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The Bitter Cry of the Children

Chapter 4: ILLUSTRATIONS
By John Spargo
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History - Modern (1750+)Parenthood & Family RelationsSociology

About This Book

The author documents widespread childhood malnutrition in urban poverty, linking inadequate and improper food to high infant mortality, chronic illness, stunted physical and mental development, school failure, and the burdens of industrial child labor. Based on investigations, observations, and contemporary studies, the work traces how early nutritional deprivation helps perpetuate poverty across generations and examines public and charitable responses. It presents statistical and case evidence and argues for societal measures—such as dietary standards, feeding programs, and childcare institutions—to secure early nutrition and improve long-term health and social prospects.

ILLUSTRATIONS

1. A Typical Scene Frontispiece
 
  FACING PAGE
 
2. Three “Little Mothers” and their Charges 1
 
3. Group of “Lung Block” Children 5
 
4. Rachitic Types 12
 
5. Babies whose Mothers Work 16
 
6. Police Station used as a “Clean Milk” Depot 35
 
7. Babies of a New York Day Nursery 39
 
8. Group of Children whose Mothers are employed away from their Homes 42
 
9. A Sample Report (facsimile letter) 46
 
10. Babies whose Mothers work cared for in a Crèche 53
 
11. A “Lung Block” Child in a Tragically Suggestive Position 60
 
12. A Typical “Little Mother” 72
 
13. A Cosmopolitan Group of “Fresh Air Fund” Children 94
 
14. “Fresh Air Fund” Children enjoying Life in the Country 117
 
15. Communal School Kitchen, Christiania, Norway 124
 
16. New York Cellar Prisoners 133
 
17. Little Tenement Toilers 140
 
18. Juvenile Textile Workers on Strike 147
 
19. Night Shift in a Glass Factory 158
 
20. Breaker Boys at Work 165
 
21. Home “Finishers”: A Consumptive Mother and her Two Children at Work 172
 
22. Silk Mill Girls after Two Years of Factory Life 184
 
23. A “Kindergarten” Tobacco Factory in Philadelphia 197
 
24. A Glass Factory by Night 204
 
25. A Free Infants’ Milk Depot (Municipal), Brussels 225
 
26. A Group of Working Mothers 231
 
27. A “Clean Milk” Distribution Centre in a Baker’s Shop 234
 
28. Packing Bottles of “Clean Milk” in Ice 240
 
29. “A Makeshift”: Hammocks swung between the Cots in an Overcrowded Day Nursery 245
 
30. Interior of the Communal School Kitchen, Christiania 252
 
31. Weighing Babies at the Gota de Leche, Madrid 257
 
32. Five o’Clock Tea in the Country 261
 
33. A Little Fisherman 268

Note.—I am indebted to Miss Marjory Hall of New York for the pictures of day nurseries and crèches; to Dr. G. W. Goler of Rochester, N.Y., for permission to use several illustrations of his work; to the Rev. Peter Roberts for the excellent illustration, “Breaker Boys at Work”; and to the Pennsylvania Child Labor Committee for several other illustrations of working children.—J. S.