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The Book of Stars: Being a Simple Explanation of the Stars and Their Uses to Boy Life cover

The Book of Stars: Being a Simple Explanation of the Stars and Their Uses to Boy Life

Chapter 3: LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
By A. Frederick Collins
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About This Book

A practical, instructional guide for young readers presents a clear introduction to the night sky and its practical uses. It teaches how to locate major constellations and the North Star, distinguishes the sun, planets, moon, comets and meteors, and explains observing techniques with the naked eye, field glasses, and small telescopes. Chapters describe navigation and timekeeping by stars, construction and use of sundials, heliographs and sextants, and basic mapping and charts. Appendices provide definitions, illustrations, and step‑by‑step exercises aligned with scouting tests and beginner observational practice.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

fig. page
1.— Starboard showing cleats  2
2.— Cardboard star  2
3.— The North Star and Big Dipper on starboard  3
4.— Finding the North Star and the Big Dipper  4
5.— Line for sighting the North Star  5
6.— The Big Dipper as we see it  6
7.— The Great Bear as the ancients saw it  6
8.— The Earth, Pole Star and Dog Star  7
9.— The North Star and Big Dipper in winter  9
10.— The North Star and Big Dipper in spring 10
11.— The North Star and Big Dipper in summer 11
12.— Telling time by the Big Dipper 12
13.— Constellation of Cassiopeia 15
14.— Cassiopeia as the Arabs saw her 16
15.— The Little Dipper or Little Bear 16
16.— The Little Dipper made into a Little Bear 17
17.— The Great Square of Pegasus 18
18.— Holding the chart of Pegasus overhead 19
19.— The Flying Horse of Pegasus 20
20.— Figure of a trapezium 20
21.— Constellation of Orion 21
22.— Orion the Mighty Hunter 22
23.— Constellation of Auriga 23
24.— Auriga the Shepherd 24
25.— Constellation of Taurus 25
26.— Taurus the Bull 26
27.— Star map showing a part of the sky 27
28.— Smoking glasses over candle flame 29
29.— Seeing the sun through smoked glasses 30
30.— A candle flame showing layers of flame 31
31.— The sun as seen with a field glass 32
32.— Prominences of the sun compared with the size of the earth 33
33.— Cross section of the sun 34
34.— Sun spot in Photosphere 35
35.— Barometer tube 36
36.— Barometer complete 36
37.— Boy focussing burning glass on leaves to make fire 38
38.— Boy sending flash signal with mirror 39
39.— Continental Morse Code 39
40.— Base for heliograph 40
41.— Back view of heliograph 40
42.— Top view of heliograph 41
43.— Side view of heliograph 41
44.— Heliograph complete 42
45.— Numbered strip for sundial 43
46.— Tin ring for sundial 43
47.— Brass semi-circle with shadow wire 44
48.— Sundial complete 44
49.— To find the North by a watch 45
50.— A star and a planet in a telescope 46
51.— Sizes of planets compared 48
52.— Three views of Mercury 49
53.— Mars as seen through a telescope 49
54.— Three views of Venus 50
55.— The earth 51
56.— Jupiter 51
57.— Saturn 52
58.— Uranus 53
59.— Neptune 53
60.— Marbles on top of table 54
61.— Top view of solar system 55
62.— Solar system in perspective 56
63.— Egg shell on plate 57
64.— Boy throwing stone to illustrate centrifugal force 58
65.— Iron ball pendulum swinging in a plane 59
66.— Iron ball pendulum swinging in curved line 60
67.— Map of stars on sun’s path 62
68.— Diagram of position of constellations 63
69.— Plotting position of planet 64
70.— Cross section of the earth 67
71.— Sails of ship can be seen after hull has disappeared 67
72.— Sailing round the earth 68
73.— The earth moves under the swinging pendulum 69
74.— If the earth’s equator were in a line with the sun 70
75.— The earth tilted on its axis 70
76.— Light in room to represent sun 71
77.— Top spinning on plate 72
78.— Circle around candle marked with seasons 73
79.— Apple to represent earth suspended in air 74
80.— Position of the earth and sun in autumn 74
81.— Position of the earth and sun in winter 74
82.— Position of the earth and sun in spring 74
83.— Position of the earth and sun in summer 75
84.— Cycle of seasons 75
85.— Lines of force through and around a magnet 76
86.— Lines of force around the earth 77
87.— Watch spring needle for compass 77
88.— Compass complete 77
89.— Pocket watch-case compass 78
90.— Dial of mariners’ compass 78
91.— Needle for dipping needle 80
92.— Dipping needle complete 80
93.— Protractor showing degrees 81
94.— Earth surface divided into degrees 81
95.— Protractor set by dipping needle showing latitude 82
96.— Two sticks screwed together 83
97.— Two sticks across bucket of water 83
98.— Protractor and sticks on drawing paper 84
99.— Sextant in use. Shooting the sun 85
100.— Shadows at the North Pole 87
101.— Moon and earth joined together like a dumbbell 89
102.— Balls connected with an elastic 90
103.— Map showing Pacific Ocean 90
104.— Imitating the volcanoes in the moon 91
105.— Real volcanoes 92
106.— Naked eye drawing of full moon 93
107.— Experiment showing how one revolution of the moon  
   round the earth makes it turn once round its axis 94
108.— Apple cut to show crescent 95
109.— Diagram showing how the moon’s phases are made 96
110.— Diagram of the moon’s phases as we see them 97
111.— Boy, lamp and orange showing phases of moon 99
112.— Attraction of the moon causes the tides 100
113.— How spring tides are formed 101
114.— How spring tides are formed 101
115.— How neap tides are formed 102
116.— How neap tides are formed 103
117.— View of the earth from the moon 104
118.— Telling time by the moon 105
119.— Eclipse of the moon by the earth (experiment) 107
120.— Moon eclipsed by the earth (diagram) 108
121.— The moon as seen when in partial eclipse 108
122.— Eclipse of the sun by the moon (experiment) 109
123.— The sun eclipsed by the moon (diagram) 109
124.— Total eclipse of the sun, showing path of the sun 110
125.— Total eclipse of the sun, from photo 111
126.— Annular eclipse of the sun 111
127.— Partial eclipse of the sun 111
128.— Comet showing Nucleus, Coma and tail 113
129.— An ellipse, parabola and hyperbola 113
130.— Head and tail of comet do not obey the same laws 114
131.— Halley’s comet, from photo 115
132.— Meteorite of iron etched with acid 116
133.— The Milky Way 117
134.— Different forms of nebulæ 119
135.— Ripples or waves on water 124
136.— Vibration of a bell 125
137.— Sound waves in the air set up by bell 126
138.— Waves in the ether 127
139.— Forming an image with a lens 128
140.— The human eye 128
141.— Light reflected by an apple 132
142.— Light reflected. Spoon in glass of water 132
143.— How light is reflected 133
144.— Prism 133
145.— Prism forming a spectrum 134
146.— Convex lens 134
147.— Concave lens 135
148.— Lipperhey’s boy discovers telescope 137
149.— Disk of cardboard for pinhole telescope 138
150.— Cross section of pinhole telescope 138
151.— The telescope (Galileo) 139
152.— Opera glasses 140
153.— Pasteboard mounting of lens 140
154.— Pasteboard lens mounting 141
155.— Opera glass telescope. Cross section 141
156.— Telescope. Cross section view 142
157.— Magnifying power of telescope 143
158.— Full view of moon 145
159.— Glass globe cracked 146
160.— Map of the moon 147
161.— The moon girl 147
162.— Diagram showing how to find solar noon 153
163.— Circle divided into 360 degrees and 24 hours 157
164.— The earth divided into 24 standard meridians 158
165.— Standard time meridians in U. S. 159
166.— Standard time at different cities 161
167.— Ruled glass in transit instrument 162
168.— The time ball 164
169.— Receiving time signals by wireless 165
170.— The zodiac as invented by the ancients 167
171.— The zodiac as we know it today 167
172.— Constellations and signs of the zodiac 170
173.— Cardboard zodiac 171
174.— Constellations of zodiac in circle 172
175.— Constellations of Aries the Ram 174
176.— Constellations of the Lion and Big Dipper 177
177.— Constellations of Virgo the Virgin 179
178.— Libra, Lion, Scorpio, Virgo 179
179.— Lyra, Aquila, Capricornus 181
180.— Camera pointing to North Star 186
181.— Star trails 187
182.— Boy looking through prism at slit in cardboard 189
183.— Fraunhofer’s lines 190
184.— The spectroscope 191
185.— Geometrical figures 195
186.— Kullmer star finder 209