TRANSLATIONS OF FOREIGN BIOLOGICAL MEMOIRS.
I.
The Physiology of Nerve, of Muscle, and of the Electrical Organ. Edited by J. Burdon-Sanderson, M.D., F.R.SS. L. & E., Waynflete Professor of Physiology in the University of Oxford. Medium 8vo., cloth, price 21s.
II.
The Anatomy of the Frog. By Dr. Alexander Ecker, Professor in the University of Freiburg. Translated, with numerous Annotations and Additions, by George Haslam, M.D.; and profusely Illustrated.
III.
Contributions to the History of the Physiology of the Nervous System. By Professor Conrad Eckhard. Translated by Miss Edith Prance. In Preparation.
IV.
Essays upon Heredity and Kindred Biological Problems. By Dr. August Weismann, Professor in the University of Freiburg-in-Breisgau. Authorised Translation edited by Edward B. Poulton, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., Tutor of Keble College, Lecturer in Natural Science, Jesus College, Oxford; Selmar Schönland, Ph.D., Sub-Curator of the Fielding Herbarium in the University of Oxford; and Arthur E. Shipley, M.A., F.L.S., Fellow and Lecturer of Christ’s College, and Demonstrator of Comparative Anatomy in the University of Cambridge. Medium 8vo., cloth, price 16s.
Oxford
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FOOTNOTES:
1 ‘I wished to furnish a manual so arranged that it might serve as a basis easily altered, pruned, or enlarged as the future might need.’
2 ‘In animals with warm blood the action of the muscles is neither so apparent nor so long continued as in those animals which have cold blood, such as fishes and many other aquatic animals, and those also which live both in water and on dry land. On this account I have made my investigations chiefly on frogs, for in them the nerves are very distinct, and are easily found and exposed.’ Buch der Natur, Leipzig, 1752, p. 330.
3 Leeuwenhoek, Arcana Naturæ III, epist. 65 ad Reg. Soc. Lond., p. 158.
4 It may be well to remind the reader that this introduction was written in 1864.
5 For purposes of comparison other than European frogs were examined, especially American species of Rana, for which I am indebted to the kindness of my much esteemed friend Agassiz. These were Rana Catesbyana, Shaw (R. mugiens, Catesby—R. pipiens, Harlan); R. sylvatica, Leconte; R. clamitans, Daudin; R. palustris, Leconte; R. halecina, Leconte. To these, however, no further reference will be made in the text.
6 C. Gessner, Thierbuch. Zürich. Fol., p. 157.
7 Leeuwenhoek, Arcana Naturæ, Vol. III of Ecker’s edition. Leyden, 1722. Epist. 65 ad Reg. Soc. Lond., p. 154.
8 Rösel, Naturgeschichte der Frösche Deutschlands, ed. Schreber. Nürnberg, 1815, p. 36.
9 The extreme sizes are much more pronounced in this species. I have never found R. temporaria of the size attained by large specimens of the water-frog.
10 Von Wittich, Müller’s Archiv, 1854, p. 41.
11 Lister, On the Cutaneous Pigmentary System of the Frog. Phil. Trans., 1857, p. 627.
12 Agassiz et Vogt, Histoire naturelle des poissons d’eau douce (Neuchatel, 1839), Pl. IV, mention that the colour of trout is very variable and that in shaded and deep-lying brooks and rivers a variety is found which is black.
13 Spallanzani, Versuche über Erzeugung der Thiere and Pflanzen. Leipzig, 1786, p. 5.
14 Rusconi, Développ. de la Grenouille. Milan, 1826, p. 6.
15 Annales des Sciences naturelles. Zoologie, IV Série, Vol. IV, 1855, p. 368.
16 Amtl. Bericht über die 24. Versammlung deutscher Naturforscher in Kiel, 1846, p. 141; Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1847, Vol. II, p. 341; Steenstrup, Oversigt K. Danske Selsk. Forhandlgr., 1846, p. 92.
17 Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1852, Vol. I, p. 14.
18 Annales des Sciences naturelles. Zoologie, IV Série, Vol. IV, 1885, p. 368.
19 According to Steenstrup, l. c., the size of the supplemental toe is in R. temporaria one-half and in R. oxyrhinus two-thirds of that of the next toe.
20 I do not find, however, that this disappears when the animals are on land; in fact I have animals before me in a glass in which it is plainly seen.
21 l. c., p. 15.
22 Annales des Sciences naturelles. Zoologie, IV Série, Vol. IV, 1855.
23 Wiegmann’s Archiv, Vol. I, 1844, p. 255.
24 Annales des Sciences naturelles. Zoologie, III Série, Vol. XVIII, 1852, p. 243.
25 Compare Müller, Zeit. f. wissen. Zoolog., Vol. IX.
26 Dugès, Recherches sur l’ostéologie et la myologie des batraciens à leurs différents âges, p. 116.
27 Bruch, Beiträge zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des Knochensystems. Schweiz. Denkschriften, p. 118.
28 Cf. Gegenbaur, (1) Über Bau u. Entwicklung der Wirbelsäule bei Amphibien überhaupt u. beim Frosch insbesondere. Abhand. d. Naturforsch. Gesell. zu Halle, vol. vi, 1861; (2) Untersuch. zur vergleich. Anat. d. Wirbelsäule bei Amphibien u. Rept., Leipzig, 1862. As regards the adult animal I can bear out Gegenbaur’s observations. The scope and limits of this book forbid me to go further into the developmental history.
29 Cuvier (Ossem. fossil., V, 2. 388) says that these little bones are fixed outside the nasal cavity, so that we may suppose that he confounded them with the nasal cartilages found in this situation. Dugès correctly indicates their position to be inside of the nasal capsule. Meckel (Vergl. Anat. II, 504) also regards them as nasal bones. Bruch (Würzb. naturwiss. Zeitschrift, vol. II, 1861, p. 213) could not find them in any frog-skull, doubtless because he did not look inside the nasal capsules.
30 This cartilage is the quadrate cartilage of Parker; others regard it as the upper end of the cartilaginous mandibular arch, of which Meckel’s cartilage is the lower distal part.
31 For os nasale, Cuvier (l. c., g), cornet (concha), Dugès, see cartilaginous nasal capsule, p. 27.
32 Dugès, os dentale.
33 Dugès, surangulaire.
34 Dugès, l.c., p. 61, regards the cartilaginous laminae as os episternale and proc. xiphoideus, and the two bones e.s. and h.s. (Fig. 24) as sternum.
35 l. c., p. 68.
36 Compt. rend. vol. XXV, 1847, p. 761.
37 Mertens, l. c.
38 Dugès thinks that os trapezoides is also included.
39 l. c., II, 464.
40 Meckel, l. c., II, p. 488, regards the cartilage in the tendo Achillis as such.
41 In the text these two cartilages are termed the ‘supplemental toe.’
42 Manz, Berichte der naturf. Gesellschaft zu Freiburg, 2 Band, 4 Heft, 1862, p. 391.
43 Compare Manz, l. c.
44 l. c., p. 4.
45 A second origin from the lower border of the mandible, described by Klein, is not to be found. The appearance is due to the exit of vessels and nerves from the groove between the mandible and the muscle.
46 Whether these muscles may be regarded as mm. interossei is open to discussion, as they appear to act more as mm. opponentes.
47 The sartorius has lately been used by Kühne in his researches on the nerve-endings in muscle and on muscle contraction without nerve supply (du Bois-Reymond’s and Reichert’s Archiv, 1859. Page 314).
48 Lehmann, Ueber den Knorpel in der Achillessehene des Frosches, Zeitschs. f. U. Zool. XIV, p. 109. (See also literature on cartilage, Sect. VII.)
49 Kölliker, Mikrosk. Anatomie, 1866, vol. II. 1, p. 247; Reichert, Müller’s Archiv, 1851, p. 29, Pl. I; Kölliker, Untersuchungen über die letzten Endigungen der Nerven in den Muskeln des Frosches; Leipzig, Engelmann, 1862.
50 Compare Klein, Beiträge zur Anatomie der ungeschwänzten Batrachier (R. temporaria, L.): Jahreshefte des Vereins für vaterländische Naturkunde in Württemberg, 1850, p. 72.
51 v. Kölliker states that the lumen is everywhere circular.
52 In these diagrams, from Ludwig Stieda’s Studien über das centrale Nervensystem der Wirbelthiere, the outline of the diagram is magnified thirty times, while the details are magnified eighty times.
53 Compare Ehlers, Ueber die Zirbel der Haifische, Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. 1878, Vol. XXX; and Balfour, Development of the Elasmobranch Fishes, chap. ix.
54 Wiedersheim states that the pedicle is hollow, and regards the part formerly known as the pineal body as a thickened portion of this pedicle.
55 Schmidt (l. c.) states that the epithelium of the central canal of the spinal cord is not ciliated.
56 These names are those adopted by Schöbl for corresponding vessels in the newt, the translator has accepted them as being suitable, with slight modification, to the vessels of the frog.
57 The branches of the vagus which are represented in this figure as crossing the petrohyoid muscles ought to be underneath them.—Trans.
58 The Gangl. coccygeum is in the urostyle.
59 Larger cells of deeper layer 80 µ to 90 µ in diameter, sometimes one or two as large as 0·1 mm. v. Lenhossék.
60 [Observers have differed considerably as to the relations of this nerve: Volkmann describes it as the first nerve of the neck, and describes a ganglion on its dorsal root; Vogt denies the presence of this ganglion, and regards it as a true cranial nerve; Stannius asserts that no ganglion exists, and holds the nerve to represent the first two spinal nerves; Wyman describes the two roots and regards it as a spinal nerve; Hoffmann regards this nerve as the second spinal (N. spinalis II); Fürbringer as the representative of two spinal nerves; de Watteville describes two roots and names it first spinal nerve.—Trans.]
61 As this muscle increases in size during the breeding season. it would be interesting to know whether a corresponding change takes place in the nerve.
62 The base of the ventricle measured, when distended, 8 mm. by 5 mm.
63 I have had opportunity of examining Mr. Marshall’s slides and have convinced myself of the correctness of his observations.
65 Mr. Hurst has noticed a frog (R. temporaria) in which the blood was perfectly colourless.
66 Gulliver, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1845, Vol. XIII, p. 93 seq.
67 Hewson, Phil. Trans. 1773, Vol. LXIII, p. 310 seq.
68 Fuchs, Virchow’s Arch. 1877, Vol. LXXI, p. 78 seq.
69 His, Virchow’s Arch. 1863, Vol. XXVIII, p. 427.
70 Arnold, in Stricker’s Handbuch d. Gewebelehre, p. 137.
71 Beale, Phil. Trans., 1863, p. 153, shows dilatations in his drawing, but makes no reference to them in the text.
72 The vascular supply of the mucous membrane of the dorsal surface of the mouth and oesophagus is shown (after Schöbl) in Plate II, Fig. 180, I. Arteries red, veins blue. II. in the same figure represents the dilatations on the capillaries; after Schöbl.
73 A transverse section through the mucous membrane of the fundus of the stomach of Rana esculenta is shown in Plate II, Fig. 187. Alcohol preparation, doubly stained with carmine and anilin blue. After Biedermann. (Obj. II, Syst. 7, Hartnack.)
| I. | Partial injection of the liver from the portal vein (blue): Rana esculenta.—G. H. |
| II. | Partial injection of the liver from the hepatic vein (red): Rana esculenta.—G. H. |
| III. | Complete injection of the liver from the hepatic artery (red) and from the portal vein (blue): Rana esculenta.—G. H. |
| A | Portal (interlobular) veins and their branches. |
| B | Hepatic (intralobular) veins and their branches. |
| C | Hepatic arteries and their branches. |
75 The nomenclature adopted is that of Henle and Hoffmann.
Two sections from the lung of Rana temporaria; stained with borax carmine.—G. H.
| I. | The lung dilated (Hartnack, Oc. I, Syst. 3). |
| II. | The lung contracted (Hartnack, Oc. I, Syst. 7). |
| A | Band of muscle cut transversely. |
| B | Band of muscle cut longitudinally. |
| C | Muscular layer of surface. |
77 Only winter-frogs were at my disposal (translator).
Portions of two transverse vertical sections through the kidney.—G. H.
| I. | Kidney of Rana esculenta, partial injection of the uriniferous tubes with silver nitrate (Hartnack, Oc. I, Syst. 7). |
| II. | Kidney of Rana temporaria, stained with borax-carmine (Hartnack, Oc. I, Syst. 7). |
Two portions from a gold preparation of the kidney of Rana esculenta.—G. H.
| I. | Showing the tendency to split into lobules. |
| II. | Nerve-fibres accompanying the blood-vessels. |
| a | Blood-vessels. |
| b | Nerves. |
80 From specimens collected in November.
81 Journal de Médicine, Vol. XI, p. 75.
82 Comptes rendus, 1851, Vol. XXXII, p. 582.
83 Untersuchungen über thier. Electricität, 1830, Vol. I, p. 17.
84 Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., 1852, Vol. V, p. 505.
85 Openchowski (l. c.) describes a basement-membrane.
86 Paschutin describes a basement membrane.
87 Tamanscheff and Schweigger-Seidel consider the anterior and posterior hyaline membranes to be composed of fine fibrils.
Return to transcriber’s notes
Spelling corrections:
brev → brevis
deltoides → deltoideus
Duges → Dugès
entricles → ventricles
evator → levator
Labratoire → Laboratoire
longitudina → longitudinal
Ponicaré → Poincaré
resistent → resistant
respectiveyl → respectively
Thanoffer → Thanhoffer
Tranverse → Transverse
Trevianus → Treviranus
Spelling inconsistencies:
Darmkanal/Darmcanal
maior/major
maius/majus
Monro/Monroe/Monroi
Entwickelung & Entwicklungsgeschichte (with and without initial capitals)
Return to transcriber’s notes