence given under torture, 542
Ratisbon, compurgation in, 80
exempted from duel, 204
Diet of, adopts Caroline Constitutions, 524
Raymond d’Agiles on lance of St. Andrew, 309
Raymond Bernard of Foix, his duel, 222
Rebellion, torture retained for, in Prussia, 579
Receiver and thief, duel between, 136, 171
Recipe for unguent against fire, 408
Records of court altered by the duel, 135
Recreantise, 168
Red-hot iron ordeal—
in Ethiopia, 256
in Madagascar, 257
among the Khonds, 258
among the Arabs, 264
in Greece, 270
among Slavs, 274
its use in Europe, 287
in India, 289
a patrician or plebeian ordeal, 291, 293
cases of its use, 294
universality of its employment, 298
used for sorcery and witchcraft, 300, 409
miraculous cases, 301
used in cases of heresy, 411, 419
Red water, ordeal of, 254
Redemption of hand for compurgators, 64
for champion, 168
Reduplicated oaths, 28
Refusal of duel, penalty for, 131
of ordeal, burning for, 411
to plead, torture for, 541
Reginger accuses Henry IV., 133
Regulations of the duel, 166
Reims, the jusjurandum in jure in, 22
champions denied to witnesses, 121
restriction on champions, 194
duel in archiepiscopal court, 162
Archbishop of, convicts heretic by ordeal, 411
Council of, 1119, on compurgation, 57
sanctions ordeal, 412
in 1157, uses ordeal for heretics, 411
council of, 1408, on torture, 505
Reinward of Minden, his murder, 363
Relics, importance of, in oaths, 29
necessary in Wales, 30
not required at the gallows, 563
oaths on, 372
tested by hot-water ordeal, 283
tested by fire, 314
Remy of Dorchester cleared by the ordeal, 295
Réné of Lorraine grants the duel, 233
Reparation of insults to champions, 188
Repentance secures escape in ordeal, 297, 310, 402
Repeated accusations, 45
Repetition of torture illegal in Castile, 466
three times in Britanny, 504
forbidden in France, 513, 517
practised in France, 515
authorized, 529
unlimited, 500
for retracted confession, 463, 548
Report, common, justifies torture, 537
Representation in succession, 129
Repute, liability to ordeal depends upon, 384, 388, 392
Reserving the evidence, 519
Responsibility of accuser, 384, 385, 386, 440, 445, 446, 449, 458, 460
of conjurators, 64
of judge, 458, 460, 465, 467, 507, 515, 523, 533, 565
of the kindred, 14, 18, 19
Restoration, torture under, in Spain, 583
Restrictions on the duel, 140
on use of champions, 189
on torture eluded, 529
Results of ordeal in doubt, 405
Retraction of confession in Sicilian Constitutions, 482
under torture, 463
questions concerning, 548
torture for, 522
absolves accused, 550
of evidence, witnesses tortured for, 550
Retribution for perjury, 31
Revenues derived from ordeals, 415
Reversal of judgment, penalty of, 124, 126
Rhine, ordeal of the, 273
Rhodians, use of torture by, 433
Rice, swallowing, as an ordeal, 258
Richard I. at the funeral of Henry II., 360
torture of his page, 474
Richard II. challenges Charles V., 106
Richardis, Empress, undergoes the ordeal, 293
Richstich Landrecht, on use of lawyers, 70
appeal from judgment, 127
duel necessary in homicide, 142
infamy of champions, 188
ordeal for convicts, 393
ordeals in 14th century, 424
no allusion to torture, 480
Rickius on hot-water ordeal, 283
on cold-water ordeal in witchcraft, 329
on ordeal of balance, 335
Riculfus tortured by Fredegonda, 455
Riga, its merchants exempted from the duel, 204
Rights connected with the duel, 219
Riom exempted from duel, 203
Ripuarian Laws, duel in, 113, 118
fire ordeal used, 305
ordeal of the lot, 353
ordeal in failure of compurgation, 390
Risbach, council of, 799, prescribes iron ordeal, 291
Rituals of ordeals, 276, 394, 413
Robbers not to act as champions, 186
Robbery, torture for, in Prussia, 579
Robert the Pious, his notion of perjury, 31
forbids ordeal of Eucharist, 349
Robert III. (Scotland), torture not used under, 572
Robert Curthose tests his sons by the ordeal, 294
Robert the heretic convicted by ordeal, 411
Rodolph I. limits the duel, 205
his charter to Styria, 213
intervenes against torture, 476
Rodolph II. confirms privilege of Lorraine, 238
Rodriguez de los Puertos, case of, 540
Roger of Naples, his charter to Bari, 201
Roman law, grades of proof in, 21
importance of oaths in, 21
its influence on compurgation, 72
rejects negative proofs, 74
its centralization, 78
its influence on the duel, 211
its influence on ordeals, 426
its regulations of torture, 435
its influence on the Goths, 456
its influence in Germany, 524
its influence in Scotland, 572
rejected in England, 566
Romans, traces of ordeals among, 270
Rome, guarantees of oaths, 26
oaths of priests in, 36
council of, 384, condemns torture, 477
Rosbach, Emerich von, his work on criminal law, 525
Rotharis, his law on compurgation, 47
forbids withdrawal of confession, 52
prescribes the judicial duel, 113
restricts the judicial duel, 114
Rotruda, St., her relics tested with fire, 316
Roumania, modern use of torture, 588
Royal courts not liable to appeal, 126
Ruaille, 168
Rumor suffices to justify torture, 537
Russia, the Mir, 15
wer-gild, 15
early use of duel, 110
no limitation of weapons, 178
duels with foreigners prohibited, 178
use of champions, 195
exemption of German traders, 204
duel abolished, 238
use of ordeals, 274
water and iron ordeals, 292
converted by ordeal of fire, 310
household ordeal for theft, 334
bier-right, 359
ordeal in all cases, 386
for accuser, 389
torture introduced, 509
abolished, 581
used in political cases, 587
Sachentages, 477
Sachsenspiegel—
value or purgatorial oaths, 23
compurgation, 81
appeals from judgment, 126
limitations on the duel, 141
difference of rank, 151
champions for the dead, 152
guardians must provide champions, 153
penalty for defeat in duel, 171
penalty for default in duel, 173
weapons provided for the poor, 175
advantages equally divided, 177
regulations of use of champions, 181
disabilities of champions, 188
duel condemned by Gregory XI., 210, 420
use of hot-water ordeal, 283
accused selects the ordeal, 292, 383
land titles settled by ordeal, 324
ordeal for convicts, 393
no allusion to torture, 480
Sachsische Weichbild—
formula of oath, 26
purgatorial oath of father, 41
compurgation, 81
kinship an impediment to duel, 141
wounds sufficing for duel, 142
difference of rank, 151
penalty for defeat in duel, 171
penalty for default in duel, 173
use of champions, 181
infamy of champions, 187
hiring of champions forbidden, 190
duel only in criminal cases, 204
the dead cleared by ordeal, 294
ordeal for convicts, 393
Sacramentales (see Conjurators).
Sacrifices as guarantee of oaths, 26
Sacrificial ordeals, 258
Saighi, 18
St. Adrian of Zala, abbey of, 157
St. Aignan, chapter of, challenges a knight, 159
St. Albans, abbey of, its claims for the duel, 162
St. Andrews, bishop of, exempted from duel, 159
witch-pool of, 330
St. Aubin, abbey of, its duel, 158
St. Bascul, council of, 395
St. Bonnet, customs of, 219
St. Brieuc, Bishop of, orders the duel, 164
St. Disier, torture not used in, 497
St. Martin-des-Champs, use of torture, 499
St. Omer, its traders exempted from the duel, 204
Saint-Pé, abbey of, its fees for ordeals, 415
St. Quentin, challenging of courts, 124
council of, 1235, complains of St. Louis, 217
St. Remy, abbey of, decrees the duel, 163
St. Sergius, case of priory of, 137
St. Sever, abbey of, gains land by ordeal, 323
St. Vaast d’Arras, abbey of, 164
Saints’ tombs, oaths on, 372
Salaried champions, 192, 196
Salic law, use of compurgation in, 34
number of compurgators, 42
compurgation in default of testimony, 52
penalties of conjurators, 64
accusatorial conjurators, 94
judicial duel in, 112, 118
ordeal of hot water, 274, 282
hot-water ordeal for Antrustions, 323
enforcement of the ordeal, 383
compounding for the ordeal, 384
ordeal in failure of compurgation, 390
torture of slaves, 452
Salisbury, Bishop and Earl of, duel between, 139
Salt, blessed, used in ordeal, 281
lumps of, used as ordeal, 257
Salvation, exclusive, results of belief in, 589
Salzburg, council of, 799, prescribes the ordeal, 409
Samaritan legend of fire-test, 314
Samoa, punishment of perjury, 374
Samoiedes, oath ordeal among, 259
Sanballat, his triumph in fire-test, 314
Sancar, his ordeal, 290
Sanctio of Orleans, his trial for simony, 61
Sand-bag used in duels, 244
Sandemend, 562
Sanila and Bera, duel of, 117
Sapor I., his religious reforms, 267
Saraad, 55
Saracens, duels with Christians forbidden, 151
Saragossa, council of, 592, tests relics by fire, 315
Sardinia, perjury on relics, 374
Sassanids, ordeals under the, 267
Sassy-bark, ordeal of, 254
Satan, aids witches in ordeals, 300, 327, 328, 332
in torture, 555
Satane ordeal, 258
Sathee, 344
Savonarola, his Sperimento di fuoco, 311
Saxon laws (see also Sachsenspiegel)—
purgatorial oaths in, 23
reclamation of stolen horse, 26
judicial duel in, 114
Saxons offer duel to Luitzes, 130
Saxony, torture in 1130, 474
no defence allowed to accused, 544
exile for retracted confession, 549
abolition of torture, 580
Sayn, Count, his compurgation, 89
Scandinavian nations, torture not used by, 562
Scavenger’s Daughter, the, 569
Scheingehen, 365
Schoolmen on duel and ordeal, 209
Schwabenspiegel, value of oaths, 24
purgatorial oath of father, 41
compurgation retained, 80
faith in judgment of God, 102
judges must be vigorous men, 123
appeals from judgment, 126
theory of guilt, 136
limitations on the duel, 141
difference of rank, 150
cripples must provide champions, 152
duels of women, 153
penalty for defeat in duel, 171
penalty for default in duel, 173
penalty of bail of defaulter, 174
disabilities of champions, 188
hired champions forbidden, 190
use of hot-water ordeal, 283
accused selects the ordeal, 292, 383
ordeal in default of evidence, 387
for convicts, 393
no allusion to torture, 480
Schwartzenberg challenges von Hutten, 238
Schwerin, Synod of, condemns the duel, 210
Scialoja, his work on torture, 525
Scipio, oath administered by, 271
Scober, James, a witch-pricker, 571
Scone, abbey of, its jurisdiction, 162
Scotland, use of compurgation, 34
selection of conjurators in, 44
compurgation in default of evidence, 53
compurgation for the aged, 57
compurgation retained, 82
first evidence of duel in, 162
champions as witnesses, 183
use of champions, 192
charters exempting from duel, 201
restrictions on duel in towns, 203
persistence of duel, 239
cold-water ordeal for slaves, 323
cold-water ordeal for witchcraft, 330
cases of bier-right, 361
bribes in ordeal forbidden, 406
ordeals disused, 421
use of torture in, 572
abolition of torture, 574
witch-burning in 1722, 575
Scottish Marches, duel universal, 145
liability of clerics to duel, 158
death does not release from duel, 174
Scourging as torture, 466, 467
a torture for children, 528
for retracted confession, 549
Scribonius on cold-water ordeal in witchcraft, 327
Scuz iarn, 288
Sebakemsauf, violation of his tomb, 430
Secrecy of inquisitorial process, 496, 513, 546
Secta, 84, 96
Secular law, exemption from, for clerics, 414
jurisdiction of prelates, 161
legislation against ordeals, 421
Security required of combatants, 173
Seguidors, 51
Seigneur, his power over the villein, 490
Sejanus, plot of, 435
Selection of compurgators, 38
of mode of compurgation, 383
Selingenstadt, council of, 1023, prescribes the ordeal, 410
Semites, ordeals among, 260
torture among, 430
Semperfri, 150
Senan, St., his golden bell, 397
Senchus Mor, duel prescribed in, 109
Senckenberg reprints Zanger’s treatise, 578
Senlis, case of torture in, 491
Sens, Archbishop of, compelled to duel, 159
Sentence of torture, appeals from, in Castile, 465, 467
consultation over, in France, 507, 513
appeal from, in Germany, 545
deliberation required for, 547
its revision in Saxony, 580
Sepulture denied to duellists, 207, 210
Serfs allowed to bear testimony, 122
cannot challenge freemen, 140
and master, no duel between, 146
duels between, 149
cold-water ordeal for, 322
Servia, survival of the duel, 239
Servitude must be proved before torture, 438
Severity of ordeal, 394
of torture, limitations eluded, 532
of the strappado, 543
Severus, Sept., on evidence of slaves against masters, 444
Sexhendeman, 47
Shadrach, Mesach, and Abednego, their ordeal, 304
Shakespeare, his description of bier-right, 360
Shaving of witches to neutralize charms, 556
Shaving, sin of, in laymen, 403
Shells used in ordeal, 257
Sheriff selects compurgators, 48
his presence required at ordeal, 406
Shower-bath, punishment of, 510
Shrewsbury, Countess of, her case, 570
Shrift of combatant, 242
Shrines of saints, oaths on, 372
Shu-king, its theo-philosophy, 252
Siawush, fire ordeal of, 266
Sicily, modern use of torture, 587
Sicularum Constitutiones—
no compurgation in, 75
defendant allowed choice of weapons, 177
champions as witnesses, 183
punishment of defeated champion, 185
champions provided at public expense, 190
severe restriction on duel, 212
ordeals prohibited, 422
use of torture, 482
Sieve-driving, ordeal of, 358
Sigurd Thorlaksson, case of, 404
Silanus, prosecution of, 443
Silence under torture does not acquit, 519
Simancas on compurgation for heresy, 89
on universality of torture, 468
disapproves deceit in witch-trials, 559
Simon de Montfort limits the duel, 208
Simony, trials for, 59, 62, 350
compurgation for, 92
Simple ordeals, 278, 287, 391
Simplicius, St., of Autun, his ordeal, 305
Sinking requisite in cold-water ordeal, 318
Sins, previous, cause failure in duel, 137
cause failure in ordeal, 403
Sita, ordeal undergone by, 267
Skevington, Sir Wm., invents a torture, 569
Skirsla or ordeal of turf, 274
Slavs, communities among, 15
prolonged use of compurgation, 83
use of judicial duel, 110
ordeals used by, 274
of Mecklenburg, ordeal introduced, 277
Slaves cleared by master’s oath, 22
ordeal in default of master’s oath, 390
their right to the duel, 148
ordeal for, in Rome, 272
red-hot iron ordeal for, 291, 292
fire ordeal for, 306
cold-water ordeal for, 322
ordeal of the lot, 353
subjected to ordeal, 394
as vicarious victims in ordeal, 396
torture reserved for, in Greece, 433
their evidence requires torture in Greece, 433
tortured as witnesses in Rome, 441
restriction on, 445, 446
by their owners in Rome, 444
torture of, under Ostrogoths, 457
under Wisigoths, 458
under Barbarians, 451, 452
in civil suits in Germany, 530
of churches tortured by priests, 554
unprotected in Iceland, 562
not tortured against their masters in Rome, 442
except in treason, 443
other exceptions, 444
under Wisigoths, 459
in Spain, 464
tortured, damage paid to master in Rome, 445
among the Barbarians, 452
in Castile, 468
thief sold as, in Wales, 564
Slavery, its extent in Greece, 433
its extent in Rome, 441
Slavonia, use of compurgation, 84
Sleeplessness, torture of (see Vigils).
Smith, Sir Thos., on use of torture, 567
Snake-fang, ordeal of, 254
Soaper’s case, in appeal of death, 247
Soavo, champion of, 196
Soest, accusatorial conjurators in laws of, 97
exempted from duel, 202
Soissons, Bishop of, uses ordeal for heretics, 410
Chapter of, duel in its court, 224
council of, 853, uses the ordeal, 410
the vase of, 450
Solidarity of the family, 14
in Lombard Law, 48
Somali, ordeals among the, 256
Son to be tortured in presence of father, 543
his evidence against parents in witch-trials, 554
Sophocles, ordeals enumerated by, 270
Sorcerers, loss of weight by, 326, 335
tortured in Rome, 439
their punishment by Theodoric, 457
their evidence not received, 523
unconscious, 553
Sorcery forbidden in duels, 139
in ordeal, 407
duel in trial for, 230
red-hot iron ordeal for, 291, 300, 409
use of cold-water ordeal, 325
torture in accusations of, 469
used to justify torture, 539
detention after torture without confession, 551
torture necessary in trials for, 554
Sortes sanctorum, 354
Southampton, ordeal of Bible and key, 357
South Carolina, compurgation in, 88
appeal of death in, 247
Spain (see also Wisigothic Laws).
jusjurandum in jure, 22
purgatorial oaths, 24
simplicity of oaths, 32
use of compurgation, 34, 75
selection of compurgators, 49
compurgation of Alfonso VI., 67
negative proofs rejected, 74
compurgation in the Fuero Viejo, 80
duel among Celtiberians, 108
introduction of Roman ritual, 132, 313
Catalonia, limitation on duel, 146
Aragon, limit of value for duel, 148
difference of rank in duels, 151
ordeals for women, 154
use of champions, 195
charters exempting from duel, 202
restrictions on the duel, 214
use of hot-water ordeal, 281
red-hot iron ordeal, 288
paternity proved by iron ordeal, 294
Arian relics tested by fire, 315
truce of God enforced by ordeal, 323
ordeal of Eucharist, 351
bier-right, 366
ordeal for loose women, 393
escape of adulteress in ordeal, 403
decline of ordeals, 423
torture under the Goths, 458
mediæval and modern, 462
irregular use of, 476
abolished in 1811, 583
Speculum Saxonicum (see Sachsenspiegel).
Speculum Suevicum (see Schwabenspiegel).
Sperimento di fuoco of Savonarola, 311
Spies, use of in witch-trials, 558
Spiritual courts, duel in, 155
ordeal in, 409
torture in, 510
Spoon, ordeal of the, 264
Spot, insensible, of witches, 571
Sprenger admits lawfulness of duel, 213
objects to ordeal in witchcraft, 300
no allusion to cold-water ordeal, 326
his explanation of bier-right, 369
recommends deceit, 559
Sringa, 375
Staff, ordeal of, 397
Stalla hringr, 95
Stansfield, Philip, case of, 361
Stapfsaken, 274
Stare ad crucem, 336
Stars, duel to end when they appear, 178
Starvation and cold employed as torture, 530
State questions decided by duel, 130
Statute of Gloucester, 242
Staundford, Sir Wm., on ordeals, 426
Steil, historic duel at, 129
Stephen, St., supplies champions for abbey, 157
ordeals not in his laws, 277
Stephen V. condemns the ordeal as a torture, 395
Stephen VII. condemns Formosus, 382
Stercorarian heresy proved by ordeal, 411
Stockneffn, 49
Stonyng’s case, torture in, 568
Strangers, fire ordeal for, 306
subject to torture in Greece, 433
Strappado, the, 466, 467
description of, 516
five degrees of, 543
Strassburg, heretics convicted by ordeal, 297, 419
Stream of water, torture of, 510
Style’s “Practical Register,” 86
Styria, duel restricted in, 212
Styx, oath of the gods on its water, 371
Suabia, use of oaths in, 32, 24
accusatorial conjurators, 98
Subico of Speyer takes ordeal of Eucharist, 348
Substitutes in the ordeal, 295, 337, 390, 398, 400
for torture, 578, 580, 582, 583
Succession, law of, decided by duel, 129
Sudra caste, oaths required of, 25
cold-water ordeal used for, 320
Suidger of Munster, his improvised ordeal, 302
Sunset, duel to end at, 178
Superstition, its persistence, 427
Surlet, Gilles, case of, 505
Suspicion, ordeal for, 388
punishment for, 519
of incontinency, compurgation for, 87
of heresy, compurgation for, 88, 90
Swaddling cloth of Christ tested by fire, 315
Swantopluck of Bohemia, his use of torture, 476
Sweden, selection of compurgators, 49
prolonged use of compurgation, 82
accusatorial conjurators, 97
red-hot iron ordeal, 287, 298
paternity proved by the ordeal, 294
fees to priest for ordeal, 416
prelates liable to ordeal, 417
ordeals prohibited, 422
torture not used in, 563
Swinefield, Bishop, his hired champion, 192
Switzerland, torture abolished, 581
Synagogues, oaths taken in, 28
Syrians, duels with Franks, 151
Szegedin, witches tried by ordeal in 1730, 332, 335
Tacitus, his account of the Germans, 112
Tacitus (Emp.) on evidence of slave against master, 444
Tahiti, ordeal in, 257
Talio, the, applied to the duel, 143, 169
used in Ashantee, 255
in Rome, 440
applied to accusation of slaves in Rome, 445
for accusers under Wisigoths, 459
adopted by the Church, 513
rejected in inquisitorial process, 513
Tangena nut, ordeal of, 256
Tanner on number of witch-trials, 560
Taoism, its influence in China, 252
Tarbes, Cathedral of, its revenue from ordeals, 415
Tarragona, council of, 1244, on heresy, 89
Tassilo, allusion to ordeal by, 274
Tears, inability of witches to shed, 556
Teeth, question as to, in duel, 144
Templars offer to undergo the ordeal, 299
use of torture on, 486
torture of, in England, 511
Temple, the, oaths taken in, 27
Temporal jurisdiction of prelates, 161
Tempting of God in the ordeal, 207, 411
Terouane, torture in 1127, 474
Testes synodales, 41
Testimonis, 51
Testimony (see Evidence).
Teutberga, her divorce, 281
Teutonic Knights introduce the ordeal, 423
Texas, torture used in, 588
Thangbrand, Deacon, 199
Thebe, people of, float in water, 326
Theft, Russian ordeal for, 334
Theodore, penitential of, on oaths, 30
Theodore Lascaris prescribes the ordeal, 299
Theodoric tries to suppress judicial duel, 115
his use of torture, 457
Theodosius I. exempts priests from torture, 438
Thibaut of Champagne, his grant to church of Châteaudun, 415
Thief and receiver, duel between, 136, 171
Thieves convicted by the duel, 135
Thomas of Gloucester, his rules of duel, 171, 241
Thomas, Christian, opposed to torture, 577
Thumb, indestructible, of Pyrrhus, 314
Thuringians, kinsmen as champions, 180
minimum limit for duel, 147
red-hot iron ordeal, 291
Tiberius, his use of torture, 435
his devices to elude the laws, 443
Tibet, hot-water ordeal in, 269
Tiers-État, influence of, 200
Tiht-bysig man sent to ordeal, 392
Tirel, Hugues, case of, 77
Tison, Marie, case of, 585
Tithes, contested, settled by ordeal, 410
Titles to land settled by duel, 182, 197
by cold-water ordeal, 324
Tobbach, 18
Toledo, council of, 683, on abuse of torture, 461
Tombs of saints, oaths on, 372
Tonga, punishment of perjury, 374
Tongue, red-hot iron ordeal applied to, 264, 289, 291, 293
Tooth-relic of Buddha tested by fire, 314
Toribio, St., limits fees for torturing, 511
Torture, 429
as preliminary to compurgation, 91
ordeal as preparatory to, 329
used as torture, 394
its influence on ordeals, 426
in Egypt and Asia, 400
in Greece, 432
limitations on, in Rome, 445
estimate of evidence under, in Rome, 446
under the Barbarians, 451
its use by the Goths, 456
in mediæval and modern Spain, 462
its repetition illegal, 466
under the Carlovingians, 469
its use for extortion, 476
condemned by the Church, 477
its reappearance in 13th century, 479
unlimited repetition, 500
to discover previous offence, 501, 546
is ecclesiastical law, 511
to discover accomplices, 484, 515, 517, 546, 562, 570, 584
of witnesses, 440, 453, 459, 533, 541
its influence on judges, 534
its abuse by judges, 539
in surplusage after conviction, 546
without confession is acquittal, 551
as punishment, 579
indispensable in witch-trials, 554
witches insensible to, 556
devices to elude, 558
use of, is homicide in England, 565
to compel pleading in England, 575
its decline and abolition, 575
substitutes for, 578, 580, 582, 583
Toulouse, duel forbidden there, 224
exempted from torture, 495
Tournay, charter of, 54, 392
exempted from duel, 202
Tours, council of, 813, on use of chrism in ordeal, 407
council of, 925, prescribes the ordeal, 410
Tout Lieu de S. Disier, 497
Towel of Christ tested by fire, 316
Towns, champions of, 196
Tower of London, torture in, 569
Townships, responsibility of, 42
Trade, its influence adverse to duel, 204
Trahent, André de, case of, 397
Trajan on evidence of slave against master, 443
Trallian laws, 15
Transylvania, witches tried by ordeal, 322
Travancore, ordeal abolished in, 284
Treason, duel necessary in cases of, 144
torture for, in Rome, 435, 438, 443
its extension in Rome, 436, 437
torture for, in Spain, 459, 463
torture of witnesses in cases of, 541
torture for, in Denmark, 562
torture for, in England, 568
nobles not tortured for, in England, 570
torture retained for, in Prussia, 579
Trebinje, ordeal for witches in 1857, 333
Trent, Bishop of, tried for simony, 62, 71
council of, prohibits the duel, 237
Trèves, Holy Coat of, 422
council of, 1227, forbids iron ordeal, 419
Treviño exempted from duel, 202
ordeals prohibited in, 424
Trial by jury, rise of, 48
by combat, 101
Tribal responsibility, 42
Tribur, council of, 895, on accusatorial conjurators, 96
prescribes the ordeal, 291, 410
ordeal for those outsworn, 390
Triple ordeals, 278, 287
Triumviri capitales, their functions as torturers, 444
Truce of God, enforcement of, 58, 323
Trux iarn, 287
Tucca, her ordeal, 271
Tudors, use of torture under, 566
Turks, divination among, 265
use of ordeal for witches, 333
Turf, ordeal of, 274
Tuscany, torture abolished, 586
Twelfhendeman, 47
Twins in Wales are one person, 177
Twyhindus, 47
Tyndareus, oath exacted by, 26
Tynemouth, priory of, its champion, 197
Uberto of Tuscany recognized by his son, 381
Ueberlingen, case of bier-right, 363
Ulpian, his estimate of torture, 446
Ulric of Cosheim, 133
Umbrians, judicial duel among, 108
Uncertainty of compurgation, 91
Unguents as protection in fire ordeals, 408
Unitas Fratrum, use of lot by, 355
United States, wager of law in, 88
appeal of death, 246
bier-right, 366
divining rod, 428
use of shower bath, 510
use of torture, 588
Untersuchungschaft, 582
Upstallesboom, laws of, ordeals obsolete in, 422
Upton, Nicholas, his work on the duel, 231
Urim and Thummim, 261
Urpheda, 550
Urraca, Queen, authorizes duel, 132
Usury, torture in cases of, 529
Uta, Queen, her compurgation, 40
Utrecht, case of fisherman of, 402
torture abandoned in, 577
Vadiare legem, 57
Vaisya caste, oaths required of, 25
cold-water ordeal used for, 320
Valdebran, abbey of, relic tested by fire, 317
Valence, council of, 855, represses abuse of oaths, 22
denounces the duel, 207
1248, denies counsel to accused, 487
Valenciennes, duel in 1455, 232
fees for torture in, 548
petitions for abolition of torture, 585
Valentinian I. exempts decurions from torture, 438
Valentinian II. applies talio to accused slaves, 445
Valerius Maximus, his estimate of torture, 447
Vallombrosa, fire ordeal in, 305
Valtelline, limitations on torture in, 508
Value of conjuratorial oath, 62
of extorted confession, 462, 548, 550
Vannes, council of, 465, condemns the sortes sanctorum, 354
Var nirang, 266
Varieties of ordeal, 277
of torture, 536
in Greece, 434
in Rome, 449
in Castile, 465, 467
in England, 476
in Russia, 509
in France, 514, 516
in Scotland, 573
in Roumania, 588
Vasistha, ordeals unknown to, 268
Vassal and lord, no duel between, 146
Vaughan and Parker, duel of, 242
Vedas, ordeals in the, 267
Vehm-Gericht, accusatorial conjurators in, 99
Venezuela, use of torture, 583
Vengeance, legal recognition of, 13
Venice, rules for compurgation, 57
bier-right in, 365
use of torture, 507
Vercelli, Bishops of, their jurisdiction over duels, 164
Verdiersville, bier-right in, 368
Vermandois, appeals in, 125
nobles of, claim the duel, 227
Verona, council of, 983, on the duel, 131
limitation on duels, 146
penalty for defeat in duel, 169
champions appointed by the city, 189
regulations for champions, 195
ordeal of cross, 337
torture used in 1228, 481
Vestal virgins, exempt from taking oaths, 36
ordeals of, 271
Vezelai, heretics tried by ordeal, 411
Vicarious ordeals, 281, 295, 390, 398, 400
in Africa, 256
poison ordeal, 376
Vich, council of, 1068, orders the ordeal, 323
Vidames, 198
Vienna exempted from duel, 204
case of bier-right in, 364
Vienne, council of, 1311, case of Boniface VIII., 226
restricts torture in Inquisition, 511
Viescher, his treatise on the duel, 103
Viga Glum’s saga, 27
Vigils of Marsigli, torture of, 535, 552
insanity caused by, 588
severity of, in England, 570
severity of, in Scotland, 572
of Florence, 552
of Spain, 552
Villadiego, his description of torture,466
Village communities, 14
Villein not allowed to challenge judge, 124
and gentleman, duels between, 149
his subjection to his seigneur, 490
Villeneuve, case of torture in, 491
consuls exempted from torture, 499
Villon, his water torture, 514
Virgin Mary orders a duel, 209
Virginia, bier-right in, 366
Viry, jurisdiction of duel at, 163
Vishanaga, 376
Vishnu, his complicated ordeal system, 268
Vives, J. L., opposes torture, 576
Vladislas II. (Hungary) restricts the duel, 237
Vola, Zierkin von, his duel, 171
Voltaire opposes torture, 584
Volterra, Bishop of, his jurisdiction, 161
Voluntary perjury, penance for, 31
Vomeres igniti, 287
Vorogeia, 334
Vuillermoz, Guill., case of, 555
Wafer, consecrated, power of, 347
Wager of Law, the (see Compurgation).
its derivation, 57
Wager of Battle (see Duel).
Waldemar II., his Constitutions, 41
prohibits ordeal, 422
jury-trials in his laws, 562
Wales, solidarity of the family in, 15, 19
compensation for injuries, 17
responsibility for children, 20
oaths of absolution, 24
reduplicated oaths, 28
oaths on relics, 30
reverence for relics, 32
compurgation, 38
number of compurgators, 40, 44
character of compurgators, 45
compurgation supplants evidence, 55
juramentum supermortuum, 56
oath of conjurators, 60
judicial duel not used, 110
difference of rank in duels, 151
twins, their advantage in duels, 177
champions, reward of, 186
ordeals in suits with Saxons, 276
confession of accomplice at the gallows, 563
Wang-i, his two servants, 252
Warfare, private, among the Barbarians, 16
Warning to accused before torture, 532
Warrantors, 121
Water Ordeals (see Hot Water and Cold Water).
Water from idol as ordeal, 344
torture, 514
torture of stream of, 509
will not receive perjurers, 319
or witches, 326
Weapons of witnesses blessed, 120
provided for pauper combatants, 175
choice of, 176
equality of, 177
Weight, loss of, by witches, 325, 334
Welf II. of Altorf subjected to ordeal, 323
Welf of Bavaria, 133
Wells, poisoning of, in France, 503
Wenceslas of Bohemia abolishes torture, 473
Wer-gild, 14
its character, 17
in Greece and Rome, 15
in Russia, 15
in Poland, 16
in Iceland, 18
in Ireland, 18
in Denmark, 18
in Wales, 19
of clerics, 20
among Moslem, 29
its connection with compurgation, 38
in Frisia in 14th century, 563
oath rated by, 47
Werner, J. F., defends use of torture, 578
West Prussia, ordeal for witches in, 322
Westminster, Abbey of, claims jurisdiction of duel, 162
Westphalia, accusatorial conjurators in, 97
cold-water ordeal in witchcraft, 327, 328, 331
Whipping as torture, 466
torture in cases involving, 530
Widows, exemption from duel in Bigorre, 146
torture of, among Gauls, 452
Wier on cold-water ordeal in witchcraft, 326, 328
Wife to be tortured in husband’s presence, 543
William I. (Engl.), introduces judicial duel, 115
penalty for defeat in duel, 168
William Rufus utilizes the ordeal, 295
William the Lion forbids bribery in ordeal, 406
William Clito, his privilege to St. Omer, 204
William of Ely and the Archbishop of York, 70
William of Utrecht, his ordeal of Eucharist, 351
Wills, fraudulent, torture of slaves in cases of, 443
Wilson, Christian, case of, 362
Wisigothic Laws, their authors, 458
oaths in, 22
compurgation not used, 34, 75
exclude evidence of kinsmen, 38
influence of Roman law, 116, 457
judicial duel not used, 116
judicial duel revived, 117
late introduction of ordeal, 275
ordeal preliminary to torture, 395
use of torture, 458
Witch-bridle, 572
Witchcraft, its influence on criminal law, 553
evidence of, insufficient, 554
Witches, Satan aids them in trials, 300, 555
loss of weight by, 325, 334
tortured for confession in Russia, 509
their evidence not received, 523
detected by boys with greased boots, 539
escape by revoking confession, 548
detention after torture without confession, 551
cruelties practised on, 552
their insensibility to torture, 556
Witch-mark, 571
Witchpool in Bay of St. Andrews, 330
Witch-pricking, 571
Witch-trials, red-hot iron ordeal for, 291, 300, 409
use of cold-water ordeal, 325
special ordeals for, 382
all rules set aside, 554
torture indispensable in, 555
shaving in, 556
use of deceit, 558
torture in, in England, 570
severity of, in Scotland, 572, 574
Withdrawal from duel forbidden, 144
Witikind, his duel with Charlemagne, 130
Witness, judge cannot act as, 509
Witnesses, are not conjurators, 38, 51
compurgation in default of, 52
confirmed by conjurators, 56
outweigh conjurators, 62
challenging of, 103, 120, 121
penalty of defeated, 120
come armed to court, 120
must be capable of fighting, 122
champions not allowed to, 121
champions for, 194
their protection in France, 123
seven necessary to avoid duel, 142
must offer battle, 143
defeated, lose a hand, 167
become champions, 182
champions debarred as, 187
women admitted, 228
allowed to give false evidence, 268
must be of the same race, 275
subjected to ordeal, 389
names of, given to accused in Castile, 469
examined in presence of accused, 504
contradictory, tortured together, 542
confrontation of, with accused, 517
necessary to justify torture, 523
their uselessness in witch-trials, 555
torture of, in Rome, 440
unknown to Barbarians, 453
practised in Castile, 464
in Milan, 506
not tortured in Piacenza, 507
tortured in Germany, 530
in modern times, 541
in advance, 542
for retracted evidence, 550
in monasteries, 560
slave, tortured in Greece, 433
restrictions on torture in Rome, 445, 446
their torture under Ostrogoths, 457
under Wisigoths, 459
Women incompetent as prosecutors, 18
admitted as compurgators, 50, 92
not received as witnesses, 122
admitted as witnesses, 228
allowed champions in duel, 152
liable to duel, 153
ordeals for, in Spain, 154
hot-water or iron ordeal for, 292
buried or burned alive in capital cases, 503
buried alive for defeat in duel, 153, 170
burnt for defeat in duel, 173
abuse of, in cold-water ordeal, 417
tortured in Rome for poisoning, 439
pregnant, not subject to torture in Rome, 446
not tortured in Spain, 463, 466
exempt from torture in Germany, 523, 528
tortured in Iceland, 561
Worms exempted from duel, 205
council of, 829, prohibits cold-water ordeal, 322
council of, 868, on ordeal of Eucharist, 348
Wounds, severity of, requisite for duel, 142
Writings tested by fire, 313
Wunden kampffbaren, 142
Würtemburg, torture abolished, 581
Wurzburg, council of, 1298, prohibits ordeals, 423
Yahveh-worship, its seat tested by fire, 314
York, Archbishop of, and William of Ely, 70
York, miraculous escape in ordeal, 297
Ypres, selection of compurgators, 48
exempted from duel, 201
torture not used in, 497
Zabolcs, council of, 1092, on fees for ordeals, 416
Zadruga, the Slavonic, 16
Zala, Abbey of, its champions, 157
Zanger, Johann, his treatise on torture, 524, 578
Zends, ordeal among, 265, 295
torture not legally used, 431
Zerbst, effective torture in, 579
Zerubabbel, his defeat in fire test, 314
Zoroaster exposed to fire ordeal, 266
converts Gushtasp by the ordeal, 295
Zug, modern use of torture, 588
Zurich, priest of, uses unconsecrated host, 345

Superstition and Force / Essays on the Wager of Law, the Wager of Battle, the Ordeal, Torture

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INDEX.