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The Bitter Cry of the Children

Chapter 70: INDEX
By John Spargo
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History - Modern (1750+)Parenthood & Family RelationsSociology

About This Book

The author documents widespread childhood malnutrition in urban poverty, linking inadequate and improper food to high infant mortality, chronic illness, stunted physical and mental development, school failure, and the burdens of industrial child labor. Based on investigations, observations, and contemporary studies, the work traces how early nutritional deprivation helps perpetuate poverty across generations and examines public and charitable responses. It presents statistical and case evidence and argues for societal measures—such as dietary standards, feeding programs, and childcare institutions—to secure early nutrition and improve long-term health and social prospects.

INDEX

  • A
  • Aberdeen, underfed school children in, 272.
  • Addams, Jane, 148, 196.
  • Adenoids, 107, 296.
  • Adulteration of Food, 85.
  • Aikin, Dr., 130.
  • Airy, Dr., H.M.I., 112, 113.
  • Alabama:
    • Child Labor Committee, 142.
    • Child Labor in, 148, 149.
  • Alcoholzehntel (Switzerland), 254.
  • “Alfred,” History of the Factory Movement, 131.
  • Allentown, Pennsylvania, 183, 184.
  • Anæmia, 5, 83, 294.
  • Annual Register, 1792, 135.
  • Apprentices, pauper, 131–140.
  • Aristotle, 100, 125, 126, 127.
  • Artificial flower making, 146, 172, 173, 177.
  • Ashby, Dr. Henry, 18.
  • Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, 233.
  • Asthma, 164.
  • Asylums:
    • New York Foundling, 22.
    • New York Juvenile, 187.
    • Furnishing Child Labor, 198.
  • Atrophy, 21.
  • Augusta, Georgia, 150.
  • Australia:
    • Death-rate reduced in, 245, 247.
    • Women nurse inspectors in, 244.
  • B
  • Back Bay, Boston, 7.
  • Backward Children:
    • Become child laborers, 103.
    • Condition traceable to poor nutrition, 108, 278
    • Experiments in feeding, 115–116.
    • Improvement of, when properly fed, 276.
    • Injurious influence of, on other children, 102.
    • Investigation of, in California, 101–102.
    • Number of, in United States, estimated, 102.
    • Poor physique of, 100–101.
    • Results of feeding in England, 111, 273.
    • Results of feeding in France, 115.
    • Results of feeding in Norway, 115, 276.
    • Special classes for, 101.
    • Tend to become criminals and paupers, 104, 105.
  • Baillestre, Dr., 21 n.
  • Ballantyne, Dr., 9 n.
  • Beach, Dr. Fletcher, 108.
  • Beading slippers, 172.
  • Belgium:
    • Meals for school children in, 276.
    • Medical inspection in schools, 253, 276, 277.
    • (See also Brussels.)
  • Belgravia, London, 5.
  • Berlin:
    • Infant death-rate reduced in, 247.
    • School meals in, 274.
    • School sanatoria in, 255.
    • Still-births registered in, 52.
  • Bethnal Green, London, 5.
  • Beyer, Professor, 100.
  • Biddeford, Maine, 153.
  • Birmingham, England:
    • Board of Education, 112.
    • Feeding of school children in, 112, 113, 272, 273.
    • Infant mortality in, 26.
    • Blincoe, Robert, quoted, 132.
    • Blood poisoning, 223.
  • Board of Charities, New York, 83.
  • Board of Education, Birmingham, England, 112, 113.
  • Board of Education, New York, 65, 66, 73.
  • Board of Education, Sheffield, England, 110.
  • Board of Health:
    • As educational agency, 244.
    • Lawrence, Massachusetts, 39.
    • New York City, 299.
    • Rochester, New York, 28.
  • Board of Regents, 225.
  • Bootblacks, 184.
  • Boston:
    • Child-labor legislation in, 259.
    • Death-rate in, 7.
    • Physical condition of poor children in, 98.
    • Underfed school children in, 85, 89.
  • Bowditch, Dr., 98.
  • Bowel disorders caused by malnutrition, 82.
  • Brassey, Thomas, 201.
  • British Anthropometric Committee, 96.
  • British Interdepartmental Committee:
  • British Medical Association, 108.
  • Bronchitis:
    • Candy making predisposing to, 179.
    • Infant mortality from, 21.
    • Rachitis predisposing to, 15, 17, 298.
  • Browning, Mrs., 57.
  • Brussels:
    • Medical examination of school children, 253, 254, 277.
    • School dinners in, 276.
  • Buffalo, New York:
    • Child-labor legislation in, 259.
    • Underfed school children in, 83, 84, 85.
  • Bumbledom, British, 131, 134, 150.
  • C
  • Caisse des écoles, 278–286.
  • California, backward school children in, 101, 102.
  • Canning Factories:
  • Cantines Scolaires, 115, 249, 277–280, 282–287.
  • Cartwright’s invention, 126.
  • Charities, 234 n.
  • Charity:
    • Dangers arising from, 236.
    • Failure of, 54.
    • Important experimental work done by, 234.
  • Chicago:
    • Child-labor investigation in, 208.
    • Comparative death-rates, 5.
    • Physical condition of working children, 175.
    • School meals in, 273.
    • Still-births in, non-registration of, 12.
    • Stock yards, child labor in, 189.
    • Studies of Smedley and Christopher in, 100.
    • Underfed school children in, 84, 85, 89, 273–274.
  • Child Labor:
    • Backward children and, 103.
    • Census figures of, inadequate, 144.
    • Cheap goods and, 261.
    • Cost to society of, 194.
    • Dangerous conditions surrounding, 168, 175–181.
    • Domestic industry and, 127–129.
    • German legislation on, 257.
    • Immigration and, 214.
    • In Alabama, 142, 149.
    • In canning factories, 168, 169, 170.
    • In cigar and tobacco factories, 167.
    • In England and Scotland, 130–140.
    • In Georgia, 150.
    • In glass factories, 154–162.
    • In Illinois, 208.
    • In Indiana, 154, 155, 161.
    • In laundries, 168.
    • In Maine, 153.
    • In Maryland, 169–170.
    • In Massachusetts, 153.
    • In mines and quarries, 163, 167.
    • In New Hampshire, 153.
    • In New Jersey, 152, 154, 198.
    • In New Lanark, 134–135.
    • In New York, 141, 144.
    • In Ohio, 154, 159, 160, 162.
    • In Pennsylvania, 143, 144, 151, 154, 155, 163–164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 183.
    • In restaurants and hotels, 168.
    • In South Carolina, 148, 149.
    • In Southern states, 141, 142, 148, 149, 150, 151, 199.
    • In stores, 168.
    • In textile industries, 148–154.
    • In United States, 142, 143, 145.
    • In West Virginia, 166.
    • In wood-working industries, 168.
    • Industrial revolution and, 130–140.
    • Introduction of machinery retarded by, 203.
    • Machine age and, 129.
    • Machinery and, 202.
    • Moral ills of, 181–190.
    • Parental responsibility for, 205, 206.
    • Reasons for, 195–217, 305–306.
    • Synonymous with slavery, 127.
    • Unions opposed to, 193.
    • Unnecessary, 200.
    • Wages of adults affected by, 192, 194.
  • Child Labor Committee:
    • Alabama Child Labor Committee, 142.
    • National Child Labor Committee, 163.
    • New York Child Labor Committee, 169.
    • Pennsylvania Child Labor Committee, 144.
  • Cholera infantum, 21.
  • Cholera morbus, 21.
  • Christiania, school meals in, 115, 275.
  • Christopher, Professor, 100.
  • Cleveland, Ohio, underfed school children in, 85, 89.
  • Coe, Dr. Henry C., 300.
  • Colonies Scolaires, 254, 255.
  • Columbia University, 116.
  • Committee of House of Commons, 139.
  • Competition of children with elders, 192.
  • Consumers’ League of New York, 208.
  • Consumption:
    • Among children, 175.
    • Infantile mortality from, 21.
    • Leather work predisposing to, 178.
    • Miners’, 164. (See also Tuberculosis.)
  • Continuation classes, 241, 242.
  • Convulsions:
    • Infantile mortality from, 19, 21.
    • Rachitis predisposing to, 17, 298.
  • Cotton manufacture, see Textile industries.
  • Crèches, 50, 55, 221, 231–233, 242.
  • Crichton-Browne, Dr., 108.
  • Cronin, Dr. John, 109, 253.
  • Croup, infant mortality from, 21.
  • D
  • Dale, David, 134.
  • Dangerous occupations, 175–181.
  • Daniel, Dr. Annie S., quoted, 34.
  • Danton, quoted, 247.
  • Darlington, Dr. Thomas, quoted, 299.
  • Dawson, Professor, 195.
  • Death-rates:
    • Among English pauper apprentices, 134.
    • Birmingham, England, 26.
    • Comparative general, 6, 7.
    • Comparative infantile, 7.
    • England and Wales, 10, 11, 12, 13.
    • France, infantile, 21 n.
    • In Foundling Asylums, 232.
    • Of infants from specified causes, 21.
    • Of infants in Metropolitan Free Hospital, London, 7.
    • Of United States compared with England and Wales, 11–13.
    • Poverty’s effect upon, 5–7, 14–21.
  • Debility, infant mortality from, 21.
  • Defective children, 101, 111.
  • Defective hearing among school children, 107, 253.
  • Defective vision among school children, 107, 251–253, 281.
  • Democracy:
    • Education as safeguard of, 58.
    • Of birth and death, 8, 293, 294, 295, 296.
  • Dental examination of school children, 253, 255, 277.
  • Dependence of families on children’s wages, 207–210.
  • Diarrhœa:
    • Infant mortality from, 21.
    • Infant mortality from, among rachitic children, 17, 298.
  • Dixon, George, 112.
  • Doble, Mr. Roscoe, quoted, 39.
  • Dodd, Dr. F. Lawson, quoted, 303.
  • Dolphus, Jean, 50.
  • Domestic industry, children in, 127, 174.
  • Downe, Jonathan, quoted, 139.
  • Drysdale, Dr. Charles R., 7.
  • Dundee, underfed children in, 272.
  • Durland, Kellogg, 210.
  • Duruy, M., Minister of Public Instruction, Paris, 278.
  • Dyspepsia among glass workers, 60.
  • E
  • Eastport, Maine, 170.
  • Education:
    • Compulsory, 58, 280.
    • Improvement in, means of, 59.
    • Of backward children in special classes, 101, 102.
    • Of girls in continuation classes, 241, 242.
    • Of idiots and feeble-minded children, 101.
    • Of mothers by literature, 243, 245.
    • Of mothers by literature, cost of, 243.
    • Of mothers by school nurses, 242.
    • Of physically defective children, 101, 111.
    • Poor material for, 59–60, 276, 294.
  • Eichholz, Dr., 272, 291, 295.
  • Ellis, Mrs. Havelock, 30.
  • Elysée, Paris, 5.
  • England:
    • Alarm caused by infant mortality in, 9–10.
    • Comparison of physical development of children in, 96–98.
    • Feeding of children in schools, 109, 117, 272.
    • Infant mortality in, 9–10.
    • Laws regulating employment of married women in, 45.
    • Pasteurization of milk introduced in, 235.
    • Problem of poverty in, 63–64.
    • Regulation of midwives in, 224.
    • Underfeeding in, 297.
  • Epilepsy, 17.
  • Erfurt, vital statistics of, 7.
  • Etzler, J. A., 203.
  • F
  • Factory Act, first English, 136.
  • Fall River, Massachusetts, child labor in, 153.
  • Fancy-box making, 172, 174.
  • Fancy-slipper making, 172.
  • Felt-hat manufacture, dangers from, 176, 177.
  • Folks, Homer, 231, 306.
  • Fourier, Charles, 64.
  • Fox, Charles H., and Fox Bros., 50, 51.
  • France:
    • Caisse des écoles and their use, 278–285.
    • Cantines Scolaires, 115, 249.
    • Cost of school meals in, 283–286.
    • Crèches, 50, 55, 221, 231–233, 242.
    • Fresh-air outings in, 94.
    • Gouttes de Lait, 55, 235.
    • Infant death-rate in, 21 n.
    • Medical inspection in schools, 253, 256, 281.
    • Pensions to mothers, 229.
    • School colonies, 280, 281.
    • School funds, see Caisse des écoles.
    • School meals in, 277–280, 282–286.
  • G
  • Germany:
    • Child-labor legislation in, 257.
    • Death certificates in, 245.
    • Medical inspection in schools, 253, 255.
    • Midwives, regulation of, in, 224, 300.
    • School meals in, 274.
  • Gillette, Dr., 21 n.
  • Gladstone, Herbert, M.P., 271.
  • Glasgow, Scotland, underfed children in, 272.
  • Glassborough, New Jersey, 161.
  • Glass Manufacture:
    • Child labor unnecessary in, 200.
    • Children employed in, 154–162.
    • In United States, 154.
    • In Venice and Murano, seventeenth century, 128.
    • Machinery used in, 204.
  • Goler, Dr. George W., 22, 235, 304.
  • Gorst, Sir John, 27.
  • Gouttes de Lait, 55, 235.
  • Groszmann, Dr., 101.
  • H
  • Hall, Professor G. Stanley, 101.
  • Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, 138.
  • Henderson, C. Hanford, 229.
  • Heredity, 8, 9, 291–296.
  • History of the Factory Movement, 131.
  • Holiday Colonies (Switzerland), 254.
  • Holt, Dr. L. Emmet, 296–297.
  • Home employment of mothers, 33.
  • Home industries, children employed in, 171–174.
  • Hood, Thomas, 156.
  • Hornbaker, William, principal Chicago school, 84.
  • Hospitals:
    • Bellevue, New York City, 300.
    • Death-rate in Foundling, 232.
    • Filled by victims of childhood poverty, 24.
    • General Memorial, New York City, 300.
    • Infants’, Randall’s Island, New York City, 232.
    • Metropolitan Free, London, 7.
    • New York Babies’, inquiry in, 27.
    • New York Lying-in, 224.
  • Housing:
    • Among Italians, 78.
    • Among Jews, 25.
    • Infantile death-rate not lowered by improvement in, 26.
    • Relation of, to tuberculosis, 26.
  • Hrdlicka, Dr., 98.
  • Huddersfield, England, campaign of education in, 30.
  • Hungarians in carpet works, 178.
  • Hunter, Robert, 61, 62, 63, 65, 277, 286.
  • Huxley, Professor T. H., 77.
  • Hyndman, H. M., 271.
  • I
  • Iceland, loom used in, 126.
  • Ignorance:
    • A cause of malnutrition, 82.
    • Among factory girls, 31, 32.
    • Babies victims of, 27, 28, 29–32, 37, 39, 239.
    • Campaign against maternal, 30, 31, 240.
    • Often only one of poverty’s disguises, 37.
    • Remedial measures for, 30, 239–245.
    • Social need of protection against, 214.
  • Illegitimate children, death-rate among, 7.
  • Illinois:
  • Illiteracy in the United States, 143.
  • Imbeciles in English cotton mills, 134.
  • Inanition, infant mortality from, 12.
  • Indiana:
  • Industrial revolution in England, 130, 149.
  • Industrial Schools, England, 96.
  • Industrial Schools, New York City, 83.
  • Infantile Mortality:
    • Among Irish and Italians, 25, 26.
    • Among Jews, 25, 26.
    • Effect of improved milk supply on, 22, 23, 247.
    • Employment of mothers a cause of, 37, 38–44, 50.
    • From eleven given causes, 21.
    • Ignorance of mothers a cause of, 27, 28, 29–32, 37, 39, 239.
    • In England and Wales, 9–12.
    • In United States, 11–13.
    • Lowered in siege of Paris and Lancashire cotton famine, 43, 44.
    • Malnutrition principal cause of, 26, 27.
    • Not affected by sanitary improvements, 26.
    • Proportion of, due to poverty, 20.
    • Proportion of, due to socially preventable causes, 13, 21.
    • Reduced in Australia, Berlin, and Rochester, 247.
    • Relative, among rich and poor, 7.
    • Still-births and, 52.
  • Intemperance:
    • As a cause of child labor, 210, 211.
    • Employment of married women due to, 34.
    • Malnutrition as a cause of, 90.
  • Inter-Departmental Committee, see British Interdepartmental Committee.
  • Irish:
    • Infantile mortality among, 26.
    • Underfed school children among, 26.
  • Italians:
    • Child labor among, 199.
    • Housing among, 78.
    • Infant mortality among, 26.
    • Underfed children among, 71, 78.
  • Italy:
    • Feeding of school children in, 248, 249, 274, 287–290.
    • Medical attendance free in, 275.
    • Medical inspection in schools, 253.
  • J
  • Jenner, Sir William, 16.
  • Jevons, Professor W. S., 38.
  • Jews:
    • Bad housing among, 25.
    • Mortality of infants among, 25.
  • Juvenile delinquents, 187–189.
  • K
  • Keen, Dr. W. W., 98.
  • Kelley, Mrs. Florence, 160, 162.
  • Kensington Labor Lyceum, Philadelphia, 151.
  • Kilham, Dr. Eleanor B., 301, 302.
  • Kline, Professor, 105.
  • Knopf, Dr. S. A., 26.
  • L
  • Laissez faire, 136, 141.
  • Lancashire, England, cotton famine, 44, 51.
  • Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 184.
  • La Revolté, 147.
  • Laryngismus Stridulus, 298.
  • Lawrence, Massachusetts, child labor in, 153.
  • Lead poisoning, 179.
  • Lechstrecker, Dr. H. M., 83.
  • Legislation:
    • Alabama Child Labor Committee and, 142.
    • Artificial infant foods should be subject to, 245–246.
    • Child labor, suggested, 256–260. (See also Child Labor.)
    • Factory acts, first British, 136.
    • Feeding of school children matter for, 271, 272, 279, 280.
    • German child labor, 257.
    • Interest of society to protect children by, 191, 305–306.
    • Manufacturers’ Record on child labor, 142.
    • Midwifery, regulation of, by, 222, 225, 299, 300, 301.
    • Relating to employment of mothers near childbirth, 44, 45, 49, 227, 230.
    • Relating to street trades, 258, 259.
    • Ten Hours’ Bill in England, 137, 139.
    • United States in need of further, 257–260.
  • Leipzic, physique of school children in, 96.
  • Little Mothers:
    • Among Italians, 78.
    • A social menace, 38.
    • Responsible for much infant mortality, 38, 39, 44.
  • Litton Mill, 133.
  • London:
    • Death-rate of infants in, 7.
    • Death-rates of Belgravia and Bethnal Green, 5.
    • Obstetrical Society of, 294, 295.
    • Physical degeneration among school children in, 291–293.
    • Special school for defective children, 111.
    • Underfeeding of children in, 272.
  • Los Angeles, California, underfed school children in, 85.
  • Lovejoy, Owen R., 158, 161.
  • Lowe, David, 218.
  • Lubec, Maine, 170.
  • M
  • McKelway, Dr., 148, 199.
  • Maine, canning factories, 170.
  • Malins, Dr. Edward, 294.
  • Manchester, England, epidemic in, 135.
  • Manchester, New Hampshire, 153.
  • Manufacturers’ Record on child-labor legislation, 142.
  • Marasmus, 297.
  • Married Women, Employment of:
    • Away from homes, 33, 34, 37–44.
    • Census returns of, inadequate, 32, 33.
    • Daniel, Dr. Annie S., on, 34.
    • Evil results of, 32, 35–51.
    • Infantile mortality caused by, 37, 38–44, 50.
    • In home industries, 33, 34–37.
    • Jevons, Professor W. S., on, 38.
    • Legislation relating to, 44, 45, 49, 227, 230.
    • Wages of married women workers, 31, 32, 34.
  • Maryland, 169.
  • Maxwell, Dr. W. H., 64.
  • Measles, 17–21, 298.
  • Medical Inspection in Schools:
  • Ménilmontant, Paris, death-rate in, 5.
  • Messengers, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189.
  • Midwives:
    • Inefficiency of, 53, 300.
    • Maternal deaths due to, 300.
    • Still-births due to ignorance of, 53.
    • Supervision of, needed, 222–226, 299, 300, 301.
  • Milk:
  • Minnesota, investigation of school children in, 281.
  • Minnesota State Public School, at Owatonna, 120, 121.
  • Minotola, New Jersey, strike of glass-blowers in, 198.
  • Monroe, Professor W. S., 101, 102.
  • Montgomery, Alabama, 149.
  • Montmartre, Paris, 279, 280, 282.
  • Morris, William, 126.
  • Moscow, 96.
  • “Mother” Mary Jones, 151.
  • Mt. Carbon, West Virginia, 166.
  • Mundella, Mr., M.P., 108, 109.
  • Municipal Milk Depots:
  • Murphy, Edward Gardner, 148.
  • N
  • Nathan, Mrs. Frederick, 208.
  • National Child Labor Committee, 163.
  • New Jersey:
    • Child-labor investigation in, 210.
    • Child-labor law, 1904, 210.
    • Glass manufacture, 154.
    • Glass manufacture, children employed in, 154, 159, 161, 162.
    • Orphan Asylum children employed in, 198.
  • New Lanark, Scotland, 134.
  • Newsboys, 184, 185, 187, 188, 258.
  • New York City:
    • Child-labor legislation in, 258.
    • Estimated number of children in, 61.
    • Foundling Asylum in, 22.
    • Home factories in, 33–37, 173.
    • Medical inspection in schools of, 107, 109, 253, 281.
    • School nurses in, 242.
    • Still-births in, 52.
    • Underfed school children in, 61, 64–83, 90–95.
  • New York Child Labor Committee, 169.
  • New York County Medical Association, 224.
  • New York Foundling Asylum, 22.
  • New York State:
    • Canning factories in, 169.
    • Carpet factories in, 178.
    • Child labor in, 141.
    • Child-labor investigation in, 210.
    • Child-labor legislation in, 258.
    • Midwives, regulation of, 223, 299.
    • Number of children of school age not attending school in, 144.
  • Nibecker, Mr., Supt. House of Refuge, Pennsylvania, 187.
  • Nichols, Mr. Francis H., 210.
  • Norway:
    • Backward children in, 115, 276.
    • Excursions for school children, 275.
    • Meals for school children, 114, 115, 275, 276.
    • Medical inspection of school children in, 109, 253, 254.
    • School sanatoria, 254.
    • Special dietary for weak children, 115, 254.
  • Notes and authorities, 307–323.
  • Nottingham, England, 132.
  • O
  • Oastler, Richard, M.P., 137.
  • Obstetrical Society of London, 294, 295.
  • Ohio, child labor in, 154, 159, 160, 162.
    • Glass manufacture in, 154.
  • Oneida, New York, 169.
  • Orphan children compelled to work, 162, 198.
  • Owatonna, Minnesota, 120, 121.
  • Owen, Robert, 134, 135, 153, 165.
  • Oxford, Maryland, 169.
  • P
  • Paralysis, 178.
  • Paris:
    • Caisse des écoles, 278–282, 283, 284.
    • Cantines Scolaires, 115, 249, 277–287.
    • Death-rates in Elysée and Ménilmontant, 5.
    • Infant mortality during siege of, 43, 44, 51.
    • Medical inspection in schools of, 109.
    • Underfeeding and dulness, 109.
  • Parsons, Mrs. Elsie Clews, 239.
  • Pasteurization of Milk:
    • In New York City, 29, 234, 236.
    • In New York Foundling Asylum, 22.
    • In Rochester, New York, 22, 23, 235, 236, 238.
    • In St. Helen’s, Lancashire, England, 235.
    • Renders digestion difficult, 305.
    • Scorbutus caused by, 304.
    • Unnecessary, 235.
  • Patent Infant Foods:
    • Dangers arising from, 28.
    • Federal supervision of manufacture and sale of, 245.
  • Paterson, New Jersey, 152.
  • Paton, Dr. Noel, 9 n.
  • Pauper apprentices in England, 131–136, 150, 162.
  • Peek, Sir Henry, 109.
  • Peel, Sir Robert, 136.
  • Pennsylvania:
    • Cigarmakers’ Union and child labor in, 193.
    • Employment of children in cigar factories in, 167, 168.
    • Employment of children in glass factories, 154, 155, 159.
    • Employment of children in mines, 163.
    • Investigation by Child Labor Commissioner of, 144.
    • Investigation of reasons for employment of children, 210.
    • Orphan children employed in, 198.
  • Pertussis, 298.
  • Philadelphia:
    • Employment of children in, 144, 151.
    • Still-births formerly not registered, 12.
    • Underfed children in, 85.
  • Phosphor poisoning, 179.
  • Physical Condition of Poor Children:
    • Accountable for educational failures, 100.
    • Inferior to richer children, 96–98.
    • Investigations in Chicago of, 175.
    • Investigations in England of, 10, 108, 291.
    • Malnutrition responsible for, 106.
    • Report of Royal Commission on Physical Training (Scotland) on, 98, 99.
    • Responsible for criminality, 105–108.
    • (See also Underfeeding and Poverty.)
  • Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, 168.
  • Pittston, Pennsylvania, 143, 163.
  • Playfair, Dr., 7.
  • Pneumonia:
    • Infant mortality from, 21.
    • Porter, Dr., 98, 100.
    • Rachitis predisposing to, 17.
  • Poverty, 277.
  • Poverty:
    • Children in United States victims of, 61, 63, 117–124.
    • Cost to society of, 23, 24.
    • Educational failures largely due to, 60, 100–105, 279.
    • Effect upon infantile mortality of, 13, 19, 20, 21, 23.
    • Estimated number of persons in United States in, 61, 63.
    • Mortality from convulsions, measles, and rickets increased by, 17–19.
    • Most heavily felt by children, 1–3, 61.
    • Proportion of still-births due to, 52.
    • Reason for child labor, 206–213.
    • Relation to death and disease, 14–24.
  • Prisons:
    • And child labor, 194.
    • Filled by victims of poverty, 24.
  • Q
  • Quarries, child labor in, 163.
  • Quinlin, Dr. Francis, 301.
  • R
  • Rachitis, 5, 15–18, 78, 175, 294, 297, 298.
  • Reclus, Élie, 44.
  • Reformatories and child labor, 162, 194.
  • Reformatories filled by victims of poverty, 24.
  • Reggia Emilia, Italy, 274.
  • Report on Physical Training (Scotland), 98, 99.
  • Rickets, see Rachitis.
  • Roberts, Dr. Charles W., 96, 98.
  • Roberts, Rev. Peter, 183.
  • Rochester, New York:
  • Rousden, England, 109.
  • Rowntree, B. S., 98.
  • Ruskin, John, 191.
  • Ryan, Charles L., School Principal, Buffalo, New York, 83.
  • S
  • Sadler, Michael, M.P., 137, 138.
  • Salvation Army, 68, 73, 94.
  • San Remo, Italy, 274.
  • School Children:
    • Defective hearing among, 107.
    • Defective vision among, 107, 251–253, 281.
    • Meals furnished to, in Belgium, 254, 276.
    • Meals furnished to, in Chicago, 84, 85, 273.
    • Meals furnished to, in England, 109–115, 272–273.
    • Meals furnished to, in France, 115, 249, 277–280, 282–286.
    • Meals furnished to, in Germany, 274.
    • Meals furnished to, in Italy, 248, 274, 287–290.
    • Meals furnished to, in New York, 116, 117.
    • Meals furnished to, in Norway, 114, 115, 254, 275.
    • Meals furnished to, in Switzerland, 254, 277, 278.
    • Medical inspection of, 107–110, 198, 253–254, 275–277, 280–281.
    • Physical condition of, investigated, 96–101, 107–110.
    • Physical deterioration of, in England, 292–296.
    • Underfeeding of, see Underfeeding.
    • Venereal diseases among industrial, 184, 185.
  • School colonies, 254, 255, 281.
  • School funds, see Caisse des écoles.
  • School Sanatoria, 254.
  • Schools, see School Children.
  • Scorbutus, 304.
  • Scotland, Report on Physical Training in, 98, 99.
  • Sheffield School Board, 110.
  • Shuttleworth, Dr. D. E., 108.
  • Slavs in carpet factories, 178.
  • Slavs in child labor, 212.
  • Sloan, Mr., Supt. John Worthy School, Chicago, 184.
  • Smedley, Professor, 100.
  • Smith, Mrs. Watt, 304.
  • Soap manufacture, dangers of, 176.
  • Social Democratic Federation, 110.
  • Socialism, 220, 221.
  • Socialist control of French municipalities, 233.
  • Socialist programmes, 221, 271, 276.
  • Sophocles, quoted, 123.
  • South Carolina, child labor in, 148, 149, 199.
  • Southern States:
    • Child labor in, 141, 148–151.
    • Industrial revival in, 149.
  • Speyer School, Columbia University, 116.
  • State Charities Aid Association, 233.
  • Steubenville, Ohio, 162.
  • Still-births, 12, 51, 52, 53, 233.
  • St. Helen’s, Lancashire, England, 235.
  • St. Louis, Missouri:
    • Studies by Dr. Porter in, 98, 100.
    • Underfed school children in, 89.
  • Stockholm, physique of school children in, 96.
  • Straus milk depots, see Milk.
  • Straus, Nathan, 29, 234, 236.
  • Street Trades:
    • Legislation for, 258–259.
    • Perils to children in, 184–188.
    • Venereal diseases among children in, 184, 185.
  • Sweat shops, 171.
  • Switzerland:
    • Alcoholzehntel, 254.
    • Country homes for school children in, 280.
    • Holiday colonies for school children in, 254.
    • Legislation upon employment of married women in, 45.
    • Meals for school children in, 277.
    • Medical inspection of school children in, 253–254.
    • School Sanatoria in, 254.
  • T
  • Tavistock Place School, London, 111.
  • Taylor, Jonathan, 110.
  • Teachers College, Columbia University, 116.
  • Teeth of school children, inspection of, 253, 255, 277.
  • Ten Hours’ Bill, England, 137, 139.
  • Tennyson, Alfred, quoted, 28.
  • Textile Industries:
  • Trachoma, 251.
  • Trondhjem, Norway, 115, 275, 276.
  • Tuberculosis:
    • Among bottle makers, 160.
    • And poverty, 15.
    • Campaign against, 30.
    • Germany, treatment of children predisposed to, 255.
    • Rachitis predisposing to, 17.
    • Relation of child labor to, 146.
  • Tuke, Dr. Hack, 108.
  • Turin, Italy, 96, 109.
  • U
  • Underfeeding:
    • Among Italians, 78–81.
    • Defective vision due to, 107.
    • Due to ignorance, 27, 28, 29.
    • Effects of, not hereditary, 294.
    • Employment of mothers and, 35, 37.
    • In Aberdeen, 272.
    • In Birmingham, 113, 114, 272.
    • In Boston, 85, 89.
    • In Buffalo, 83–84.
    • In Chicago, 84–85, 89, 273–274.
    • In Cleveland, 85.
    • In Dundee, 272.
    • In Glasgow, 272.
    • In London, 109, 272.
    • In Los Angeles, 85.
    • In New York, 61, 64, 83, 85, 109.
    • In Philadelphia, 85.
    • In United States, 61, 64, 85, 86, 117, 118.
    • Mental effects of, 108–112, 276.
    • Physical effects of, 95–105.
    • Predisposing to disease, 26, 42, 296.
    • Prime cause of infant mortality, 25.
    • Proportion of hospital cases due to, 26, 27.
    • Proportion of infant deaths due to, 14.
    • Source of crime, 105–108.
    • Worst effect of poverty upon children, 2–5, 27, 61–65.
  • Unemployment:
    • Among Irish laborers, 91.
    • Among male wage-earners, 62.
  • United States:
    • Child labor in, 140, 141, 167, 168.
    • Infantile death-rate in, 11, 12, 13.
    • Legislation regulating employment of married women needed, 45–49, 227–233.
    • Legislation regulating street trades required, 258–259.
    • Number of children employed in, 142, 145.
    • Still-births in, 52.
    • Underfed children in, 61, 64, 85, 86, 117, 118.
    • Value of glass manufactures, 154.
    • Victims of poverty in, 61, 62.
  • Utopia, 65, 239.
  • V
  • Van der Vaart, Mrs., 161.
  • Varnishers, 178.
  • Venereal diseases, 184.
  • Vercelli (Italy), 248, 249, 274, 275, 287, 288–290.
  • Vincent, Dr. Ralph M., 25, 235, 298, 304.
  • W
  • Wales, death-rate of, 10.
  • Walling, William English, 169.
  • Ward, Mrs. Humphry, quoted, 111.
  • Warner, Dr. Francis, 108.
  • Webster, Dr. J. Clarence, 300.
  • Wellington, England, 50.
  • West Virginia, 166.
  • Wheeler, Miss M. (Supt. New York Babies’ Hospital), quoted, 27.
  • Whooping-cough, 17.
  • Wilcox, Ella Wheeler, 125.
  • Wilkesbarre, Pennsylvania, 163.
  • Wolf, Dr., 7.
  • Wood-working, industries connected with, 168, 176.
  • Workhouses, 131.
  • Y
  • Yonkers, New York, 178, 226.
  • York, England, 98.
  • Z
  • Zanesville, Ohio, 160.
  • Zark, N. V., 96.