The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Art of Paper-Making
Title: The Art of Paper-Making
Author: Alexander Watt
Release date: October 15, 2017 [eBook #55757]
Most recently updated: October 23, 2024
Language: English
Credits: E-text prepared by MWS, John Campbell, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made available by Internet Archive (https://archive.org)
The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Art of Paper-Making, by Alexander Watt
| Note: | Images of the original pages are available through Internet Archive. See https://archive.org/details/artofpapermaking00watt |
TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE
The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.
Some minor changes are noted at the end of the book.
THE
ART OF PAPER-MAKING
WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
Just ready. Fourth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Crown 8vo,
7s. 6d. cloth.
THE ART OF SOAP-MAKING: A Practical Handbook of the Manufacture of Hard and Soft Soaps, Toilet Soaps, &c. Including many New Processes, and a Chapter on the Recovery of Glycerine from Waste Leys. With numerous Illustrations.
"Really an excellent example of a technical manual, entering as it does, thoroughly and exhaustively, both into the theory and practice of soap manufacture. The book is well and honestly done, and deserves the considerable circulation with which it will doubtless meet."—Knowledge.
Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 9s. cloth.
THE ART OF LEATHER MANUFACTURE: Being a Practical Handbook, in which the Operations of Tanning, Currying, and Leather Dressing are fully Described, and the Principles of Tanning Explained, and many Recent Processes Introduced. With numerous Illustrations.
"A sound, comprehensive treatise on tanning and its accessories.... The book is an eminently valuable production."—Chemical Review.
Just Published. Third Edition, revised and much enlarged. 600 pp.,
crown 8vo, 9s. cloth.
ELECTRO-DEPOSITION: A Practical Treatise on the Electrolysis of Gold, Silver, Copper, Nickel, and other Metals and Alloys. With descriptions of Voltaic Batteries, Magneto and Dynamo-Electric Machines, Thermopiles, and of the Materials and Processes used in every Department of the Art, and several Chapters on ELECTRO-METALLURGY. With numerous Illustrations.
"Eminently a book for the practical worker in electro-deposition. It contains minute and practical descriptions of methods, processes and materials, as actually pursued and used in the workshop. Mr. Watt's book recommends itself to all interested in its subjects."—Engineer.
Just Published. Ninth Edition, enlarged and revised, 12mo, 4s. cloth.
ELECTRO-METALLURGY: Practically Treated. Ninth Edition, Enlarged and Revised, with Additional Matter and Illustrations, including the most recent Processes.
"From this book both amateur and artisan may learn everything necessary for the successful prosecution of electro-plating."—Iron.
CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON, 7, Stationers' Hall Court, London, E.C.
THE ART OF
PAPER-MAKING
A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK OF THE MANUFACTURE
OF PAPER FROM RAGS, ESPARTO, STRAW, AND
OTHER FIBROUS MATERIALS, INCLUDING
THE MANUFACTURE OF PULP FROM
WOOD FIBRE
With a Description of the Machinery and Appliances used
TO WHICH ARE ADDED
DETAILS OF PROCESSES FOR RECOVERING SODA FROM WASTE LIQUORS
By ALEXANDER WATT
AUTHOR OF "THE ART OF SOAP-MAKING," "LEATHER MANUFACTURE," "ELECTRO-METALLURGY," "ELECTRO-DEPOSITION," ETC., ETC.
LONDON
CROSBY LOCKWOOD AND SON
7, STATIONERS' HALL COURT, LUDGATE HILL
1890
[All rights reserved]
LONDON:
PRINTED BY J. S. VIRTUE AND CO., LIMITED.
CITY ROAD.
PREFACE.
In the present volume, while describing the various operations involved in the manufacture of paper, the Author has endeavoured to render the work serviceable as a book of reference in respect to the processes and improvements which have from time to time been introduced, and many of which have been more or less practically applied either at home or abroad.
The recovery of soda from waste liquors has been fully dealt with, and the details of several applied processes explained.
Special attention has also been directed to some of the more important methods of producing pulp from wood fibre, since it is highly probable that from this inexhaustible source the paper-maker will ultimately derive much of the cellulose used in his manufacture. Indeed it may be deemed equally probable, when the processes for disintegrating wood fibre, so largely applied in America and on the Continent, become better understood in this country, that their adoption here will become more extensive than has hitherto been the case.
To render the work more readily understood alike by the practical operator and the student, care has been taken to avoid, as far as possible, the introduction of unexplained technicalities; at the same time it has been the writer's aim to furnish the reader with a variety of information which, it is hoped, will prove both useful and instructive.
It is with much pleasure that the Author tenders his sincere thanks to Mr. Sydney Spalding, of the Horton Kirby Mills, South Darenth, for his kind courtesy in conducting him through the various departments of the mill, and for explaining to him the operations performed therein. To Mr. Frank Lloyd he also acknowledges his indebtedness for the generous readiness with which he accompanied him over the Daily Chronicle Mill at Sittingbourne, and for the pains he took to supply information as to certain details at the Author's request. His best thanks are also due to those manufacturers of paper-making machinery who supplied him with many of the blocks which illustrate the pages of the book.
Balham, Surrey, January, 1890.
CONTENTS.
| CHAPTER I. | |
| CELLULOSE. | |
| PAGE | |
| Cellulose—Action of Acids on Cellulose—Physical Characteristics of Cellulose— Micrographic Examination of Vegetable Fibres—Determination of Cellulose—Recognition of Vegetable Fibres by the Microscope | 1 |
| CHAPTER II. | |
| MATERIALS USED IN PAPER-MAKING. | |
| Raw Materials—Rags—Disinfecting Machine—Straw—Esparto Grass— Wood—Bamboo—Paper Mulberry | 9 |
| CHAPTER III. | |
| TREATMENT OF RAGS. | |
| Preliminary Operations—Sorting—Cutting—Bertrams' Rag-cutting Machine—Nuttall's Rag-cutter— Willowing—Bertrams' Willow and Duster—Dusting—Bryan Donkin's Duster or Willow—Donkin's Devil | 19 |
| CHAPTER IV. | |
| TREATMENT OF RAGS (continued). | |
| Boiling Rags—Bertrams' Rag-boiler—Donkin's Rag-boiler—Washing and Breaking—Bertrams' Rag-engine— Bentley and Jackson's Rag-engine—Draining—Terrance's Drainer | 29 |
| CHAPTER V. | |
| TREATMENT OF ESPARTO. | |
| Preliminary Treatment—Picking—Willowing Esparto—Boiling Esparto—Sinclair's Esparto Boiler— Roeckner's Boiler—Mallary's Process—Carbonell's Process—Washing Boiled Esparto—Young's Process—Bleaching the Esparto | 40 |
| CHAPTER VI. | |
| TREATMENT OF WOOD. | |
| I. Chemical Processes—Watt and Burgess's Process—Sinclair's Process—Keegan's Process—American Wood-pulp System— Aussedat's Process—Acid Treatment of Wood—Pictet and Brélaz's Process—Barre and Blondel's Process—Poncharac's Process— Young and Pettigrew's Process—Fridet and Matussière's Process | 53 |
| CHAPTER VII. | |
| TREATMENT OF WOOD (continued). | |
| Sulphite Processes—Francke's Process—Ekman's Process—Dr. Mitscherlich's Process—Ritter and Kellner's Boiler— Partington's Process—Blitz's Process—M'Dougall's Boiler for Acid Processes—Graham's Process—Objections to the Acid or Sulphite Processes—Sulphite Fibre and Resin—Adamson's Process—Sulphide. Processes—II. Mechanical Processes— Voelter's Process for preparing Wood-pulp—Thune's Process | 68 |
| CHAPTER VIII. | |
| TREATMENT OF VARIOUS FIBRES. | |
| Treatment of Straw—Bentley and Jackson's Boiler—Boiling the Straw—Bertrams' Edge-runner—M. A. C. Mellier's Process— Manilla, Jute, &c.—Waste Paper—Boiling Waste Paper—Ryan's Process for Treating Waste Paper | 80 |
| CHAPTER IX. | |
| BLEACHING. | |
| Bleaching Operations—Sour Bleaching—Bleaching with Chloride of Lime—Donkin's Bleach Mixer— Bleaching with Chlorine Gas (Glaser's Process)—Electrolytic Bleaching (C. Watt's Process)—Hermite's Process— Andreoli's Process—Thompson's Process—Lunge's Process—Zinc Bleach Liquor—Alum Bleach Liquor—New Method of Bleaching | 89 |
| CHAPTER X. | |
| BEATING OR REFINING. | |
| Beating—Mr. Dunbar's Observations on Beating—Mr. Arnot on Beating Engines—Mr. Wyatt on American Refining Engines— The Beating Engine—Forbes' Beating Engine—Umpherston's Beating Engine—Operation of Beating—Test for Chlorine—Blending | 101 |
| CHAPTER XI. | |
| LOADING.—SIZING.—COLOURING. | |
| Loading—Sizing—French Method of preparing Engine Size—Zinc Soaps in Sizing—Colouring—Animal or Tub Sizing— Preparation of Animal Size—American Method of Sizing—Machine Sizing—Double-sized Paper—Mr. Wyatt's Remarks on Sizing | 114 |
| CHAPTER XII. | |
| MAKING PAPER BY HAND. | |
| The Vat and Mould—Making the Paper—Sizing and Finishing | 129 |
| CHAPTER XIII. | |
| MAKING PAPER BY MACHINERY. | |
| The Fourdrinier Machine—Bertrams' Large Paper Machine—Stuff Chests—Strainers—Revolving Strainer and Knotter— Self-cleansing Strainer—Roeckner's Pulp Strainers—The Machine Wire and its Accessories—Conical Pulp-Saver— The Dandy-Roll—Water-Marking—De la Rue's Improvements in Water-Marks—Suction Boxes—Couch Rolls—Press Rolls— Drying Cylinders—Smoothing Rolls—Single Cylinder Machines | 133 |
| CHAPTER XIV. | |
| CALENDERING, CUTTING, AND FINISHING. | |
| Web-Glazing—Glazing Calender Damping Rolls—Finishing—Plate Glazing—Donkin's Glazing Press—Mr. Wyatt on American Super-Calendering—Mr. Arnot on Finishing—Cutting—Revolving Knife Cutter—Bertrams' Single-sheet Cutter— Packing the finished Paper—Sizes of Paper | 154 |
| CHAPTER XV. | |
| COLOURED PAPERS. | |
| Coloured Papers—Colouring Matters used in Paper-making—American Combinations for Colouring—Mixing Colouring Materials with Pulp— Colouring Paper for Artificial Flowers—Stains for Glazed Papers—Stains for Morocco Papers—Stains for Satin Papers | 165 |
| CHAPTER XVI. | |
| MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. | |
| Waterproof Paper—Scoffern and Tidcombe's Process—Dr. Wright's Process for preparing Cupro-Ammonium—Jouglet's Process— Waterproof Composition for Paper—Toughening Paper—Morfit's Process—Transparent Paper—Tracing Paper—Varnished Paper— Oiled Paper—Lithographic Paper—Cork Paper—New Japanese Paper—Blotting Paper—Parchment Paper—Mill and Cardboard— Making Paper or Cardboard with two Faces by ordinary Machine—Test Papers | 174 |
| CHAPTER XVII. | |
| MACHINERY USED IN PAPER-MAKING. | |
| Bentley and Jackson's Drum-Washer—Drying Cylinders—Self-acting Dry Felt Regulator—Paper Cutting Machine—Single-web Winding Machine— Cooling and Damping Rolls—Reversing or Plate-glazing Calender—Plate-planing Machine—Roll-bar Planing Machine—Washing Cylinder for Rag Engine— Bleach Pump—Three-roll Smoothing Presses—Back-water Pump—Web-glazing Calender—Reeling Machine—Web-ripping Machine— Roeckner's Clarifier—Marshall's Perfecting Engine | 184 |
| CHAPTER XVIII. | |
| RECOVERY OF SODA FROM SPENT LIQUORS. | |
| Recovery of Soda—Evaporating Apparatus—Roeckner's Evaporator—Porion's Evaporator—Yaryan's Evaporator—American System of Soda Recovery | 204 |
| CHAPTER XIX. | |
| DETERMINING THE REAL VALUE OR PERCENTAGE OF COMMERCIAL SODAS, CHLORIDE OF LIME, ETC. | |
| Examination of Commercial Sodas—Mohr's Alkalimeter—Preparation of the Test Acid—Sampling Alkalies—The Assay—Estimation of Chlorine in Bleaching Powder—Fresenius' Method—Gay-Lussac's Method—The Test Liquor—Testing the Sample—Estimation of Alumina in Alum Cake, &c. | 221 |
| CHAPTER XX. | |
| USEFUL NOTES AND TABLES. | |
| Preparation of Lakes—Brazil-wood Lake—Cochineal Lake—Lac Lake—Madder Lake—Orange Lake—Yellow Lake—Artificial Ultramarine— Twaddell's Hydrometer—Imitation Manilla from Wood-pulp—Testing Ultramarines—Strength of Paper | 235 |
| Tables.—Dalton's Table showing the Proportion of Dry Soda in Leys of different Densities—Table of Strength of Caustic Soda Solutions at 59° F. = 150° C. (Tünnerman)—Table showing the Specific Gravity corresponding with the Degrees of Baumé's Hydrometer—Table of Boiling Points of Alkaline Leys— Table showing the Quantity of Caustic Soda in Leys of different Densities—Table showing the Quantity of Bleaching Liquid at 6° Twaddell (specific gravity 1·030) required to be added to Weaker Liquor to raise it to the given Strengths—Comparative French and English Thermometer Scales—Weights and Measures of the Metrical System—Table of French Weights and Measures | 241 |
| List of Works relating to Paper Manufacture | 246 |
THE ART
OF
PAPER-MAKING.