WeRead Powered by ReaderPub
The anatomy of the frog cover

The anatomy of the frog

Chapter 5: ILLUSTRATIONS.
By Alexander Ecker
Open in WeRead

About This Book

The manual offers a systematic, descriptive account of frog anatomy, organized into sections treating the skeleton and joints; musculature; nervous system; circulatory and lymphatic systems including the heart; the alimentary tract with liver, spleen, and peritoneum; respiratory organs and associated glands; the urinary and reproductive organs with accessory structures; and the skin and sense organs. It incorporates microscopic and vascular detail, numerous illustrations and plates, and bibliographic references, with revisions and annotations to update anatomical descriptions and figures. Emphasis is on practical morphological description rather than comparative, developmental, or purely histological analysis.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

FIGURE PAGE
  1. The Green water-frog, Rana esculenta, L. 4
  2. The Brown grass-frog, Rana temporaria, L. 8
  3. Femur of Rana esculenta 16
  4. Vertebrae of do. 17
  5. Vertebral column of do. 18
  6, 7. Section through a vertebra of Rana esculenta 20
  8, 9. Urostyle of Rana esculenta 21
 10–14. Skull of do. 22, 23, 25, 28
 15. Nasal Cartilages of frog 29
 16, 17. Skull of Rana esculenta 29, 30
 18. Origin of suspensory cartilage from the skull 32
 19, 20. Skull of Rana esculenta 32, 33
 21. Mandible of Rana esculenta 34
 22. Hyoid of Rana esculenta 35
 23. Omosternum of Rana esculenta 36
 24. Shoulder-girdle and sternum of do. 36
 25. Shoulder-girdle of the frog 37
 26, 27. Suprascapula of Rana esculenta 38
 28. Left scapula of Rana esculenta 38
 29. Scapula seen from behind 38
 30. Left coracoid 39
 31. Clavicle of the left side 39
 32. Right shoulder-girdle of Rana esculenta 40
 33. Hinder border of the scapula and coracoid 40
 34. Clavicular cartilage of Rana esculenta 40
 35. Humerus of Rana esculenta (female) 41
 36. Do. (male) 41
 37. Do. (female) 41
 38. Radio-ulnar of Rana esculenta 43
 39, 40. Bones of the forearm and hand of Rana esculenta 44, 46
 41, 42. Pelvis of Rana esculenta 48
 43. Horizontal section through the iliac bones, etc. 49
 44. Femur of Rana esculenta 49
 45. Tibio-fibula of do. 50
 46. Section of the tibio-fibula 50
 47. Right foot of Rana esculenta 51
 48–50. Eye-muscles of do. 55, 56
 51. Skull and orbital cavities of Rana esculenta 57
 52. M. levator bulbi of Rana esculenta 57
 53. Eye-muscles of Rana esculenta 58
 54. Facial muscles of do. 59
 55. Muscles of the back and shoulder 60
 56, 57. Muscles of the lower jaw of Rana esculenta 61, 62
 58. Muscles of the throat, chest, and abdomen of do. 63
 59. Muscles of the hyoid bone and the tongue of do. 64
 60. Do. (from below) 65
 61. Do. (from right side) 66
 62. Muscles of the throat, chest, and belly of Rana esculenta 68
 63. Muscles of trunk of Rana esculenta (from the right side) 69
 64. Second layer of abdominal muscles of Rana esculenta, from right side and below 70
 65. M. obliquus internus 71
 66. Muscles of the back and shoulder blade 72
 67. Muscles of the back and pelvic girdle of Rana esculenta 74
 68. Muscles of the shoulder, from below 77
 69. Muscles of the right shoulder and upper arm 78
 70. Right shoulder, from below 79
 71. Muscles of the back and shoulder 79
 72. Muscles of the chest, throat, and belly of Rana esculenta 81
 73. Muscle of right shoulder and upper arm 83
 74. Muscles of the right arm of Rana esculenta 84
 75. Do. (deep layer) 85
 76. Muscles of forearm of Rana esculenta 86
 77. Muscles of hand of Rana esculenta, volar surface 88
 78. Second layer of muscles on volar surface of hand of Rana esculenta 88
 79. Muscles of hand of Rana esculenta 92
 80. Muscles of left thigh of do. 95
 81, 82. Do. (ventral surface) 98, 99
 83. Deep muscles of left thigh of Rana esculenta 100
 84. Do. (Dorsal view) 101
 85. Left half of pelvis of Rana esculenta 101
 86. Muscles of the right leg and foot of Rana esculenta (Dorsal view) 103
 87. Do. (seen from below) 105
 88. Do. (Dorsal view) 106
 89–‍91. Muscles of the plantar surface of foot of Rana esculenta 107, 111, 112
 92‍–‍94. Dorsal view of muscles of foot of Rana esculenta 115, 117, 118
 95. Pectoral region of Rana esculenta 119
 96. Hind portion of back and thigh of Rana esculenta 120
 97. The nervous system of Rana esculenta, from the ventral surface 136
 98. Dorsal view of brain of Rana esculenta 143
 99. Transverse section through hinder end of Medulla oblongata 144
100. Do. at the point of origin of the abducens nerve 145
101. Do. of the auditory nerve 146
102. Ventral view of brain of Rana esculenta 149
103. Lateral do. 150
104. Transverse section through the anterior portion of the optic lobes opposite the origin of the motor-oculi nerve. 151
105. Horizontal section through the brain to show the ventricles 153
106. Section through the lower division of the pituitary body 157
107. Transverse section through the hinder portion of the cerebral hemispheres 158
108. Transverse section near the middle of the cerebral hemispheres 158
109. From a transverse section through one of the cerebral hemispheres 159
110. Diagram to show the Vena spinalis posterior, etc. 164
111. Dorsal view of the orbit, etc. (deep dissection) (coloured) Plate I.
112. Do. (superficial do.) (coloured) Plate I.
113. View of roof of mouth; mucous membrane, etc. (coloured) Plate I.
114. Lateral dissection of head, etc. (coloured) Plate I.
115. Dissection of the floor of the mouth (coloured) Plate I.
116. Right half of skull of Rana esculenta 174
117. The nervous system of Rana esculenta, from the ventral surface 176
118. Ventral view of the brain and spinal cord, to show the points of exit of the spinal nerves 178
119. Ventral view of the spinal ganglia 179
120. Schema of spinal ganglion 179
121. Dorsal branches of the spinal nerves 181
122. The brachial plexus 184
123, 124. Nerves of the ventral surface of the arm 185, 186
125. The N. radialis 186
126. Ventral view of the brain and spinal cord 188
127. The sciatic plexus 190
128. Distribution of the sciatic nerve 193
129. Nerves of the leg and sole of the foot 194
130. Distribution of the N. peroneus 196
131. Sympathetic cord 198
132. The heart and blood-vessels, seen from the ventral surface 213
133. The heart, seen from above 214
134. The frog’s heart, seen from the ventral surface 215
135. Dissection of a case in which the auricular septum is placed more to the left than is normal 215
136. Dissection of the heart from the left side 216
137 I. Transverse section through the junction of the hinder and middle thirds of the ventricle of R. temporaria 217
137 II. Transverse section through junction of the middle and anterior thirds of the same heart 217
138. Portion of a transverse section through the middle of the ventricle of R. temporaria 218
139. Course of the cardiac nerves in the auricular septum 219
140. Group of nerve-cells on the cardiac nerve, from the auricular septum 220
141a. Small group of nerve-cells from the auricular septum 221
141b. Isolated nerve-cells from frog’s heart 221
142. Arteries and veins of the Truncus arteriosus of Bufo vulgaris 222
143. Schema of the arterial system of Rana esculenta 223
144. Right carotid gland 224
145. Arterial system of Rana esculenta 225
146. Transverse section at level of the larynx 226
147. Dissection to show the occipito-vertebral and the cutaneous arteries 227
148. Branches of the occipito-vertebral and cutaneous arteries in the head 228
149. Dissection to show the occipito-vertebral and the cutaneous arteries 229
150. Subclavian artery of the left side 231
151. Arteries of the palmar surface of the hand 232
152. Arteries of the dorsal surface of the hand 232
153. Arterial system of Rana esculenta 234
154. The urinogenital arteries 235
155. Bifurcation of the aorta and the iliac arteries 236
156. Arteries of the hinder extremity 237
157. Arteries of the dorsal surface of the foot 239
158. Arteries of the sole of the foot 240
159. Schema of the veins of Rana esculenta 242
160. Distribution of the internal jugular vein and the anterior portion of the cutaneous vein 243
161. The anterior caval vein and its branches 244
162. Course of the cutaneous vein as seen from the side 245
163. Veins in the region of the kidney 246
164. Veins of the liver 248
165. Veins of the hinder extremity 250
166. Transverse section of a septum with the attached skin 252
167. The sinus abdominalis lateralis 252
168. Sinus thoracicus transversus 253
169. The lymph-sacs of Rana esculenta (seen from the dorsal surface) 254
170. Do. (seen from the ventral do.) 256
171. Do. (seen from the side) 257
172. Transverse section through the trunk in the region of the iliac lymph-sac 258
173. Dissection to show the iliac lymph-sac 259
174. Plan of attachments of the inferior femoral etc. septa 259
175. Transverse section of the thigh 260
176. The anterior lymph-hearts 261
177. The posterior lymph-hearts 261
178. The roof of the mouth 276
179. The floor of the mouth 277
180. The capillaries of the submucous layer (coloured) Plate II.
181 I. Transverse section of the premaxillary bone, to show attachment of the teeth 279
181 II. Dentine and enamel 279
181 III. Enamel 279
182, 183. Muscles of the tongue 281, 282
184. The alimentary canal 283
185. The abdominal viscera of Rana esculenta 284
186. Longitudinal folds of stomach of Rana temporaria 285
187. The cells at the mouth of the gland of the fundus of the stomach. (coloured) Plate II.
188. The mucous membrane of the pyloric end of the stomach of Rana esculenta 286
189. Mucous membrane of the pyloric end of stomach and duodenum 288
190. Isolated fold of mucous membrane of small intestine of Rana temporaria 291
191. Fold of mucous membrane of Rana temporaria 291
192. The large intestine of Rana temporaria 292
193. Large intestine of Rana esculenta 293
194. The liver 295
195. The pancreas and bile-canals 296
196 I. The hepatic veins (coloured) Plate II.
196 II.
196 III. The hepatic arteries (coloured) Plate II.
197. Liver-cells 299
198. The bile-capillaries 299
199. The pancreas and bile-canals 300
201. The peritoneum of Rana esculenta 305
202. The position and relations of the larynx 311
203. The cartilaginous skeleton of the larynx 312
204. The larynx and surrounding parts 313
205. The muscles of the larynx 314
206. Three sections through the larynx of Rana esculenta 316
207. The Rima glottidis 317
208. The lung of Rana temporaria (coloured) Plate II.
209. The vocal sac of the right side 320
210. The thymus gland 321
211. The thymus gland of Rana esculenta 321
212. The thyroid gland of Rana esculenta 323
213. The lymphatic gland of Rana esculenta 324
214. The male urino-genital organs 331
215. The right kidney 332
216. The blood vessels and lymphatics of the kidney 333
217. Vertical sections through the kidney (coloured) Plate II.
218. The uriniferous tubes 335
219. A gold preparation of the kidney of Rana esculenta (coloured) Plate II.
220. Transverse section of the kidney 338
221. The bladder 339
222. The male reproductive organs 341
223. Various preparations from the testis 342
224. The female reproductive organs 344
225. Preparations from ovary and oviduct 346
226. The male urino-genital organs 348
227. The fat-body of Rana esculenta 349
228. The epidermis from the head of Rana esculenta 367
229. Vertical section through the skin of the back 368
230. Surface view of epidermis of Rana temporaria 368
231. Nerve terminations of the branched pigment-cells of the cutis 368
232. The temporary papillae in Rana temporaria 371
233. The epidermis of the supplemental toe of Rana esculenta 375
234 I. Fore-foot of a male frog 375
234 II. The swelling on the supplemental toe of a male frog 375
235. The blood-vessels and lymphatics of the skin 376
236. Lateral sense-organ of tadpole of frog 378
237. Various parts from the fungiform papillae 381
238, 239. Frontal sections through the nose of two tadpoles 384
240 I A. Bowman’s glands in situ from Rana temporaria 386
240 I B. Section of Bowman’s gland 386
240 II. Vessels of nasal mucous membrane of Rana esculenta 386
241. Separations from the olfactory mucous membrane of Rana temporaria 388
242. The tympanic membrane of Rana esculenta 389
243. The columella 391
244. Antero-posterior section through the capsule of the right labyrinth of Rana esculenta 392
245. The membranous labyrinth of Rana esculenta 394
246. Part of the outer wall of the perilymphatic space 395
247, 248. The right membranous labyrinth of Rana esculenta 397
249, 250. The membranous labyrinth of Rana esculenta 399, 401
251. Preparations from the ear of Rana esculenta 402
252. The nerve-terminations in the membranous labyrinth of Rana esculenta 404
253. Endothelium from the inner surface of the sclerotic coat 406
254, 255. Preparation from cornea of Rana esculenta 407, 408
256. The vessels of the choroid and iris 410
257. Fibres from the lens of the frog 414
258. Vertical section through retina of frog 415
259. Various preparations from the eye of the frog 417
260. The vessels of the vitreous body 421
261. Preparations from the nictitating membrane of Rana esculenta 423