The Ancient Volcanoes of Great Britain, Volume 1 (of 2)

Vesicular structure, Lava from Ascension Island, slightly less than natural size

Elongation and branching of steam-vesicles in a lava, Kilninian, Isle of Mull, a little less than natural size

Microlites of the Pitchstone of Arran (magnified 70 diameters)

Perlitic structure in Felsitic Glass, Isle of Mull (magnified)

Spherulitic structure (magnified)

Micropegmatitic or Granophyric structure in Granophyre, Mull (magnified)

Ophitic structure in Dolerite, Gortacloghan, Co. Derry (magnified)

Variolitic or orbicular structure, Napoleonite, Corsica (nat. size)

Flow-structure in Rhyolite, Antrim, slightly reduced

Lumpy, irregular trachytic lava-streams (Carboniferous), East Linton, Haddingtonshire

View at the entrance of the Svinofjord, Faroe Islands, illustrating the terraced forms assumed by basic lavas

Sack-like or pillow-form structure of basic lavas (Lower Silurian), Bennan Head, Ballantrae, Ayrshire

Alternations of coarser and finer Tuff

Alternations of Tuff with non-volcanic sediment

Ejected block of basalt which has fallen among Carboniferous shales and limestones, shore, Pettycur, Fife

Effects of denudation on a Vesuvian cone

Section to illustrate the structure of the Plateau type

Diagram illustrating the structure and denudation of Puys

Section illustrating submarine eruptions; alternations of lavas and tuffs with limestones and shales full of marine organisms

Diagram illustrating volcanic eruptions on a river-plain

Diagram illustrating volcanic eruptions on a land-surface

Ground-plans of some volcanic vents from the Carboniferous districts of Scotland

View of an old volcanic "Neck" (The Knock, Largs, Ayrshire, a vent of Lower Carboniferous age)

Section of neck of agglomerate, rising through sandstones and shales

Neck filled with stratified tuff

Section of neck of agglomerate with plug of lava

Section of agglomerate neck with dykes and veins

Section of neck filled with massive rock

Successive shiftings of vents giving rise to double or triple cones

Section to show the connection of a neck with a cone and surrounding bedded tuffs

Diagram illustrating the gradual emergence of buried volcanic cones through the influence of prolonged denudation

Dyke, Vein, and Sill

Section of Sill or Intrusive Sheet

Ideal section of three Laccolites. (After Mr. Gilbert)

Diagram illustrating the stratigraphical relations of the pre-Cambrian and Cambrian rocks of the North-west Highlands of Scotland

Map of a portion of the Lewisian gneiss of Ross-shire

Section showing the position of sills in the mica-schist series between Loch Tay and Amulree

Sketch of crushed basic igneous rock among the schists, E. side of Porth-tywyn-mawr, E. side of Holyhead Straits

Section across the Uriconian series of Caer Caradoc

Map of the volcanic district of St. David's

Section showing the interstratification of tuff and conglomerate above Lower Mill, St. David's

Basic dyke traversing quartz-porphyry and converted into a kind of slate by cleavage. West side of Llyn Padarn

Section of well-cleaved tuff, grit and breccia passing up into rudely-cleaved conglomerate and well-bedded cleaved fine conglomerate and grit. East side of Llyn Padarn

Section of Clegyr on the north-east side of Llyn Padarn, near the lower end

Section across the Cambrian formations of the Malvern Hills, showing the position of the intercalated igneous rocks. After Phillips

Section across Rhobell Fawr

Section at the Slate Quarry, Penrhyn Gwyn, north slopes of Cader Idris

Sketch-section across Cader Idris

Section across the Moelwyn Range

Section across the anticline of Corndon

Structure in finely-amygdaloidal diabase lava, south of mouth of Stinchar River, Ayrshire

View of Knockdolian Hill from the east

Section across the Lower Silurian volcanic series in the south of Ayrshire (B. N. Peach)

Section of part of the Arenig volcanic group, stream south of Bennane Head, Ayrshire

Flow-structure in the lowest felsite on the track from Llanberis to the top of Snowdon

Section of Snowdon

Section across the Berwyn Hills. (Reduced from Horizontal Section, Geol. Surv. Sheet 35)

Section of the strata on the shore at Porth Wen, west of Amlwch

Section of intercalated black shale in the volcanic series at Porth yr hwch, south of Carmel Point, Anglesey

Green slates overlain with volcanic breccia, Carmel Point

Blue shale or slate passing into volcanic breccia east of Porth Padrig, near Carmel Point

Section of felsites in the Coniston Limestone group, west of Stockdale

Fine tuff with coarser bands near Quayfoot Quarries, Borrowdale

Diagram of the general relations of the different groups of rock in the Lower Silurian volcanic district along the western shore of Lough Mask

Veins and nests of sandstone due to the washing of sand into fissures and cavities of an Old Red Sandstone lava. Turnberry Point, Ayrshire

Ground-plan of reticulated cracks in the upper surface of an Old Red Sandstone lava filled in with sandstone. Red Head, Forfarshire

Section across the volcanic series of Forfarshire

Section across two necks above Tillicoultry, Ochil Hills

Section of the granite core between Merrick and Corscrine

Section across the three Dirrington Laws, Berwickshire

Section of Papa Stour, Shetlands, showing sill of spherulitic felsite traversing Old Red Sandstone and bedded porphyrites (Messrs. Peach and Horne)

Section across Northmavine, from Okrea Head to Skea Ness, Shetland, showing dykes and connected sill of granite and felsite (Messrs. Peach and Horne)

Section at the edge of one of the bays of Lower Old Red Sandstone along the northern margin of Lake Caledonia, near Ochtertyre

Craig Beinn-nan-Eun (2067 feet), east of Uam Var, Braes of Doune. Old Red Conglomerate, with the truncated ends of the strata looking across into the Highlands; moraines of Corry Beach in the foreground

Section showing the top of the volcanic series at the foot of the precipice of the Red Head, Forfarshire

Andesite with sandstone veinings and overlying conglomerate. Todhead, south of Caterline, coast of Kincardineshire

Section across the Boundary-fault of the Highlands at Glen Turrit, Perthshire

Section across the chain of the Sidlaw Hills near Kilspindie

Section across the Eastern Ochil Hills from near Newburgh to near Auchtermuchty

Generalized section across the heart of the Ochil Hills from Dunning on the north to the Fife coal-field near Saline on the south

Diagram of the volcanic series of the Western Ochil Hills

View of Cnoc Garbh, Southend, Campbeltown. A volcanic neck of Lower Old Red Sandstone age, about 400 yards wide in its longer diameter

Section of volcanic series on beach, Southend, Campbeltown

Section of the base of the volcanic series, Reclain, five miles south of Pomeroy

Section of shales and breccias at Crossna Chapel, north-east of Boyle

Section across the north end of the Pentland Hills, from Warklaw Hill to Pentland Mains. Length about five miles

View of the lava-escarpments of Warklaw Hill, Pentland chain, from the north-west

Section across the Pentland Hills through North Black Hill and Scald Law. Length about three miles

Section from the valley of the Gutterford Burn through Green Law and Braid Law to Eight-Mile Burn

Section across the north end of the Pentland Hills, and the southern edge of the Braid Hill vent. Length about two miles

Section across the northern end of the Biggar volcanic group, from Fadden Hill to beyond Mendick Hill

Section across the southern part of the Biggar volcanic group from Covington to Culter

Section from Thankerton Moor across Tinto to Lamington

Section across the Duneaton volcanic district from the head of the Duneaton Water to Kirklea Hill

Cavernous spaces in andesite, filled in with sandstone, John o' Groats Port, Turnberry, Ayrshire

Section of andesites, Turnberry Castle, Ayrshire

Lenticular form of a brecciated andesite (shown in Fig. 96), Turnberry, Ayrshire

Section across the volcanic area of St. Abb's Head (after Prof. J. Geikie)

View of terraced andesite hills resting on massive conglomerate, south of Oban

Section of lava-escarpment at Beinn Lora, north side of mouth of Loch Etive, Argyllshire

Section across Strathbogie, below Rhyme, showing the position of the volcanic band

View of Knockfeerina, Limerick, from the north-east—a volcanic neck of Upper Old Red Sandstone age

Section of the volcanic zone in the Upper Old Red Sandstone, Cam of Hoy, Orkney

Section of the volcanic zone in the Upper Old Red Sandstone at Black Ness, Rackwick, Hoy

Section across the volcanic band and its associated necks, Hoy, Orkney

Ground-plan of volcanic neck piercing the Caithness Flagstone series on the beach near John o' Groat's House

View of the escarpment of the Clyde Plateau in the Little Cumbrae, from the south-west

View of the edge of the Volcanic Plateau south of Campbeltown, Argyllshire

View of North Berwick Law from the east, a phonolite neck marking one of the chief vents of the Garleton Plateau. (From a photograph)

The Bass Rock, a trachytic neck belonging to the Garleton plateau, from the shore at Canty Bay

Corston Hill—a fragment of the Midlothian Plateau, seen from the north

View of Arthur Seat from Calton Hill to the north

View of Arkleton Fell, part of the Solway Plateau, from the south-west

Vertical sections of the escarpment of the Clyde plateau from north-east to south-west

Section of Craiglockhart Hill, Edinburgh

Section of the bottom of the Midlothian Plateau, Linnhouse Water above Mid-Calder Oilworks

Section of the top of the Midlothian Plateau in the Murieston Water

Section of Calton Hill, Edinburgh

Cliff of tuff and agglomerate, east side of Oxroad Bay, a little east from Tantallon Castle, East Lothian

Section across part of the Clyde Plateau to the west of Bowling (reduced from Sheet 6 of the Horizontal Sections of the Geological Survey of Scotland)

Diagram illustrating the thinning away southwards of the lavas of the Clyde Plateau between Largs and Ardrossan. Length about 10 miles

Diagram illustrating the thinning away eastwards of the lavas of the Clyde Plateau in the Fintry Hills. Length about 12 miles

View of the two necks Dumgoyn and Dumfoyn, Stirlingshire, taken from the south

Ground-plan of Plateau-vents near Strathblane, Stirlingshire, on the scale of 6 inches to a mile

Ground-plans of double and triple necks in the Plateau series, on the scale of 6 inches to a mile

Ground-plan of tuff-neck, shore east of Dunbar

Section across the vents Dumgoyn and Dumfoyn, and the edge of the Clyde plateau above Strathblane, Stirlingshire

Section through the large vent of the Campsie Hills

Diagrammatic section across the central vent of the Clyde plateau in Renfrewshire

Section across Southern Berwickshire, to show the relation of the volcanic plateau to the vents lying south from it

Section of south end of Dumbuck Hill. East of Dumbarton

Section across the East Lothian plateau, to show the relative position of one of the necks

View of Traprain Law from the south, a phonolite neck of the Garleton Plateau

Veins and dykes traversing the agglomerate and tuff of the great Renfrewshire vent

"The Yellow Man," a dyke in volcanic tuff and conglomerate on the shore a little east of North Berwick

Trachytic sills, Knockvadie, Kilpatrick Hills

Section across the edge of the Clyde plateau, south-east of Beith

Section across the upper part of the Clyde plateau at Kilbirnie, Ayrshire

Section across the upper surface of the Clyde volcanic plateau, Burnhead, north-west of Kilsyth

Section across the upper surface of the Clyde volcanic plateau at Campsie

Section across western edge of the Garlton plateau

Section across the Solway plateau

Section of volcanic vent at East Grange, Perthshire coal-field, constructed by Mr. B. N. Peach from the rocks exposed in a railway-cutting, and from plans of ironstone- and coal-pits

View of the Binn of Burntisland—a volcanic neck of agglomerate

View of part of the cliffs of vertical agglomerate, Binn of Burntisland

Diagram of buried volcanic cone near Dalry, Ayrshire. Constructed from information obtained in mining operations

Diagram to illustrate how Volcanic Necks may be concealed and exposed

Section across the Saline Hills, Fife

Section across the Binn of Burntisland, in an east and west direction

Section in old quarry, west of Wester Ochiltree, Linlithgowshire. Calciferous Sandstone series

Ejected volcanic block in Carboniferous strata, Burntisland

View of volcanic agglomerate becoming finer above east end of Kingswood Craig, two miles east from Burntisland

Alternations of basalt and tuff, with shale, etc., of Kingswood Craig, Burntisland

Section of the upper surface of a diabase ("leckstone") sheet, Skolie Burn, south-east of Bathgate

Section across the volcanic ridge of the Linlithgow and Bathgate Hills, showing the intercalation of limestones that mark important stratigraphical horizons

Section in Wardlaw Quarry, Linlithgowshire

Section from Linlithgow Loch to the Firth of Forth

Section across the Campsie Fells illustrating the contrast between the sills below and above the plateau-lavas

Section showing the position of the basic sills in relation to the volcanic series at Burntisland, Fife

Sills between shales and sandstones, Hound Point, Linlithgowshire

Section of Sill, Cramond Railway, Barnton, near Edinburgh

Intrusive dolerite sheet enclosing and sending threads into portions of shale, Salisbury Crags, Edinburgh

Intrusive sheet invading limestone and shale, Dodhead Quarry, near Burntisland

Spheroidal weathering of dolerite sill, quarry east of North Queensferry, Fife.

Two thin sills of "white trap" injected into black carbonaceous shale overlying the Hurlet Limestone, Hillhouse Quarry, Linlithgow

Dyke cutting the agglomerate of a neck. Binn of Burntisland

Boss of diabase cutting the Burdiehouse Limestone and sending sills and veins into the overlying shales. Railway cutting, West Quarry, East Calder, Midlothian

Side of columnar basalt-dyke in the same agglomerate as in Fig. 166

Dyke rising through the Hurlet Limestone and its overlying shales. Silvermine Quarry, Linlithgowshire

Junction of amygdaloidal basalt with shales and limestone, shore, half a mile east from Kinghorn, Fife

Columnar basalt, Pettycur, Kinghorn, Fife

Section across the Fife band of Sills

Section across the upper volcanic band of north Ayrshire. Length about four miles

Section showing the connection of the two volcanic bands in Liddesdale

Diagram to show the position of a mass of Upper Old Red Sandstone which has fallen into the great vent near Tudhope Hill, east of Mosspaul