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Sweated industry and the minimum wage

Chapter 19: INDEX
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About This Book

The author examines the causes, scale, and effects of sweated labour, documenting how extreme underpayment in factories, workshops, shops, street trades, and among wage-earning children reduces human life to a cheap commodity, depresses industrial standards, burdens public welfare, and perpetuates intergenerational poverty. Drawing on case studies and statistical observation, the work explains how underpayment arises and how labour functions as a marketable commodity. It then evaluates existing checks and proposed remedies, surveys lessons from particular trades and foreign competition, and sets out practical arguments and mechanisms for a statutory minimum wage as a means to protect vulnerable workers and improve the health of industry.

INDEX

  • Adler: Miss Nettie, 108, 123, 124
  • Aftalion: A., 2, 255
  • Alien immigration, 197
  • America: Children’s work in, 115, 119–122, 128;
    • “sweating” in, 143;
    • a living wage in, 149–151;
    • low cost of production, 184;
    • cotton trade, 221;
    • child labour in cotton mills, 226;
    • southern states, 227
  • Anti-Sweating league: in Melbourne, 247
  • Apprentices, parish: Act of, 218
  • Arbitration Courts in New Zealand, 235, 236
  • Army and Navy Stores, 176, 177
  • Australia: wage board in Victoria, 246;
    • in Melbourne, 247;
    • minimum wage in Melbourne, 251;
    • legislation in New South Wales, 257
  • Babies’ shoe making, 105
  • Bake houses: boys working in, 109
  • Ball covering, 15
  • Bird cage making, 14
  • Boot finishing, 15
  • Boot making, 105
  • Booth: Chas., 6, 65, 148, 155, 201
  • Bosanquet: Mrs, 153, 154, 155, 157, 158, 159
  • Box making: children’s work, 106
  • Brickfields: children working in, 110
  • Cabmen, 76
  • Cabs and Omnibuses Bill: report of select committee, 82, 83, 97
  • Cadbury: Edward, 3
  • “Case for the Factory Acts: The,” 114
  • Chapman: Prof. S. J., 220
  • “Child Labour” (No. 93, Annals of American Academy), 119 120–122, 125, 128–130
  • Children: as home workers, 104;
    • unpunctual at school through home work, 105;
    • babies’ shoe making, 105, 108;
    • dodging educational authorities, 106;
    • working all night, 106;
    • match box making, 106, 108;
    • string bag making, 107;
    • tooth brush making, 107;
    • kid belt making, 107;
    • wood chopping, 107;
    • wood polishing, 107;
    • steel covering, 108;
    • fish basket sewing, 108;
    • in small laundries, 108;
    • half timers, 112;
    • errand boys, 108;
    • Saturday and evening boys, 108;
    • barbers’ lather boys, 108;
    • matching girls, 109;
    • street trading, 109;
    • their labour of little use to them later in life, 109;
    • boys working in bake houses, 109;
    • in brick-fields, 110;
    • heavy loads, 110–111;
    • in textile trades, 110–111, 112;
    • in the potteries, 114;
    • general remarks on child labour, 140
  • Civil Service Stores, 177
  • Clerks and Bookkeepers, 71, 138
  • Committee on wage-earning children, 108
  • Competition, free: its effect upon labour, 166;
    • checks upon, 195
  • Confectionery, 29, 32, 110
  • Consumers: Associations of, 176
  • Consumers’ League, A: impractibility of, 205–211;
    • in America, 210;
    • influence on public opinion, 210
  • Co-operation: Industrial, 176, 177, 180
  • Co-operative Stores, 201, 202
  • Co-operative Union, 180
  • Cost of labour: recognition of its true cost, 173
  • Cotton mills: children’s work, 110–111, 112–113
  • Cotton trade: not natural to Britain, 214–217;
    • condition of workers in 1830, 217;
    • prosperity increased under higher wages, 219;
    • in Bristol, 227
  • “Cotton Trade Circular,” 222
  • Cotton workers: educational improvement of, 225
  • Crabtree: Mr, Inspector of Factories, 221
  • Cuthbertson: Miss, Inspector of Factories, Victoria, 256
  • Daily News, 59, 60
  • Daily News: Sweated Industries Exhibition, 10, 18, 142, 148
  • Danger of Fire, 35
  • Dockers’ Union, 135
  • Dressmaking, 29, 32
  • Drink and Poverty: some facts about, 198;
    • lessened by shorter hours, 200
  • Early marriages: reason for, among working class, 197
  • Economy of high wages, 165, 184, 228
  • Edgworth: Maria, 115
  • Education: effect of child labour on, 125
  • Efficiency: remarks on, 158
  • Emigration, 196, 211
  • Employers: responsibility for strikes, 184;
    • duty to pay a fair wage, 187;
    • in cotton trade, 225;
    • in Bristol, 227
  • Errand boys, 108;
    • Saturday and evening workers, 108;
    • barbers’ lather boys, 108
  • Factories: reports of chief inspector, 25, 29, 32, 37, 38, 39, 109–111, 221;
    • in Australia, 252–254, 256
  • Factory Acts: beneficial effects, 181, 188, 194, 224, 267;
    • in Australia, 247;
    • evasion of, 255
  • Factory girls: an appreciation of, 134;
    • manners of, 136;
    • code of honour, 137
  • Factory work: general remarks on, 133
  • Factory workers: their condition compared with home workers, 23, 46
  • Fair wage, a: what is a fair wage, 161;
    • pessimist view, 212–214
  • Fines and deductions, 39, 41, 54
  • Fish basket sewing, 108
  • Foreign Competition: effect on a minimum wage, 271
  • Free Libraries, 225
  • Free Trade League, 220
  • Gaskell: P, 217
  • Germany, 143;
    • cotton trade in, 221;
    • possibility of legislation to curtail sweating, 264, 265
  • Gissing: Geo., 72
  • Glass works in America, 120–121
  • Guardian: The, 210
  • Half timers, 112
  • Health: of home workers, 17;
    • of factory workers, 25;
    • of shop assistants, 55;
    • of child workers, 115, 121–125
  • Heavy loads, 110–111
  • High wages and cheap production, 260
  • “Historical Development of the Factory Acts,” 114
  • Hogg: Mrs, 18, 118
  • Home Industries for women: report on, 2
  • Home Office enquiry, 125
  • Home work: report on, 2;
    • in Birmingham, 3;
    • match box making, 3;
    • shirt making, 10;
    • paper-bag making, 11;
    • toy making, 13;
    • pipe making, 13;
    • bird cage making, 14;
    • weaving, 14;
    • boot finishing, 15, 105;
    • ball covering, 15;
    • tooth brush making, 18, 20;
    • miscellaneous trades, 21
  • Home workers: Condition of, 17;
    • general remarks on, 132;
    • impossibility of organisation, 186
  • Hours of work: piece work, 16;
    • long hours in factories, 29, 30, 31;
    • shop assistants, 53, 58;
    • in Scotland, 66;
    • waitresses, 69;
    • railway men, 77;
    • omnibus men, 83;
    • motor omnibus men, 92;
    • children’s hours of work at home, 108;
    • in tin works, 110;
    • work at home after closing hours, 188;
    • women in textile trades, 218
  • House of Lords Committee on Early Closing of Shops, 68
  • Hutchins: Miss B. L., 114
  • Industrial efficiency: effect of Child Labour on, 130–131;
    • caused by fair wages, 227
  • Industrial Unions of New Zealand, 234
  • Ireland: copartnership in, 179
  • Ironing, 108
  • Irwin: Miss, 3, 17, 66, 67, 68, 69
  • Jackman: Marshall, 124, 125
  • Jam-making. See Confectionery
  • Jarvis family: History of, 7
  • Johnson: Dr, 157
  • “Juvenile wage earners and their work,” 108, 123
  • Kelley: Mrs Florence, 120, 125, 129
  • Kid belt making, 107
  • Labour and other commodities: difference in essence between, 171
  • Labour co-partnerships, 176;
    • in Ireland, 179
  • Laundries: long hours in, 31
  • Laundry work, 108
  • Lead poisoning: risk of, 37
  • Legislation for a minimum wage: need of, 272
  • Living wage: estimate of, 149
  • London County Council: as employer, 100;
    • contrasted with private companies, 101;
    • bye-laws relating to child labour, 119, 124;
    • Medical Officer’s report, 123
  • Longman’s Magazine, 206
  • MacDonald: J. Ramsay, 65
  • Manchester physicians’ report on child labour in 1784, 112
  • “Manufacturing population of England,” 217
  • Martindale: Miss, Inspector of Factories, 111
  • Match box making, 3, 7;
    • child workers, 106
  • Matching girls, 109
  • Matheson: M. Cécile, 3
  • Maxwell: Mr, Scottish Wholesale Co-operative Society, 261, 262
  • Maxwell: W. B., 72
  • Melbourne Age: The; crusade against sweating, 247
  • Minimum wage: legislation in New Zealand, 231–246;
    • in Australia, 246–258;
    • practicability of legislation in England, 258–259;
    • effect of a minimum wage, 271
  • Miscellaneous trades, 21
  • Mitchell: John, 149–151
  • Moral aspect of shop assistant’s life, 72
  • Moral effect of child labour, 127–131
  • Nail and chain making, 12
  • National Anti-Sweating League, 261
  • National aspect of better conditions, 192
  • National income, 195
  • National Union of Shop Assistants, etc., 55
  • New Zealand: state arbitration, 231–239;
    • industrial unions of, 234;
    • arbitration court, 235, 236;
    • wages in, 244
  • Non-competitive systems, 176
  • Non-producers, 195
  • Novels: showing shop assistant’s life, 72
  • Old age pension: in Australia, 256
  • Omnibus men: drivers and conductors; licences, 81;
    • wages, 83;
    • expenses, 83;
    • liability for accidents, 85;
    • drivers and conductors of motor omnibuses;
    • hours of work, 92;
    • wages, 92;
    • breakdowns, 94;
    • uniform, 98;
    • spies, 99;
    • general remarks, 140, 143, 164
  • “Organised labour,” 151
  • Ormsby: Sir Lambert, 124
  • Over population, 195
  • Packing and filling: cocoa, 25;
    • tea, 26;
    • jam, 26;
    • cartridges, 26
  • Paper-bag making, 11, 24
  • Payment, See Wages
  • Peel: Sir Robert, 114
  • Physical deterioration, 273
  • Pipe making, 13
  • Potteries: children working in, 114
  • Poverty: investigations into, 148–149;
    • physical and mental effects on the individual, 273–274
  • Railway workers: hours, 77;
    • porters’ wages, 77;
    • “blacklisting,” 78;
    • general remarks on, 140, 164
  • Reeves, W. Pember, 231, 233, 237, 239, 248
  • Rochdale pioneers, 178
  • Romilly: Sir Samuel, 113
  • Rowntree: Seebohm, 148, 149
  • Ryan: Father, 149, 151
  • Sanitary Acts: competition checked by, 181, 191, 194
  • Sanitary conditions: of factories, 33;
    • shop assistants’ quarters, 58;
    • high standard in cotton factories, 223
  • Schoenhof: J., 131, 165, 184, 228
  • Scottish Council for Women’s Trades, 3, 126
  • Scottish Wholesale Co-operative Society, 261
  • Shann: Geo., M.A., 3
  • Shirt making, 10, 144
  • Shop assistants: living in, 48;
    • code of rules, 54;
    • wages, 60;
    • “premiums,” 60;
    • commissions, 62;
    • condition in Scotland, 66;
    • general remarks, 138
  • Small: Prof. Albion, 149
  • Spiers & Pond, Ltd., 70
  • Squire, Miss: Inspector of Factories, 35, 36
  • State arbitration in New Zealand, 231;
    • success of, 239
  • Steel covering, 108
  • Street trading by children, 109
  • Strikes, 183, 184;
    • in the colonies, 232
  • String bag making, 107
  • “Sweating”: definition of the term, 1;
    • not confined to cheap goods, 22, 142;
    • general remarks, 132, 143;
    • not unknown in the colonies, 230;
    • a source of weakness to nations, 266–269
  • Tailoring, 29;
    • wages in New Zealand, 244
  • Tariff Commission, 220, 225, 226
  • Tattersall: Mr W., 222
  • Temperance, 198, 211
  • Temperature: extremes of, 40;
    • in cotton factories, 223–224
  • Textile trades: Children’s work, 110–111, 112–113
  • Thear: Miss, Inspector of Factories, Victoria, 256
  • Thomas: Dr, 123
  • Thrift among working classes, 201;
    • not advisable, 202–205
  • Tooth brush making, 18, 20, 107
  • Toy making, 12
  • Trade unions, 182, 184;
    • mistakes of, 185;
    • as provident societies, 201, 202;
    • in cotton trade, 225, 226;
    • lack of trade organisation in Bristol cotton mills, 227, 228;
    • in New Zealand, 237
  • Underpaid worker: cost to the nation, 170–171
  • Underpayment: how it comes about, 144–160;
    • not caused by inefficiency, 159
  • United States: see America
  • Ventilation, 224
  • Verney, Mr: Inspector of Factories, 222
  • Vines, Miss: Inspector of Factories, 31, 37
  • Wages: match box making, 5, 7;
    • shirt making, 10, 144–145;
    • paper-bag making, 12;
    • toy making, 13;
    • clay pipe making, 14;
    • ball covering, 16;
    • brush making, 20;
    • miscellaneous trades, 21;
    • packing and filling, 23, 26, 27, 28;
    • machinists, 41;
    • shop assistants, 60;
    • waitresses, 70;
    • female clerks and bookkeepers, 71;
    • railway porters, 77;
    • omnibus men, 83;
    • motor omnibus men, 92;
    • children’s wages for home work, 105–106;
    • wages, how determined, 152;
    • what is a fair wage, 161;
    • articles of dress, 188;
    • textile workers, 218–219;
    • tailoresses in New Zealand, 244;
    • factory wages in Australia, 252–254;
    • high wages and cheap production, 260–261
  • Waitresses: in restaurants, 67;
    • in railway stations, 68;
    • hours of work, 67, 68;
    • expenses of, 69;
    • general remarks on, 138
  • Washing appliances, 37
  • Watts: Alderman; of Manchester, 123
  • Weaving, 14
  • Webb: Catherine, 176
  • Webb: Mrs Sydney, 114
  • Wells: H. G., 72
  • Whiteley’s, Ltd.: William, 54
  • Women in the printing trades, 65
  • Women’s Co-operative Guild, 180
  • “Women’s employment in shops,” 67, 69
  • Women’s Industrial Council, 2, 3, 6, 7, 17, 56, 72, 188, 189
  • “Women’s work and wages,” 3, 39, 65
  • Women workers: difficulty of organisation, 185, 186
  • Wood chopping, 107
  • Wood polishing, 107
  • Woodward: S. W., 130
  • Work done below cost price, 164
  • Worth: meanings of, 162
  • Zola: E., 72