I.—Dalton's Table showing the Proportion of Dry Soda in Leys of different Densities.
| Specific | Dry Soda | Boiling | Specific | Dry Soda | Boiling |
| gravity of | per cent. | points. | gravity of | per cent. | points. |
| solution. | by weight. | solution. | by weight. | ||
| 1·85 | 63·6 | 600° | 1·36 | 26·0 | 235° |
| 1·72 | 53·8 | 400° | 1·32 | 23·0 | 228° |
| 1·63 | 46·6 | 300° | 1·29 | 19·0 | 224° |
| 1·56 | 41·2 | 280° | 1·23 | 16·0 | 220° |
| 1·50 | 36·8 | 265° | 1·18 | 13·0 | 217° |
| 1·47 | 34·0 | 255° | 1·12 | 9·0 | 214° |
| 1·44 | 31·0 | 248° | 1·06 | 4·7 | 213° |
| 1·40 | 29·0 | 242° |
II.—Table of Strength of Caustic Soda Solutions at 59° F. = 150° C. (Tünnerman).
| Specific Gravity | Degrees | Per cent. of | Equivalent per cent. |
| (Water 1,000). | Twaddell. | Soda. | of 60 per cent. |
| Caustic Soda. | |||
| 1·0040 | 0·80 | 0·302 | 0·503 |
| 1·0081 | 1·62 | 0·601 | 1·001 |
| 1·0163 | 3·26 | 1·209 | 2·015 |
| 1·0246 | 4·92 | 1·813 | 3·021 |
| 1·0330 | 6·60 | 2·418 | 4·030 |
| 1·0414 | 8·28 | 3·022 | 5·037 |
| 1·0500 | 10·00 | 3·626 | 6·043 |
| 1·0587 | 11·74 | 4·231 | 7·051 |
| 1·0675 | 13·50 | 4·835 | 8·059 |
| 1·0764 | 15·28 | 5·440 | 9·067 |
| 1·0855 | 17·10 | 6·044 | 10·073 |
| 1·0948 | 18·96 | 6·648 | 11·080 |
| 1·1042 | 20·84 | 7·253 | 12·090 |
| 1·1137 | 22·74 | 7·857 | 13·095 |
| 1·1233 | 24·66 | 8·462 | 14·103 |
| 1·1330 | 26·60 | 9·066 | 15·110 |
| 1·1428 | 28·56 | 9·670 | 16·117 |
| 1·1528 | 30·56 | 10·275 | 17·125 |
| 1·1630 | 32·60 | 10·879 | 18·131 |
| 1·1734 | 34·68 | 11·484 | 19·140 |
| 1·1841 | 36·82 | 12·088 | 20·147 |
| 1·1948 | 38·96 | 12·692 | 21·153 |
| 1·2058 | 41·16 | 13·297 | 22·161 |
| 1·2178 | 43·56 | 13·901 | 23·170 |
| 1·2280 | 45·60 | 14·506 | 24·177 |
| 1·2392 | 47·84 | 15·110 | 25·170 |
III.—Table showing the Specific Gravity corresponding with the Degrees of Baumé's Hydrometer.
Liquids denser than Water.
| Degrees. | Specific | Degrees. | Specific | Degrees. | Specific |
| Gravity. | Gravity. | Gravity. | |||
| 0 | 1·0000 | 26 | 1·2063 | 52 | 1·5200 |
| 1 | 1·0066 | 27 | 1·2160 | 53 | 1·5353 |
| 2 | 1·0133 | 28 | 1·2258 | 54 | 1·5510 |
| 3 | 1·0201 | 29 | 1·2358 | 55 | 1·5671 |
| 4 | 1·0270 | 30 | 1·2459 | 56 | 1·5833 |
| 5 | 1·0340 | 31 | 1·2562 | 57 | 1·6000 |
| 6 | 1·0411 | 32 | 1·2667 | 58 | 1·6170 |
| 7 | 1·0483 | 33 | 1·2773 | 59 | 1·6344 |
| 8 | 1·0556 | 34 | 1·2881 | 60 | 1·6522 |
| 9 | 1·0630 | 35 | 1·2992 | 61 | 1·6705 |
| 10 | 1·0704 | 36 | 1·3103 | 62 | 1·6889 |
| 11 | 1·0780 | 37 | 1·3217 | 63 | 1·7079 |
| 12 | 1·0857 | 38 | 1·3333 | 64 | 1·7273 |
| 13 | 1·0935 | 39 | 1·3451 | 65 | 1·7471 |
| 14 | 1·1014 | 40 | 1·3571 | 66 | 1·7674 |
| 15 | 1·1095 | 41 | 1·3694 | 67 | 1·7882 |
| 16 | 1·1176 | 42 | 1·3818 | 68 | 1·8095 |
| 17 | 1·1259 | 43 | 1·3945 | 69 | 1·8313 |
| 18 | 1·1343 | 44 | 1·4074 | 70 | 1·8537 |
| 19 | 1·1428 | 45 | 1·4206 | 71 | 1·8765 |
| 20 | 1·1515 | 46 | 1·4339 | 72 | 1·9000 |
| 21 | 1·1603 | 47 | 1·4476 | 73 | 1·9241 |
| 22 | 1·1692 | 48 | 1·4615 | 74 | 1·9487 |
| 23 | 1·1783 | 49 | 1·4758 | 75 | 1·9740 |
| 24 | 1·1875 | 50 | 1·4902 | 76 | 2·0000 |
| 25 | 1·1968 | 51 | 1·4951 | ||
IV.—Table of Boiling Points of Alkaline Leys.
| Alkaline | Specific | Percentage of | Boils at |
| Ley. | Gravity. | Alkali. | degrees |
| Fahrenheit. | |||
| Soda | 1·18 | 13 | 217° |
| Potash | 1·23 | 19·5 | 220 |
| Soda | 1·23 | 16 | 220 |
| Potash | 1·28 | 23·4 | 224 |
| Soda | 1·29 | 19 | 224 |
| Soda | 1·32 | 23 | 228 |
| Potash | 1·33 | 26·3 | 229 |
| Soda | 1·36 | 26 | 235 |
| Soda | 1·40 | 29 | 242 |
| Potash | 1·42 | 34·4 | 246 |
| Soda | 1·47 | 34 | 255 |
| Potash | 1·44 | 36·8 | 255 |
| Soda | 1·5 | 36·8 | 265 |
| Potash | 1·52 | 42·9 | 276 |
| Potash | 1·6 | 46·7 | 290 |
| Soda | 1·63 | 46·6 | 300 |
| Potash | 1·68 | 51·2 | 329 |
V.—Table showing the Quantity of Caustic Soda in Leys of different Densities (Water 1,000).
| Specific | Soda | Specific | Soda |
| gravity. | per cent. | gravity. | per cent. |
| 1·00 | 0·00 | 1·22 | 20·66 |
| 1·02 | 2·07 | 1·24 | 22·58 |
| 1·04 | 4·02 | 1·26 | 24·47 |
| 1·06 | 5·89 | 1·28 | 26·33 |
| 1·08 | 7·69 | 1·30 | 28·16 |
| 1·10 | 9·43 | 1·32 | 29·96 |
| 1·12 | 11·10 | 1·34 | 31·67 |
| 1·14 | 12·81 | 1·35 | 32·40 |
| 1·16 | 14·73 | 1·36 | 33·08 |
| 1·18 | 16·73 | 1·38 | 34·41 |
| 1·20 | 18·71 | ||
VI.—Table showing the Quantity of Bleaching Liquid at 6° Twaddell (Specific Gravity 1·030) required to be added to Weaker Liquor to raise it to the given Strengths.
| Strength of Sample in 1/12°. | Required Strength. | Proportions Required. | |
| Given Sample. | Liquor at 6°. | ||
| parts. | part. | ||
| Water | 8/12° | 8 | 1 |
| 1 | " | 9¼ | 1 |
| 2 | " | 11 | 1 |
| 3 | " | 13½ | 1 |
| 4 | " | 17 | 1 |
| 5 | " | 23 | 1 |
| 6 | " | 35 | 1 |
| 7 | " | 71 | 1 |
| Water | 6/12° | 11 | 1 |
| 1 | " | 13½ | 1 |
| 2 | " | 17 | 1 |
| 3 | " | 23 | 1 |
| 4 | " | 35 | 1 |
| 5 | " | 71 | 1 |
| Water | 4/12° | 17 | 1 |
| 1 | " | 23 | 1 |
| 2 | " | 35 | 1 |
| 3 | " | 71 | 1 |
| Water | 3/12° | 23 | 1 |
| 1 | " | 35 | 1 |
| 2 | " | 71 | 1 |
VII.—Comparative French and English Thermometer Scales.
VIII.—Weights and Measures of the Metrical System.
(From the British Pharmacopœia.)
WEIGHTS.
| 1 Milligramme | = | the thousandth part of one gramme, or | 0·001 | gramme. | |
| 1 Centigramme | = | the hundredth | " " | 0·01 | " |
| 1 Décigramme | = | the tenth | " " | 0·1 | " |
| 1 Gramme | = | weight of a cubic centimètre of water at 4° C. | 1·0 | " | |
| 1 Décagramme | = | ten grammes | 10·0 | " | |
| 1 Hectogramme | = | one hundred grammes | 100·0 | " | |
| 1 Kilogramme | = | one thousand grammes | 1,000·0 | " | |
MEASURES OF CAPACITY.
| 1 Millilitre | = | 1 | cubic centimètre, | or the measure of | 1 | gramme of water. |
| 1 Centilitre | = | 10 | " | " | 10 | " |
| 1 Décilitre | = | 100 | " | " | 100 | " |
| 1 Litre | = | 1,000 | " | " | 1,000 | " |
MEASURES OF LENGTH.
| 1 Millimètre | = | the thousandth | part of | one mètre, or | 0·001 | mètre. |
| 1 Centimètre | = | the hundredth | " | " | 0·01 | " |
| 1 Décimètre | = | the tenth | " | " | 0·1 | " |
| 1 Mètre | = | the ten-millionth part of a quarter of the meridian of the earth. | ||||
IX.—Table of French Weights and Measures.
Kilogramme, 1,000 grammes, equals 2 lbs. 3¾ ozs. nearly.
Gramme (the unit) equals 15·432 grains.
FRENCH MEASURE OF VOLUME.
1 Litre (the unit) equals 34 fluid ozs. nearly.
LONG MEASURE.
| Mètre (the unit) | equals | 39·371 | inches. |
| Décimètre (10th of a mètre) | " | 3·9371 | " |
| Centimètre (100th of a mètre) | " | 0·3937 | " |
| Millimètre (1,000th of a mètre) | " | 0·0393 | " |
List of Works relating to Paper Manufacture.
"Practical Remarks on Modern Paper." J. Murray. Edinburgh, 1829.
"Manuel du Fabricant des Papiers." L. S. Le Normand. Paris, 1834.
"L'Industrie de la Papetrie." G. Planche. Paris, 1853.
"Die Fabrikation des Papiers." L. Müller. Berlin, 1855.
"Manufacture of Paper and Boards." A. Proteaux. Philadelphia, 1866.
"Manufacture of Paper." C. Hofmann. Philadelphia, 1873.
"Pflanzenfasir." Hugo Müller. Leipzig, 1873.
"Bamboo Considered as a Paper-making Material." London, 1875.
"Etudes sur les Fibres Végétales." Vétillart. Paris, 1876.
"Technology of the Paper Trade" (Cantor Lectures). Arnot. Journal Society of Arts, 1877.
"The Practical Paper-maker." J. Dunbar. London, 1881.
"Forestry and Forest Products." Edinburgh, 1884.
"A Treatise on Paper." R. Parkinson. Preston, 1886.
"Manufacture of Paper." C. T. Davis. Philadelphia, 1887.
"Manufacture of Paper." Tomlinson.
"Text Book of Paper-making." C. F. Cross and E. J. Bevan.
Articles on paper-making will also be found in the following encyclopædias, journals, etc:—
"Encyclopædia Britannica," vol. xvii.; "Encyclopædia Metropolitana," 1845; "Tomlinson's Cyclopædia;" "New American Cyclopædia;" "British Manufacturing Industries;" "English Cyclopædia;" "Encyclopædia Americana;" "Penny Cyclopædia;" Paper Makers' Monthly Journal; Paper Makers' Circular; Paper Trade Journal; American Paper Trade Journal.