WeRead Powered by ReaderPub
Talks on Manures / A Series of Familiar and Practical Talks Between the Author and the Deacon, the Doctor, and Other Neighbors, on the Whole Subject cover

Talks on Manures / A Series of Familiar and Practical Talks Between the Author and the Deacon, the Doctor, and Other Neighbors, on the Whole Subject

Chapter 44: INDEX.
Open in WeRead

About This Book

Practical, conversational guidance addresses manures and fertilizers for farm soils, defining plant-food and distinguishing natural, animal, and artificial sources; it surveys peat, swamp muck, and potential ammonia, and argues that tillage and crop management act as forms of manure. Chapters explain summer-fallowing, crop rotation, restoring worn-out farms, making and valuing manures by feed composition, and differences between stable and farmyard wastes. Practical recommendations cover livestock feeding to recycle fertility, weed control, labor needs, and strategies to increase per-acre yields while conserving resources.

* It is estimated that in the case of horses, cattle, and swine, one-third of the urine drains away. The following is the amount of wheat-straw used daily as bedding for each animal. Horse, 6 lbs.; Cattle, 8 lbs.; Swine, 4 lbs., and sheep, 0.6 lbs.

2.—TABLE SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF INGREDIENTS IN SOME MANUFACTURING PROCESSES.

DS   Dry Substance.

N   Nitrogen.

A   Ash.

P   Potash.

L   Lime.

M   Magnesia.

PhA   Phosphoric Acid.

Name of Material. DS N A P L M PhA
lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs.
1.—Brewing.

1000 lbs. Barley, contain

855 15.2 22.23 4.48 0.58 1.92 7.71

15 lbs. Hops contain

13.2 .. 1.00 0.345 0.167 0.056 0.168

Distribution of the Ingredients:

Water .. .. 1.23 0.852 0.039 0.045 0.234

Malt-Sprouts

33 1.38 2.43 0.749 0.069 0.066 0.653

Brewers’ Grains

269 8.74 13.08 0.580 1.474 1.134 3.631

Spent Hops

9 .. 0.54 0.032 0.160 0.055 0.062
Yeast 30 2.94 2.27 0.643 0.097 0.185 1.349
Beer .. 2.14 3.65 1.998 .. 0.484 0.939
2.—Distillery.

a. 1000 lbs. Potatoes, contain

250 3.2 9.43 5.69 0.24 0.44 1.63

40 lbs. Kiln-Malt

37 0.56 1.06 0.184 0.040 0.088 0.388

20 lbs. Yeast-Malt

18.5 0.28 0.53 0.092 0.020 0.044 0.194

The Slump, contains

125 4.04 11.02 5.966 0.300 0.572 2.212

(b.) Grain Spirits.

800 lbs. Rye, contain

684 14.08 14.32 4.501 0.376 1.648 6.710

200 lbs. Kiln-Malt, contain

184 2.82 5.12 0.883 0.195 0.429 1.526

50 lbs. Yeast-Malt, contain

46 0.71 1.28 0.221 0.049 0.107 0.382

The Slump, contains

443 17.61 20.72 5.605 0.620 2.184 8.618
3.—Yeast Manufacture.

700 lbs. bruised Rye, contain

599 12.32 12.53 3.941 0.329 1.444 5.876

300 lbs. Barley-Malt, contain

276 4.23 7.67 1.325 0.293 0.643 2.801

Distribution of the Ingredients:

Yeast 45 4.60 3.41 1.273 0.192 0.367 2.672

Grains and Slump

325 11.95 16.79 3.993 0.430 1.720 6.005
4.—Starch Manufacture.

1000 lbs. Potatoes, contain

250 3.20 9.43 5.69 0.24 0.44 1.63

The remains in the Fibre

75 0.60 0.51 0.086 0.266 0.042 0.133

The remains in the Water

45 2.60 8.89 5.604 .. 0.398 1.497
5.—Milling.

1000 lbs. Wheat, contain

857 20.80 16.88 5.26 0.57 2.02 7.94

Distribution of the Ingredients:

Flour (77.5 per cent)

664 14.65 5.50 1.980 0.154 0.458 2.862

Mill-feed ( 6.5 per cent)

58 1.64 1.80 0.648 0.050 0.148 0.936

Bran(16.0 per cent)

135 4.51 9.60 2.762 0.396 1.394 4.102
6.—Cheese-Making.

1000 lbs. Milk, contain

125 4.80 6.10 1.505 1.333 0.186 1.735

Distribution of the Ingredients:

Cheese 65 4.53 2.84 0.247 0.687 0.028 1.515
Whey 60 0.27 3.26 1.258 0.646 0.158 0.584
7.—Beet-Sugar Manufacture.

1000 lbs. Roots, contain

184 1.60 7.10 3.914 0.379 0.536 0.780

Distribution of the Ingredients:

Tops and Tails (12 per cent of roots)

19 0.24 1.15 0.336 0.108 0.132 0.144

Pomace (15 per cent of roots)

46 0.44 1.71 0.585 0.390 0.105 0.165

Skimmings (4 per cent of roots)

24 0.60 1.20 0.380 8.640 0.240 0.384

Molasses (3 per cent of roots)

25 0.32 2.47 1.741 0.141 0.009 0.015

Sugar and loss

85 .. 0.57 0.872 .. 0.040 0.072
8. Flax Dressing.

1000 lbs. Flax-Stalks, contain

860 .. 30.36 9.426 6.751 1.995 3.990

Distribution of the Ingredients:

In the Water

215 .. 25.15 9.175 4.100 1.850 3.400

Stems or Husks

460 .. 4.03 0.171 2.052 0.096 0.474

Flax and Tow

155 .. 1.22 0.054 0.648 0.054 0.126

INDEX.

Absorptive Powers of Soils,

217

Ammonia Absorbed by Soil from the Atmosphere,

219

Ammonia and Superphosphate,

242

and Weeds,

254

Converted into Nitric Acid in the Soil,

313

for Oats,

253-254

for Potatoes,

261

for Wheat,

192-213

in Fresh Horse-dung,

96

in Limed and Unlimed Soils,

220

in the Soil Liberated by Lime,

221

Locked Up in the Soil,

221

Loss of by Fermenting Manure,

98

on Grass Land,

273

Potential,

31

Quantity of to Produce One Bushel of Wheat,

211-212

Required to Produce a Bushel of Barley,

240-242

Retained by the Soil,

218

Salts, Composition of,

312

How to Apply,

286-312

for Private Gardens,

297

Anderson, J. M. B., Letter from,

345

Animals, Composition of Manure from Different,

306

What They Remove from the Food,

301

Apple Trees, Nitrate of Soda for,

314

Artificial Manures, Will They Pay,

214

Ashes, Burnt Earth,

72

Coal,

72

for Barley,

241

for Indian Corn,

279

for Oats,

253

for Potatoes,

259

of Manure for Wheat,

173

on Long Island,

346

Plaster and Hen-dung for Potatoes,

255

Wood,

104

Barley After Ten Crops of Turnips,

250

a Large Yield of,

242

and Clover after a heavily-manured Root-crop,

287

Best Soil for,

227

Cost of Raising With and Without Manure,

245

Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments on,

227

Potash Increases the Crop of at Rothamsted,

329

Profits of Raising in Poor Seasons,

243

Quality and Price of,

242

Yield Per Acre,

11

Barn-yard Manure, Difference in Quality of,

246

Bean-straw for Manure,

48

Beets, Sugar, Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments on,

288

Manure for,

286

Blood,

32

Bone-dust,

314

Composition of Compared with Stable Manure,

316

Fermented with Manure,

316

Made into Superphosphate,

319

on Dairy Farms,

315

Bones as Manure,

102

Bran,

26

for Manure,

102

Richer in Plant-food than Wheat,

301

Brewer, Prof. W. H., Letter from,

341

Cabbage and Barn-yard Manure, Composition of,

292

Composition of,

290-292

Hog and Cow Manure for,

302

Lime for,

292

Manure for,

275-290

Manure for Early and Late,

291

Needs a Large Supply of Nitrogen in the Soil. Though it Removes but Little,

293

Potash for,

292

Special Manure for,

323

Yield of per Acre,

291

Cattle vs. Sheep as Manure-makers,

303

Cheese, from a Ton of Hay,

111

Plant-food in,

101

versus Beef,

110

Clay Retains Ammonia,

219

Clover and Indian Corn,

275

as a Renovating and Exhausting Crop,

277

as Manure,

119-122

as Manure for Wheat,

158

Does it Get Nitrogen from the Atmosphere,

133-138

Dr. Vœlcker’s Experiments on,

135

for Wheat,

126

Gathers Up Manure from the Sub-soil,

287

Hay, Composition of,

129-137

Hay, English and German, for Manure,

47

How to Make a Farm Rich by Growing,

133-163

Letting it Rot on the Surface as Manure,

134

Nitrogen as a Manure for,

141

Pasturing by Sheep versus Mowing for Hay,

137

Plowing Under versus Feeding Out,

123

Roots, Amount of per Acre,

143-144-155

Roots, Composition of,

145-147

Seed, Amount of Roots per Acre,

162

Water Evaporated by,

132

Why it Enriches Land,

131

Coal-ashes to Mix with Artificial Manures,

312

Composting Cow-manure with Muck, Leaves, etc,

302

Compost of Stable-manure and Earth,

342

Corn, as a Renovating Crop,

275

Ashes for,

279

Barn-yard Manure for,

284

Cost of Raising,

9

Crop, Composition of,

25

Experiments on,

279

Guano for,

279-284

Manure for,

275

Meal for Manure,

185

Superphosphate for,

279-284

Fodder,

275

vs. Mangel-wurzels,

288

Plaster for,

277

vs. Wheat, Yield per acre,

276

Cotton-seed Cake,

46-339

Cow-manure,

86-100

and How to Use it,

302

Composition of,

306

Cows, Feeding Grain to,

110-113

Feeding in Winter for Manure,

256
Crops Best to Apply Manure to, 265

How to Get Larger,

28-36

Raised and Sold from the Farm,

27

Rotation of,

116-168

We Must Raise Larger per Acre,

266

Why so Poor,

28

Dairy Farms, Bone-dust on,

315

Drainage from Barn-yard,

306

Dry Earth for Pig Pens,

304

Earth-closet Manure,

310

on Grass,

225

Fallow, Fall,

12

for Wheat, How to—Mr. Lawes’ Experiments,

35

Summer, for Wheat,

15-34

Farm Dairy, Receipts and Expenses of,

109

Hon. George Geddes’,

119

Hon. Joseph Shull’s,

109

John Johnston’s,

76-81-120

Mr. Dewey’s,

39

Mr. Joseph O. Sheldon’s,

15

to Restore a Worn Out,

37

Farming, a Poor Business,

9

Difference Between High and Good,

11

Faith in Good,

14

Good Does Not Lead to Over Production,

14

Slow Work,

17

Fermenting Manure to Kill Weed-Seeds,

97

Fish as Manure,

347

Food, Nothing Added to it by the Animal,

42

Gardens, Manure for Private,

296

Geddes, Hon. George,

17-117

Grains, Malt, English and German,

47

Grass a Saving’s Bank,

41

Importance of Rich,

113

Manure for,

120

Guano as a Top-dressing for Wheat,

270

for Barley,

240

for Oats,

253

for Peas,

17

for Potatoes,

255-258

on Wheat,

120-180-184

Peruvian, Composition of,

311

for Onions,

294

Price and Composition of Now and 30 Y’rs Ago,

327

Rectified for Turnips,

286

What it is,

311

Gypsum,

104-116-126

for Oats,

254

for Peas,

17

for Potatoes,

255-259

Harison, T. L., Letter from,

115

Hay, Best Manure for,

274

Plant-food in,

101

Heacock, Joseph, Letter from,

348

Henderson, Peter, Letter from,

344

Hen Manure,

43-104-301

for Potatoes,

255

High Farming,

12

versus Good Farming,

11

Hops, Manure for,

274

Horse-manure, Composition of,

306

Hot-beds, Manure for,

297

Human Excrements, Composition of,

308
Indian Corn. See Corn.

Irrigation on Market Gardens,

295

Jessup, Edward, Letter from,

342

Johnson, Prof. S. W., on the Value of Fertilizers,

324

Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments on Barley,

227

Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments on Oats,

252

Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments on Permanent Meadows,

271

Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments on the Amount of Excrements Voided by Man,

309

Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments on Sugar beets and Mangel-wurzels,

288

Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments on Wheat,

170

Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments, Potash Beneficial for Barley,

329

Lawes’ Table, Showing Composition and Value of Foods,

45

Lettuce, Manure for,

289

Superphosphate for,

290-293

Lewis, Hon. Harris, Letter from,

103

Liebig’s Special Manures,

321

Lime as Manure,

215

Beneficial Effect of for Thirty Years,

216

Changes the Chemical and Physical Character of the Soil,

224

Composting with Old Sods,

224

for Cabbage,

292

Hastens the Maturity of the Crop,

222

Impoverishes the Soil,

222

in Connecticut,

224

in Delaware,

223

in New Jersey,

223

in Pennsylvania,

224

Mixed with Barn-yard Manure,

222

on Grass Land,

223

on Lime-stone Land,

217

Quantity per Acre,

216

Sets Free Ammonia in the Soil,

221

Silicate Absorbs Ammonia from Atmosphere,

219

When to Apply,

223

Why Beneficial,

220

Liquid Manure,

306

Lowland, Draining,

30

Malt-combs,

46

Mangel-wurzels for Manure,

48

Manure for,

103-286-288

Yield per Acre,

11

Manure Absorbing Liquid,

115

Amount from Feed and Bedding,

78

Amount Made by a Horse,

50-346

Made by Horses, Cows, Sheep, and Pigs,

51

Amount Made on a 250-acre Farm,

257

Amount of Rain Required to Dissolve,

267

Amount of Straw in Horse,

346

and Rotation of Crops,

246

Applying Artificial,

312

Applying Near the Surface,

267

Applying on the Surface,

173

as Top-dressing,

269

Barn-yard for Barley,

240

Barn-yard vs. Artificial for Indian Corn,

284

Basin for,

92

Best for Hay,

274

Bone-dust,

314-316

Brings in Red Clover,

82

Buying,

306

Buying by Measure or Weight,

305

Buying by the Load or Ton,

306

Cellar,

114

Cheapest a Farmer Can Use,

127

Clover as,

119-122

Clover-seed as,

127

Comes from the Land,

42

Common Salt as,

200

Composition of Fresh Barnyard,

51

Composition of from Different Animals,

306

Composition of Heap at Different Periods,

57

Corn-meal for,

185

Cost of Hauling,

342

Cost of Loading and Drawing,

77

Cow,

87-100

Dairy-farm, How to Save and Apply,

114

Dr. Vœlcker’s Experiments on,

51

Drawing Out to the Field,

89

English Plan of Keeping,

69

Equivalent to Water,

296

Farm-yard for Potatoes,

261

Fermenting in Winter,

85-92-93

Fermenting, Shrinkage in,

116

Fire-fang,

84-98

Fish, as, on Long Island,

347

Foods which Make Rich,

45

for Cabbage, Parsnips, Onions, Carrots, Lettuce, etc,

289

for Corn,

80

for Grass,

82

for Hops,

274

for Hot-beds,

297

for Indian Corn,

275

for Mangel-wurzels and Sugar-beets,

287

for Market Gardens,

294

for Oats,

252

for Potatoes,

255

for Seed-growing Farms,

296

for Sorghum or Chinese Sugar-cane,

283

for Tobacco,

275

for Turnips,

285-322

for Wheat,

167

from Cows,

302

from Earth-closet,

310

from Oxen,

303

from Pigs, Mr. Lawes’ Experiments,

301

from Sheep,

303

Grain Farms, Management of,

117

Guano, Price of Now and Thirty Years Ago,

328

Guano, Rectified Peruvian,

319

Gypsum and Clover as,

125

Heap, Changes in,

67

Fermenting,

38

in Winter,

84

Piling in Field,

88-89-90

Turning,

88

Hen,

43-104-301

Horse,

32-86

Horse and Farm-yard,

50

How and When it Should be Applied,

267

How John Johnston Manages it,

76

How Made and Used in Maryland,

349

How the Deacon Makes it,

74

How to Make,

41

How to Make More,

256

How to Make More and Better on Dairy Farms,

105

How to Make Poor, Rich,

274-293

How to Make Richer,

257

How Much it Shrinks by Fermentation,

342

How Much Nitrogen in a Load of,

306

in Kansas,

340

in Philadelphia, Interesting Facts,

338

Keeping Under Cover,

59

Lime as,

215

Liquid,

306

Management of in Canada,

335

Mr. Lawes’ Experiments with,

95

Loss from Leaching,

99

Management of,

94

Market Value of,

104

Mixed with Lime,

222

Natural,

23

Night soil as,

308

Nitrate of Soda as,

134

Not Available,

95

on Dairy Farm,

101

on Permanent Meadows and Pastures,

271

Preserved by the Soil,

177

Pigs’,

86

Piling,

116

Potash as,

329

Price of in Boston,

344

Maryland,

339

New Haven,

341

New York,

334

per Horse in New York,

336

Quantity Made on a Farm,

12

Quantity of Used on Long Island. Interesting Statistics,

336

Reduced by Fermentation,

297

Richer in Plant-food than the Food from which it is Derived,

301

Sea-weed as,

337

Sheep,

86

Should be Broken Up Fine,

268

Soluble Phosphates in,

72

Special,

140-320

Specific Gravity of from Different Animals,

305

Spread in Open Yard,

63

Stable, Management,

333

Straw and Chaff as,

200

Superphosphate, How Made,

317

Swamp-Muck as,

29

Tank,

115

the Author’s Plan of Managing,

83

Tillage as,

32-121-225

Top-dressing for Wheat in Kansas,

350

on Growing Crops,

343

to What Crops Should it be Applied,

265

Value of,

78

Value of Depends on the Food, Not on the Animal,

43

Value of Straw as,

123

Water in,

124

Weeds as,

24

Weight of,

343-350

Well-rotted, Composition of,

65

Well-rotted, Loss from Leaching,

65

What is it?,

19-22

Why Do We Ferment?,

94

Market Gardens, Irrigation in,

295

Manure for,

294

Pig-manure on,

295

Meadows, Manure for,

271

Night soil,

225-308

Nitrate of Potash,

312

Nitrate of Soda,

134

Acts Quicker than Ammonia,

313

as a Top-dressing for Wheat,

270

Composition of,

312

for Apple Trees,

314

for Barley,

243

for Oats,

252

for Onions,

294

for Sugar-Beets,

289

for Wheat,

159

How to Apply,

312

Nitric Acid,

341

Nitrogen, Amount per Acre in the Soil,

28-162

as Manure,

28

in Soils,

106-226-336-341

Makes Poor Manure Rich,

246

Nurserymen, Manure for,

297

Oats, Experiments on in Virginia,

253

Experiments on at Moreton Farm,

254

Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments on,

252

Manures for,

252

Oil-cake for Sheep,

76

Onions, Manure for,

294

Peas for Pigs,

17

Pea-straw for Manure,

48
Peat, Composition of, 31

Phosphates,

27

Exhaustion of on Dairy Farms,

101

Soluble in Barn-yard Manure,

72

Phosphoric Acid in Soils,

106-226

per Acre in Soils,

162

Retained by the Soil,

219

Removed from the Farm by Hay, and by Milch Cows,

316

Pig Manure,

43-86

Composition of,

306

for Cabbage,

302

Pigs as Manure-Makers for Market Gardeners,

295

Pigs’ Bedding,

31

for Enriching Pasture-Land,

304

How to Save Manure from,

304

Manure from,

301-304

Piling Manure,

97

Plant-food,

21-105

Amount of in an Acre,

24-39

in New and Cultivated Land,

39

Plaster for Indian Corn,

277

Plowing in the Fall,

17

Potash, Amount of in the Soil,

25-329

as Manure,

329

as Manure for Wheat,

215

for Cabbages,

292

for Potatoes,

255-260

for Potatoes and Root-Crops,

330

How to Ascertain when the Soil Needs,

330

in Nitrate of Potash,

314

Not a Special Manure for Turnips,

322

on Grass Land,

273

our Soils not so likely to be Deficient in, as of Nitrogen and Phosphoric Acid,

330

Retained by the Soil,

219

Value of in Artificial Manures,

326

Potatoes, after Root-Crops,

287

Ammonia for,

261

Cost of Raising,

10

Experiments on at Moreton Farm,

259

for Manure,

48

How to Raise a Large Crop,

255

Manures for,

255

Mr. Hunter’s Experiments on in England,

260

on Rich Land,

263

Profits of Using Artificial Manures on,

263

Will Manure Injure, Quality of,

264

Rape-cake,

46

as Manure for Hops,

274

Roots, Amount of Left in Soil by Different Crops,

164

Root-crops,

17

Rotation of Crops and Manures,

246

Rushmore, J. H., Letter from,

345

Routzahn, H. L., Letter from,

349

Salt as a Manure for Wheat,

270

Common as Manure for Wheat,

200

for Mangel-wurzels,

104

Saw-dust for Bedding,

103

Season, a Poor, Profitable for Good Farmers,

213

and Manure for Oats,

253

Influence of on the Growth of Wheat,

210

Profit in Raising Oats in a Poor,

253

Profit in Raising Barley in a Poor,

243

Seasons, Influence on Crops,

21

Seed Growers, Manures for,

296

Sewage,

308

Sheep-Manure,

303-333-339

Composition of,

306

vs. Oxen as Manure Makers,

303

Shelton, Prof. E. M., Letter from,

350

Soil, Composition of,

144-150

Exhaustion of,

23-27-332

from Earth-closet,

225

Nitrogen and Phosphoric Acid in,

226

Plant-food in,

105

Weight of per Acre,

221

Soils Absorb Ammonia from Atmosphere,

219

Absorptive Powers of,

217

Sorghum, Manures for,

283

Special Manures,

320

Straw,

26

Amount of Manure from,

124

and Chaff for Manure,

200

for Manures,

48

on Grain Farms,

118

Selling,

123

Sturtevant, Dr. E. L., Letter from,

344

Superphosphate,

116

for Barley,

241

for Indian Corn,

279

for Potatoes,

259

for Private Gardens,

296

for Turnips,

285-322

for Wheat,

168-169

from Bones, Composition of,

319

from Mineral Phosphates,

320

How Applied,

320

on Dairy Farms,

315

on Grass Land,

273

Value of as Compared with Bone-Dust,

319

What Crops Best for,

243

Superphospate of Lime, Doctor Tells How it is Made,

317

Superphosphate of Lime, When First Made in the United States,

324

Surface Application of Manure,

70-268

Swamp-muck,

29

Composition of,

31
Swine, see Pigs.
Thomas, J. J., Remarks on the Application of Manures, 269

Tillage is Manure,

32-121-163-225

Tobacco, Manure for,

275

Top dressing with Manure,

269

Turnips, Do They Absorb Nitrogen from the Atmosphere,

250

Impoverish the Soil More than Grain,

250

Manure for,

285

and Wheat, Special Manures for,

321

Urine from Farm Animals Richer than Human,

309

vs. Solid Manure,

294

Valuation of Fertilizers,

324

Water, Amount Given Off by Plants During Their Growth,

131

Water Equivalent to Manure,

296

Weeds,

15-41-189

Weed-seeds in Manure,

97

Weld, Col. M. C., Letter from,

344

Wheat, Ammonia for,

192

Artificial Manures for Should be Drilled in with Seed,

168-169

Common Salt as Manure for,

200

Crop, Composition of,

26-129-138-340

Effect of Manure on, in Poor Season,

213

Influence of Season on,

210

is it Deteriorating?

189

Larger Crops per Acre,

122

Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments on,

140-170-333

Manures for,

167

Mr. Lawes’ Experiments on,

122

Nitrogen as Manure for,

141

Plant-food in,

101

Potash as Manure for,

215

Straw and Chaff as a Manure for,

200

Summer Fallowing for,

35-168

the 20th Crop on Same Land,

213

Top-dressing for,

270

vs. Corn, Comparative Yield of,

276

Well-rotted Manure for,

267

Why Our Crops are so Poor,

214

Yield per Acre,

11