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The Beginnings of Libraries

Chapter 25: INDEX
By Ernest Cushing Richardson
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About This Book

A scholarly survey traces how human societies recorded and organized knowledge, moving from mnemonic and pictorial systems through varied primitive repositories to more structured collections. It defines the library, outlines methods for investigating origins, and considers legendary and early cultural record forms such as quipus, message sticks, wampum, and pictorial chronicles. Chapters analyze the evolution of record-keeping, typologies and contents of primitive libraries, administrative practices, and the role of memory and material objects as repositories. The work finishes by examining the emergence of formal library education and research and includes bibliographic guidance for further study.

INDEX

  • A, 109.
  • Aalu, 128.
  • Abacus, 76, 98, 147, 148, 163.
  • Abbreviation, 83, 84, 85, 109.
  • Abbreviation of signs, 81.
  • Abel, 42, 139.
  • Abydos, 149.
  • Accumulation of experience, 5.
  • Actor, 67, 70.
  • Adam, 26, 39-40, 41, 42, 43, 46, 47.
  • Adamite, 25.
  • Administration of primitive libraries, 142.
  • Adornment, 162.
  • Agathias, 125.
  • Alcaeus, 125.
  • Aleph, 56, 109.
  • Alpha, 56, 109.
  • Alphabetical printed words as ideograms, 114.
  • Alphabetical writing, 61.
  • Ambrosia, 127.
  • Ampère, 98.
  • Amulets, 93-94, 116, 128, 132.
  • Animal libraries, 25, 160.
  • Annual records, 149.
  • Annual registers, 132.
  • Antediluvian libraries, 25, 42, 160.
  • Anthropology, 14, 117, 156-157.
  • Apocryphal libraries, 33.
  • Archaeology, 22.
  • Archival science, 152.
  • Archives, 18, 19, 125, 147, 154, 155.
  • Aristomache, 125.
  • Aristotle, 125, 156.
  • Articulate speech, 61.
  • Asclepius, 125.
  • Assyrian, 111.
  • Astrology, 28.
  • Astronomical observations, 133.
  • Australians, 107.
  • Babylonia, 28, 117.
  • Babylonian libraries, 44, 148.
  • Babylonian temple records, 123, 135.
  • Basketry, 147.
  • Basketry work, 146.
  • Baskets, 74, 75.
  • Battle flags, 78.
  • Beads, 97, 148.
  • Berosus, 44, 47.
  • Bibliography, 24.
  • Bibliotheke, 15, 16.
  • Bibliothèque, 16.
  • Bidder, 98.
  • Birch bark, 113.
  • Bird tracks, 101, 102.
  • Blankets, 113.
  • Body painting, 104, 105, 106.
  • Bones of sacrifices, 138.
  • Book, 20.
  • Book-jars, 127.
  • Book keeping, 20, 142.
  • Book of the Dead, 127, 130.
  • Book-pouches, 146.
  • Bookcase, 145, 146.
  • Books, 38.
  • Books of Hermes, 144.
  • Books of Thoth, 144.
  • Bookshop, 16.
  • Borneo, 82.
  • Bounty on scalps, 85.
  • Boxes, 146, 147, 148, 149.
  • Bracelets, 106.
  • Brahma, 27, 29, 30.
  • Brain, 65, 68.
  • Brain paths, 65.
  • Branding of cattle, 135.
  • Building, 17.
  • Bundles, 148.
  • Buried books, 128.
  • Bushmen, 107.
  • Business documents, 18, 19.
  • Business records, 15.
  • Cain, 42, 43.
  • Calendar skins, 113.
  • Calendars, 108.
  • Calumet, 162.
  • Cañute, 99.
  • Cardinal’s hat, 94.
  • Cartography, 155.
  • Cassianus, 45.
  • Cataloguing, 149.
  • Caves, 143.
  • Celestial tablets, 28.
  • Cell complex, 18.
  • Characteristic part, 83.
  • Cherubim, 43.
  • Chests, 74, 75, 145.
  • Child psychology, 10.
  • Child-study, 54.
  • Child teaching, 11.
  • Children, 23.
  • Children’s games, 23.
  • Children’s playthings, 129.
  • China, 93.
  • Chroniclers, 68.
  • Classification, primitive, 149.
  • Claw necklaces, 85.
  • Clay boxes, chests or jars, 19, 145, 146, 147, 148.
  • Clay tablets, 32, 148.
  • Clog Almanac, 95.
  • Coadamite libraries, 25.
  • Codexes, 19.
  • Collections, 17.
  • Collections of mnemonic books, 153.
  • Collections of sacred emblems, 127.
  • Collections of written records, 140.
  • Color symbolism, 162.
  • Columbia University, 151.
  • Comparative library science, 22.
  • Comparative mythology, 26.
  • Comparative psychology, 26.
  • Confucian books, 69.
  • Contracts, 132, 133.
  • Copies of necklaces, 106.
  • Counting house, 19, 92.
  • Creator gods, 27.
  • Crete, 84.
  • Cries, 10, 60.
  • Custom, 22.
  • Dances, 73, 74.
  • Darius, 93.
  • Deaf-mutes, 72.
  • Definition of the library, 159.
  • Delphis, 33.
  • Department records, 143.
  • Determinatives, 111.
  • Development of ideas, 10.
  • Dodona, 33.
  • Dog, 35.
  • Dramatic representations, 162.
  • Draped strings, 148.
  • Drum language, 99.
  • Earliest librarians, 142.
  • Earliest libraries, 142.
  • Economic records, 132, 133.
  • Eden, 43, 46.
  • Education, 3.
  • Egypt, 111, 117.
  • Egyptian hieroglyphics, 115.
  • Egyptian models of tools, 129.
  • Egyptian mysteries, 74.
  • Egyptian temples, 147.
  • Egyptians, 51.
  • Elysian fields, 128.
  • Engraving, 155, 162.
  • Enoch, 43.
  • Eudoxus, 125.
  • Eve, 46.
  • Evolution, 9, 22.
  • Evolution of language, 58.
  • Face painting, 105.
  • Family histories, primitive, 132.
  • Featherwork, 86, 162.
  • Fetish, 162.
  • Fetish collections, 88.
  • Fetish objects, 87.
  • Fetishes, 89, 132.
  • Field of library science, 3.
  • Filipino head hunters, 82.
  • Financial accounts, 132.
  • Finger-print records, 102.
  • First fruits, 123, 136.
  • Folded documents, 19, 147.
  • Folklore, 23.
  • Footprints, 101.
  • Foretelling, 13.
  • Fossils, 103, 106.
  • Fox, 34.
  • Fox’s brush, 85.
  • Genetic, 9.
  • Germ of the library, 140.
  • Gesture, 58.
  • Gesture language, 35, 37, 59, 60, 61, 72, 99.
  • Gesture records, 60.
  • Gesture signs, 112.
  • Gestures, 10, 34.
  • Girdles, 148.
  • Golden tumors, 124.
  • Graves, 132.
  • Greek mysteries, 74.
  • Greek temple treasuries, 120.
  • Hairdressing, 162.
  • Ham, 42.
  • Hand gesture, 59.
  • Handwriting, 36.
  • Hanno, 125.
  • Haoma, 32.
  • Happy hunting grounds, 128.
  • Head of cattle, 83.
  • Heap of pebbles, 97.
  • Heidrun, 30.
  • Heraclitus, 125.
  • Hermes, 157.
  • Hesiod, 125.
  • Hieroglyphics, 57, 144.
  • Historic libraries, 50.
  • Historical method of teaching, 10.
  • Homer, 70.
  • Horns on altars, 84.
  • Horns on men, 84.
  • Horses, painted, 109.
  • House of wisdom, 28.
  • Hunting trophies, 81, 82, 83, 84.
  • Hymns, 132.
  • Identification mark, 104.
  • Ideograms, 55, 99, 114.
  • Ideographic records, 114.
  • Iduna, 30, 139.
  • Image collections, 55, 116.
  • Image writing, 56, 103, 109.
  • Image, 124.
  • Imitation, 34.
  • Indians, 72.
  • Individual mark, 104.
  • Initiation ceremonies, 153.
  • Invention of handwriting, 58.
  • Inward books, 66, 71.
  • Inward handwriting, 66.
  • Inward record, 72.
  • Inward speech, 66.
  • Jackdaw, 34.
  • Jars, 32, 146.
  • Jewish oral tradition, 70.
  • Jewish temple, 120.
  • Jewish temple treasuries, 122.
  • Juno, 94.
  • Keeper of records, 142, 143.
  • Keepers of quipus, 153.
  • Keepers of the books, 143.
  • Kiowa, 108.
  • Knife-hilts, 95.
  • Knot amulets, 130.
  • Knot books, 93.
  • Knots, 162.
  • Knots for records or reminders, 130.
  • Knotted cord, 91.
  • Knotted measuring line, 94.
  • Koran, 27, 69.
  • Kvaser, 30.
  • Labels, 134, 149.
  • Labrets, 87, 162.
  • “Laid up”, 125, 136.
  • Land deeds, 134.
  • Language of the apes, 34.
  • Latest book not always best, 6.
  • Lawyer’s green bag, 146.
  • Lecturers, 70.
  • Leopard’s teeth, 103.
  • Leopard’s tooth necklace, 86.
  • Libraria, 15.
  • Librarians, priests, 144.
  • Libraries for paradise, 129.
  • Libraries for the dead, 116, 117, 127.
  • Libraries of the gods, 25, 27, 32, 160.
  • Library, 8, 19.
  • Library economy, 155.
  • Library research, 156.
  • Library school training, 1.
  • Library schools, 3, 151.
  • Library science, 4, 11.
  • Lightning calculators, 98.
  • List of arrows, 134.
  • Lists of cattle, 134.
  • Literary works, 19.
  • Liturgical rites, 73.
  • Living library, 105.
  • Local administrative records, 143.
  • Log line, 92.
  • Magic spells, 127.
  • Magical charm collections, 116.
  • Mail pouches, 146.
  • Manuscripts, 154.
  • Marbles, 98.
  • Marks, 106, 135.
  • Mathematics, 102.
  • Mead, 32.
  • Meal “before God”, 137.
  • Medical works, 149.
  • Medicine bag, 86, 87, 89, 116, 146.
  • Medicine man, 68, 142.
  • Medicine sack, 89.
  • Medicine temple, 92.
  • Medicine tent, 92, 132.
  • Medicine wigwam, 143.
  • Memory, 62.
  • Memory libraries, 36, 37, 53, 54, 55, 65.
  • Mendelism, 7.
  • Message sticks, 54, 91, 95, 132, 153, 146, 162.
  • Metal, 19.
  • Method, 22.
  • Methodology, 24.
  • Methods of research, 158.
  • Methuselah, 46.
  • Mexicans, 94.
  • Military records, 143.
  • Milk-stones, 101.
  • Minerva, 157.
  • Minstrels, 70.
  • Mnemonic collections, 116.
  • Mnemonic fringes, 93, 130.
  • Mnemonic libraries, 53, 54, 91.
  • Mnemonic objects, 90, 119, 126, 127.
  • Mnemonic records, 132.
  • Mnemonic writing, 53.
  • Models, 121.
  • Mongol libraries, 40.
  • Monuments, 22.
  • Moses, 43.
  • Mourning, 162.
  • Moving pictures, 100.
  • Museums, 79.
  • Mythologers, 32.
  • Myths, 157.
  • Natural image, 103.
  • Natural method, 11.
  • Natural object images, 101.
  • Natural relics, 138.
  • Natural stone forms, 107.
  • Nautical knot, 94.
  • Necklace, 103, 148.
  • Nectar, 32.
  • New York Public Library, 17.
  • New York Public Library school, 3.
  • Nick-stick, 95.
  • Nisibis, 44.
  • Noah, 26, 42, 43.
  • North American Indians, 107, 111.
  • Notch books, 91, 95.
  • Notch records, 95.
  • Object abbreviation, 82.
  • Object collections, 116, 119.
  • Object libraries, 53, 55.
  • Object record collection, 88.
  • Objects buried with the dead, 118.
  • Odin, 27, 29, 30, 31.
  • Odrörer, 31.
  • Old Testament, 69.
  • One book library, 17.
  • Onopides, 125.
  • Oracles, 33.
  • Oral speech, 58.
  • Oral verbal tradition, 69.
  • Origin of libraries, 133.
  • Ornament, 162.
  • Ornament a personal record, 129.
  • Orphic tablets, 128, 164.
  • Ownership mark, 104.
  • Painting, 162.
  • Palaeography, 152, 154, 157.
  • Palermo stone, 63, 134.
  • Pantomime, 61, 72.
  • Paper, 19.
  • Papyrus, 148.
  • Papyrus rolls, 32.
  • Paradise, 129.
  • Parrot, 34.
  • Patriarchal libraries, 25.
  • Patriarchs, 25.
  • Peace, 137.
  • Peas, 98.
  • Pebble records, 91, 97, 98, 163.
  • Pebbles, 147, 148.
  • Pentateuch, 69.
  • Personal adornment, 87, 132.
  • Peruvians, 94.
  • Petalian tablets, 128, 129.
  • Petroglyphs, 57, 108.
  • Philosophizers, 140.
  • Phonetic records, 52-53, 64, 122.
  • Phonetic signs, 112.
  • Phonetic writing, 51, 115.
  • Phonograms, 55, 99.
  • Phonograph, 158.
  • Phonographic records, 66.
  • Photograph, 158.
  • Pictographs, 99, 162.
  • Pictorial collections, 116.
  • Pictorial image record, 115.
  • Pictorial object libraries, 76.
  • Pictorial objects, 90, 103.
  • Pictorial writing, 56.
  • Picture book libraries, 53, 54, 100.
  • Picture books, 100.
  • Picture library, 113.
  • Picture writing, 53, 76, 100, 103, 111, 112, 114, 115.
  • Picture writing by successive pictures, 113.
  • Pictures, 121.
  • Pintadores, 105.
  • Plants, 25, 34, 37.
  • Playing of children, 98.
  • Political archives, 121.
  • Pottery marks, 101, 136.
  • Pouch, 98, 146, 147.
  • Prayer sticks, 162.
  • Prayers, 132.
  • Preadamite libraries, 25, 39, 40, 160.
  • Predynastic libraries, 53.
  • Prehistoric libraries, 50, 53, 161.
  • Prehistoric period, 50.
  • Prehistoric western Europe, 161.
  • Prehuman libraries, 25.
  • Prephonetic libraries, 53.
  • Priest-king, 136.
  • Priest librarians, 145.
  • Priestly collections, 116.
  • Primitive art, 14.
  • Primitive libraries, 14, 116, 159.
  • Primitive libraries, contents, 132.
  • Primitive picture writing, 107.
  • Primitive tribes, 161.
  • Primitive writing, 132.
  • Printed books in the Stone Age, 105.
  • Private library, 117.
  • Private record collections, 116.
  • Prophecy, 12.
  • Pseudepigraphic literature of the O. T., 160.
  • Psychology of children, 24.
  • Public documents, 18.
  • Public records, 117.
  • Pueblo Indians, 93.
  • Purse, 147.
  • Quillwork, 162.
  • Quipus, 54, 76, 91, 92, 94, 128, 130, 132, 146, 163.
  • Race history of man, 9.
  • Rebus, 100.
  • Receptacles, 145.
  • Reciters, 70, 130.
  • Record, 35, 60.
  • Record by primitive man, 161-162.
  • Record collections, 36, 138.
  • Record keeping, 35, 54, 61.
  • Record objects, 120.
  • Records of cattle, 134.
  • Reflection in water, 106.
  • Registry, 19.
  • Religious collections, 117.
  • Research, 157, 158.
  • Robes, painted, 109.
  • Rock carvings, 101.
  • Rolls, 19, 147.
  • Safety deposit, ancient, 120.
  • Sample record, 111.
  • Scalp belt, 85.
  • Scalping, 162.
  • Scalps, 82.
  • Schoolboy’s bag, 146.
  • Schools for library science, 4.
  • Schools in ancient India, 153.
  • Schools in Babylonia, 153.
  • School libraries, ancient, 121.
  • Science, 3.
  • Score, 95.
  • Scribes, 143.
  • Scriptoria, 153.
  • Sculpture, 103.
  • Seals, 101.
  • Secret languages, 153.
  • Secret libraries, 144.
  • Secret writing, 144.
  • Secular collections, 116.
  • Secular recorders, 149.
  • Seshait, 96, 157.
  • Seth, 42, 43.
  • Shadow, 106.
  • Shaman, 119, 143, 149.
  • Shelves, ancient, 148.
  • Shepherd boys, 98.
  • Ship’s figurehead, 101.
  • Shrines, 119, 145, 162.
  • Sign, 20.
  • Sign language, 162.
  • Signals, 162.
  • Signposts, 108.
  • Silhouette, 107.
  • Single book library, 21.
  • Single cell origins, 9.
  • Single word book, 21.
  • Sippara, 44.
  • Skin calendars, 132.
  • Skin marks, 106, 107.
  • Solon, 45, 125.
  • Soma, 30, 32.
  • Sound language, 59.
  • Sound records, 61.
  • Spoils, 78.
  • Stamps, 105.
  • Stenography, 81.
  • Stone, 19.
  • Storeroom, 127.
  • Story teller, 67.
  • Stringing together of records, 148, 149.
  • Study of beginnings, 5.
  • Sumerian, 52.
  • Sumerian hieroglyphics, 115.
  • Sumerian records, 134.
  • Sumerians, 51.
  • Sunburn, 107.
  • Symbol records, 121.
  • Symbolic emblems, 129.
  • Symbolic processions, 73.
  • Tablets, 19, 105, 123.
  • Tablets “laid up”, 121.
  • Tablets of destiny, 28.
  • Tablets of wisdom, 28.
  • Tabu, 120, 139, 140.
  • Tallies, 91, 95, 96.
  • Talmud, 27.
  • Tattooing, 104, 105, 162.
  • Temple deposits, 119.
  • Temple libraries, 142, 144, 149.
  • Temple schools, 153.
  • Temple treasuries, 120.
  • Temples, 142.
  • Thank offerings, 122.
  • Thoth, 27, 29, 157.
  • Tithe-tax, 124.
  • Totem poles, 162.
  • Totems, 104, 132.
  • Tracking of criminals, 102.
  • Tracks in clay, 107.
  • Trade-mark, 136.
  • Trailing, 102.
  • Treasuries, 78, 122, 146.
  • Tribal feasts, 138.
  • Tribal libraries, 144.
  • Tribal mark, 104.
  • Tribal meal, 137.
  • Tribal record collections, 116.
  • Tribal recorders, 130.
  • Tribal records, 68.
  • Tribal story teller, 119.
  • Trophy collections, 86.
  • Trophy necklaces, 86, 98, 106.
  • Trophy objects, 148.
  • Trophy records, 103, 133, 136.
  • Twig bundles, 98.
  • Twig records, 96, 97, 148.
  • Ulysses, 94.
  • Universe, 8.
  • University of librarianship, 155.
  • Ushabtiu, 130.
  • Vedas, 27, 29, 30, 69.
  • Vellum, 19.
  • Vishnu, 45.
  • Votive collections, 121, 124, 132.
  • Votive libraries, 125.
  • Votive offerings, 116, 118, 123, 127, 135, 163.
  • Wampum, 54, 96, 162.
  • Wampum belts, 91, 113.
  • War paint, 104, 105.
  • War trophies, 81, 84, 123.
  • Whole object records, 77, 82.
  • Wigwams, 132.
  • Wood, 19.
  • Wood cases, 147.
  • Wooden chests, 145.
  • Wooden models, 103.
  • Word, 20.
  • Writing, 60.
  • Writing ape, 36.
  • Written tablets, 70.
  • Xenocrates, 125.
  • Zeus as god of the storeroom, 126, 127.
  • Zodiac, 28.