CHINESE AND JAPANESE POETRY
WHITE ASTER
Epics as they are understood in Europe do not exist in either China or Japan, although orientals claim that name for poems which we would term idyls.
A romantic tale, which passes as an epic in both countries, was written in Chinese verse by Professor Inouye, and has been rendered in classical Japanese by Naobumi Ochiai. It is entitled "The Lay of the Pious Maiden Shirakiku," which is The White Aster.
The first canto opens with an exquisite description of an autumn sunset and of the leaves falling from the trees at the foot of Mount Aso. Then we hear a temple bell ringing in a distant grove, and see a timid maiden steal out weeping from a hut in the extremity of the village to gaze anxiously in the direction of the volcano, for her father left her three days before to go hunting and has not returned. Poor little White Aster fears some harm may have befallen her sire, and, although she creeps back into the hut and kindles a fire to make tea, her heads turns at every sound in the hope that her father has come back at last. Stealing out once more only to see wild geese fly past and the rain-clouds drift across the heavens, White Aster shudders and feels impelled to start in quest of the missing man. She, therefore, dons a straw cloak and red bamboo hat, and, although night will soon fall, steals down the village street, across the marsh, and begins to climb the mountain.
Here the steep path winds with a swift ascent
Toward the summit:—the long grass that grew
In tufts upon the slopes, shrivelled and dry,
Lay dead upon her path;—hushed was the voice
Of the blithe chafers.—Only sable night
Yawned threatening from the vale.
While she is searching, the rain ceases and the clouds part, but no trace of her missing father does she find. Light has gone and darkness has already invaded the solitude, when White Aster descries a faint red gleam through the trees and hears the droning voice of a priest chanting his prayers. Going in the direction of light and sound, White Aster soon approaches a ruined temple, standing in the midst of a grove of cypress and camphor trees, amid bleached bones and mouldering graves overhung by weeping-willows.
Her light footfall on the broken steps, falling upon the ear of the recluse, makes him fancy some demon is coming to tempt him, so seizing a light he thrusts it out of the door, tremblingly bidding the "fox ghost" begone. In the East foxes being spirits of evil and having the power to assume any form they wish, the priest naturally takes what seems a little maiden for a demon. But, when he catches a glimpse of White Aster's lovely innocent face and hears her touching explanation, he utterly changes his opinion, muttering that she must belong to some noble family, since her eyebrows are like twin "half-moons."
"'Tis clear she comes of noble family:
Her eyebrows are as twin half-moons: her hair
Lies on her snowy temples, like a cloud:
In charm of form she ranks with Sishih's self,
That pearl of loveliness, the Chinese Helen."
Taking his visitor gently by the hand, he leads her into the sanctuary, where he seats her at Buddha's feet, before inquiring who she is and what she is doing at night in the wilderness. White Aster timidly explains that, although born in one of the southern islands and cradled in a rich home, the pleasant tenor of her life was suddenly interrupted by the outbreak of war. Her home sacked and destroyed, she and her mother barely escaped with their lives. Taking refuge near a ruined temple, they erected a booth to shelter them, where the girl who had always been lapped in luxury had to perform all kinds of menial tasks. But even under such circumstances her life proved pleasant compared to what she suffered when news came that her father had rebelled against the king, and that he and his adherents had been crushed in the war. No poppy-draught could enable the two poor women to forget such terrible tidings, and it is no wonder the poor mother pined away.
As the stream
Flows to the sea and nevermore returns,
So ebbed and ebbed her life. I cannot tell
What in those days I suffered. Nature's self
Seemed to be mourning with me, for the breeze
Of Autumn breathed its last, and as it died
The vesper-bell from yonder village pealed
A requiem o'er my mother. Thus she died,
But dead yet lives—for, ever, face and form,
She stands before my eyes; and in my ears
I ever seem to hear her loving voice,
Speaking as in the days when, strict and kind,
She taught me household lore,—in all a mother.
Having carefully tended her mother to the end, poor little White Aster lived alone, until one day her father suddenly appeared, having found at last a way to escape and rejoin them. He was, however, broken-hearted on learning of his wife's death, and, hoping to comfort him, White Aster paid him all manner of filial attentions. She could not, however, restore happiness or peace to the bereaved man, who, besides mourning his wife, keenly regretted the absence of his son Akitoshi, whom he had driven from home in anger when the youth proved wild and overbearing.
During this artless narrative the recluse had exhibited signs of deep emotion, and, when White Aster mentioned the name of her brother, he clasped his hands over his face as if to conceal its expression. After listening to her tale in silence, he kindly bade White Aster tarry there until sunrise, assuring her it would not be safe for her to wander in the mountain by night. Little White Aster, therefore slept at Buddha's feet, shivering with cold, for her garments were far too thin to protect her from the keen mountain air. As she slept she dreamt of her father, whose wraith appeared to her, explaining that a false step had hurled him down into a ravine, whence he has vainly been trying to escape for three days past!
The second canto opens with a description of a beautiful red dawn, and of the gradual awakening of the birds, whose songs finally rouse the little maiden, who again sets off on her quest.
Now the red dawn had tipped the mountain-tops,
And birds, awaking, peered from out their nests,
To greet the day with strains of matin joy;
The while, the moon's pale sickle, silver white,
Fading away, sunk in the western sky.
Clear was the air and cloudless, save the mists
That rolled in waves upon the mountain-tops.
Or crept along the gullies.
Skirting the trunks of mighty trees, stealing beneath whispering pines, White Aster threads different parts of the solitude, where she encounters deer and other timid game, seeking some trace of her father. She is so intent on this quest that she does not mark two dark forms which gradually creep nearer to her. These are robbers, who finally pounce upon White Aster and drag her into their rocky den, little heeding her tears or prayers; and, although the maiden cries for help, echo alone reiterates her desperate calls.
The brigands' lair is beneath an overhanging cliff, where they have erected a miserable booth, whose broken thatch has to be supplemented by the dense foliage of the ginkgo tree overshadowing it. In front of this hut runs a brawling stream, while the rocks all around are hung with heavy curtains of ivy, which add to the gloom and dampness of the place.
Here the sun
Ne'er visits with his parting rays at eve,
But all is gloom and silence save the cry
Of some belated bird that wakes the night.
Having brought their prisoner safely into this den, the robbers proceed to eat and drink, dispensing with chopsticks, so wolfish is their hunger. Meantime they roughly jeer at their captive, who sits helpless before them, tears streaming down her pale cheeks. Having satisfied their first imperious craving for food and drink, the brigands proceed to taunt their prisoner, until the captain, producing a koto or harp, bids her with savage threats make music, as they like to be merry.
"Sit you down,
And let us hear your skill; for I do swear
That, if you hesitate, then with this sword
I'll cut you into bits and give your flesh
To yonder noisy crows. Mark well my words."
So proficient is our little maiden on this instrument, that her slender fingers draw from the cords such wonderful sounds that all living creatures are spellbound. Even the robbers remain quiet while it lasts, and are so entranced that they fail to hear the steps of a stranger, stealing near the hut armed with sword and spear. Seeing White Aster in the brigands' power, this stranger bursts open the door and pounces upon the robbers, several of whom he slays after a desperate conflict. One of their number, however, manages to escape, and it is only when the fight is over that White Aster—who has covered her face with her hands—discovers that her rescuer is the kind-hearted recluse. He now informs her that, deeming it unsafe for her to thread the wilderness alone, he had soon followed her, intending to tell her he is her long-lost brother! Then he explains how, after being banished from home, he entered the service of a learned man, with whom he began to study, and that, perceiving at last the wickedness of his ways, he made up his mind to reform. But, although he immediately hastened home to beg his parents' forgiveness, he arrived there only to find his native town in ruins. Unable to secure any information in regard to his kin, he then became a recluse, and it was only because shame and emotion prevented his speaking that he had not immediately told White Aster who he was.
Much then my spirit fought against itself,
Wishing to tell my name and welcome you,
My long-lost sister: but false shame forbade
And kept my mouth tight closed.
His tale ended, the recluse and his small sister leave the robbers' den, and steal hand in hand through the dusk, the forest's silence being broken only by the shrill cries of bands of monkeys. They are just about to emerge from this dark ravine, when the robber who managed to escape suddenly pounces upon the priest, determined to slay him so as to avenge his dead comrades. Another terrible fight ensues, which so frightens poor little White Aster that she runs off, losing her way in the darkness, and is not able to return to her brother's side in spite of all her efforts.
The third canto tells how, after wandering around all night, White Aster finally emerges at dawn on the top of a cliff, at whose base nestles a tiny village, with one of the wonted shrines. Making her way down to this place, White Aster kneels in prayer, but her attitude is so weary that an old peasant, passing by, takes pity upon her and invites her to join his daughter in their little cottage. White Aster thus becomes an inmate of this rustic home, where she spends the next few years, her beauty increasing every day, until her fame spreads all over the land. Hearing of her unparalleled loveliness, the governor finally decides to marry her, although she is far beneath him in rank, and sends a matrimonial agent to bargain for her hand. The old rustic, awed by the prospect of so brilliant an alliance, consents without consulting White Aster, and he and the agent pick out in the calendar a propitious day for the wedding.
When the agent has departed, the old man informs his guest how he has promised her hand in marriage, adding that she has no choice and must consent. But White Aster exclaims that her mother, on her way to the temple one day, heard a strange sound in the churchyard. There she discovered, amongst the flowers, a tiny abandoned girl, whom she adopted, giving her the name of the blossoms around her.
"Once," she said,
"Ere morn had scarce begun to dawn, I went
To worship at the temple: as I passed
Through the churchyard 'twixt rows of gravestones hoar,
And blooming white chrysanthemums, I heard
The piteous wailing of a little child.
Which following, I found, amidst the flowers,
A fair young child with crimson-mouthing lips
And fresh soft cheek—a veritable gem.
I took it as a gift that Buddha sent
As guerdon of my faith, and brought it up
As my own child, to be my husband's joy
And mine: and, as I found thee couched
Amidst white-blooming asters, I named thee
White Aster in memorial of the day."
The little maiden adds that her adopted mother made her promise never to marry any one save her so-called brother, and declares she is bound in honor to respect this maternal wish. The governor, anxious to secure this beautiful bride, meantime sends the agent hurrying back with a chest full of gifts, the acceptance of which will make the bargain binding. So the clever agent proceeds to exhibit tokens, which so dazzle the old peasant that he greedily accepts them all, while admiring neighbors gape at them in wonder.
Poor little White Aster, perceiving it will be impossible to resist the pressure brought to bear upon her, steals out of the peasant's house at midnight, and, making her way across damp fields to the river, climbs up on the high bridge, whence she intends to fling herself into the rushing waters. She pauses, however, to utter a final prayer, and, closing her eyes, is about to spring when a hand grasps her and a glad voice exclaims she is safe! Turning around, White Aster's wondering eyes rest upon the recluse, who ever since he escaped from the brigand's clutches has vainly been seeking her everywhere. He declares they shall never part again and tenderly leads her home, where she is overjoyed to find her father, who still mourns her absence.
Thankful for the return of his child, the father relates how, having fallen into a ravine,—where he found water and berries in plenty,—he vainly tried to scale the rocks, to escape from its depths and return home. All his efforts having proved vain, he was almost ready to give up in despair, when a band of monkeys appeared at the top of the cliff and by grimaces and sounds showed him how to climb out by means of the hanging vines. Trusting to these weak supports, the father scaled the rocks, but on arriving at the summit was surprised to discover no trace of the monkeys who had taught him how to escape. He remembered, however, that while hunting one day he had aimed at a mother monkey and her babe, but had not injured them because the poor mother had made such distressing sounds of despair. He adds it was probably in reward for this act of mercy that the monkeys saved his life.
"I spared her life;
And she, in turn, seeing my sorry plight,
Cried to me from the rocks, and showed the way
To flee from certain death."
Thus, this epic ends with a neat little moral, and with the comforting assurance that White Aster, her father, and husband lived happy ever afterward.
AMERICAN EPICS
When Europeans first landed on this continent, they found it occupied by various tribes of Indians, speaking—it is estimated—some six hundred different languages or dialects. At first no systematic effort could be made to discover the religion or traditions of the native Americans, but little by little we have learned that they boasted a rich folk-lore, and that their nature-myths and hero-tales were recited by the fireside from generation to generation. Because there were tribes in different degrees of evolution between savagery and the rudimentary stages of civilization, there are more or less rude myths and folk-tales in the samples with which we have thus become familiar.
Among the more advanced tribes, Indian folk-lore bears the imprint of a weirdly poetical turn of mind, and ideas are often vividly and picturesquely expressed by nature similes. Some of this folk-lore is embodied in hymns, or what have also been termed nature-epics, which are now being carefully preserved for future study by professional collectors of folk-lore. Aside from a few very interesting creation myths and stories of the Indian gods, there is a whole fund of nature legends of which we have a characteristic sample in Bayard Taylor's Mon-da-min, or Creation of the Maize, and also in the group of legends welded into a harmonious whole by Longfellow in the "American-Indian epic" Hiawatha.
The early European settlers found so many material obstacles to overcome, that they had no leisure for the cultivation of literature. Aside from letters, diaries, and reports, therefore, no early colonial literature exists. But, with the founding of the first colleges in America,—Harvard, Yale, William and Mary, the College of New Jersey, and King's College (now Columbia),—and with the introduction of the printing press, the American literary era may be said to begin.
The Puritans, being utterly devoid of aesthetic taste, considered all save religious poetry sinful in the extreme; so it was not until the middle of the seventeenth century that Fame could trumpet abroad the advent of "the Tenth Muse," or "the Morning Star of American Poetry," in the person of Anne Bradstreet! Among her poems—which no one ever reads nowadays—is "An Exact Epitome of the Three First Monarchies, viz., the Assyrian, Persian, and Grecian, and the Beginning of the Roman Commonwealth to the End of their Last King," a work which some authorities rank as the first American epic (1650). This was soon (1662) followed by Michael Wigglesworth's "Day of Doom," or "Poetical Description of the Great and Last Judgement," wherein the author, giving free play to his imagination, crammed so many horrors that it afforded ghastly entertainment for hosts of young Puritans while it passed through its nine successive editions in this country and two in England. Although devoid of real poetic merit, this work never failed to give perusers "the creeps," as the following sample will sufficiently prove:
Then might you hear them rend and tear
The air with their outcries;
The hideous noise of their sad voice
Ascendant to the skies.
They wring their hands, their caitiff hands,
And gnash their teeth for terror;
They cry, they roar, for anguish sore,
And gnaw their tongue for horror.
But get away without delay;
Christ pities not your cry;
Depart to hell, there may you yell
And roar eternally.
The Revolutionary epoch gave birth to sundry epic ballads—such as Francis Hopkinson's Battle of the Kegs and Major André's Cow Chase—and "to three epics, each of them almost as long as the Iliad, which no one now reads, and in which one vainly seeks a touch of nature or a bit of genuine poetry." This enormous mass of verse includes Trumbull's burlesque epic, McFingal (1782), a work so popular in its day that collectors possess samples of no less than thirty pirated editions. Although favorably compared to Butler's Hudibras, and "one of the Revolutionary forces," this poem—a satire on the Tories—has left few traces in our language, aside from the familiar quotation:
A thief ne'er felt the halter draw
With good opinion of the law.
The second epic of this period is Timothy Dwight's "Conquest of Canaan" in eleven books, and the third Barlow's "Columbiad." The latter interminable work was based on the poet's pompous Vision of Columbus, which roused great admiration when it appear (1807). While professing to relate the memorable voyage of Columbus in a grandly heroic strain, the Columbiad introduces all manner of mythical and fantastic personages and events. In spite of its writer's learning and imagination, this voluminous epic fell quite flat when published, and there are now very few persons who have accomplished the feat of reading it all the way through. Still, it contains passages not without merit, as the following lines prove:
Long on the deep the mists of morning lay,
Then rose, revealing, as they rolled away,
Half-circling hills, whose everlasting woods
Sweep with their sable skirts the shadowy floods:
And say, when all, to holy transport given,
Embraced and wept as at the gates of Heaven,
When one and all of us, repentant, ran,
And, on our faces, blessed the wondrous man:
Say, was I then deceived, or from the skies
Burst on my ear seraphic harmonies?
"Glory to God!" unnumbered voices sung:
"Glory to God!" the vales and mountains rang.
Voices that hailed Creation's primal morn,
And to the shepherds sung a Saviour born.
Slowly, bare-headed, through the surf we bore
The sacred cross, and, kneeling, kissed the shore.
'But what a scene was there? Nymphs of romance,
Youths graceful as the Fawn, with eager glance,
Spring from the glades, and down the alleys peep,
Then headlong rush, bounding from steep to steep,
And clap their hands, exclaiming as they run,
"Come and behold the Children of the Sun!"
Not content with an epic apiece, Barlow and Trumbull, with several other "Hartford wits," joined forces in composing the Anarchiad, which exercised considerable influence on the politics of its time.
In 1819 appeared Washington Irving's Sketch-Book, which contains the two classics, Legend of the Sleepy Hollow, and Rip Van Winkle, which are sometimes quoted as inimitable samples of local epics in prose. Cooper's Leather-stocking series of novels, including the Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, The Pioneers, and The Prairie, are also often designated as "prose epics of the Indian as he was in Cooper's imagination," while some of his sea-stories, such as The Pirate, have been dubbed "epics of the sea." Bryant, first-born of our famous group of nineteenth-century American poets, made use of many of the Indian myths and legends in his verse. But he rendered his greatest service to epic poetry by his translations of the Iliad and the Odyssey, accomplished when already eighty years of age.
There are sundry famous American heroic odes or poems which contain epic lines, such as Halleck's Marco Bozzaris, Dana's Buccaneers, Lowell's Vision of Sir Launfal, and Biglow Papers, Whittier's Mogg Megone, Holmes's Grandmother's Story of Bunker Hill Battle, Taylor's Amram's Wooing, Emerson's Concord Hymn, etc., etc. Then, too, some critics rank as prose epics Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter, Poe's Fall of the House of Usher, Hale's Man Without a Country, Bret Harte's Luck of Roaring Camp, Helen Hunt Jackson's Ramona, etc., etc.
It is, however, Longfellow, America's most popular poet, who has written the nearest approach to a real epic, and the poems most likely to live, in his Wreck of the Hesperus, Skeleton in Armor, Golden Legend, Hiawatha, Tales of a Wayside Inn, Courtship of Miles Standish, and Evangeline, besides translating Dante's grand epic The Divine Comedy.
In Longfellow's Wreck of the Hesperus we have a miniature nautical epic, in the Skeleton in Armor our only epic relating to the Norse discovery, in the Golden Legend, and in many of the Tales of a Wayside Inn, happy adaptations of mediaeval epics or romances.
Hiawatha, often termed "the Indian Edda," is written in the metre of the old Finnish Kalevala, and contains the essence of many Indian legends, together with charming descriptions of the woods, the waters, and their furry, feathered, and finny denizens. Every one has followed entranced the career of Hiawatha, from birth to childhood and boyhood, watched with awe his painful initiation to manhood and with tender sympathy his idyllic wooing of Minnehaha and their characteristic wedding festivities. Innumerable youthful hearts have swelled at his anguish during the Famine, and countless tears have silently dropped at the death of the sweet little Indian squaw. After connecting this Indian legend with the coming of the White Man from the East, the poet, knowing the Red man had to withdraw before the new-comer skilfully made use of a sun-myth, and allowed us to witness Hiawatha's departure, full of allegorical significance:
Thus departed Hiawatha,
Hiawatha the Beloved,
In the glory of the sunset,
In the purple mists of evening,
To the regions of the home-wind,
Of the Northwest-wind Keewaydin,
To the Islands of the Blessed,
To the kingdom of Ponemah,
To the land of the Hereafter!
The Courtship of Miles Standish brings us to the time of the Pilgrim's settlement in the New World and has inspired many painters.
The next poem, which some authorities consider Longfellow's masterpiece, is connected with another historical event, of a later date, the conquest of Acadia by the English. It is a matter of history that in 1755 the peaceful French farmers of Acadia, without adequate notice or proper regard for family ties, were hurried aboard waiting British vessels and arbitrarily deported to various ports, where they were turned adrift to join the scattered members of their families and earn their living as best they could. The outline of the story of Evangeline, and of her long, faithful search for her lover Gabriel, is too well known to need mention. There are besides few who cannot vividly recall the reunion of the long-parted lovers just as Gabriel's life is about to end. All through this hopeless search we are vouchsafed enchanting descriptions of places and people, and fascinating glimpses of scenery in various sections of our country, visiting in imagination the bayous of the South and the primeval forests, drifting along the great rivers, and revelling in the beauties of nature so exquisitely delineated for our pleasure. But, as is fitting in regard to the theme, an atmosphere of gentle melancholy hovers over the whole poem and holds the listener in thrall long as its musical verses fall upon the ear.
Still stands the forest primeval; but under the shade of its branches
Dwells another race, with other customs and language.
Only along the shore of the mournful and misty Atlantic
Linger a few Acadian peasants, whose fathers from exile
Wandered back to their native land to die in its bosom.
In the fisherman's cot the wheel and the loom are still busy;
Maidens still wear their Norman caps and their kirtles of homespun,
And by the evening fire repeat Evangeline's story,
While from its rocky caverns the deep-voiced, neighboring ocean
Speaks, and in accents disconsolate answers the wail of the forest.
INDEX OF NAMES
A
Abbasides, 398
Abdiel, 298, 299
Abduction of Persephone, 64
Abel, 142, 311
Abeniaf, 116, 118
Abenteuerbuch, 326
Abraham, 311
Abstinence, 263
Abul Kasin Mansur, 398
Abu Zaid, 398
Acadia, 468
Achan, 170
Achates, 64-66
Acheron, 141
Achilleis, 63, 69
Achilles, 17, 19, 21, 22, 25, 27, 28, 30-40, 42, 46, 53, 61, 88, 143, 269
Acrasia, 264, 265, 267-269
Active Virtues, 354
Açvaghosha, 415
Adam, 142, 179, 186, 293-298, 302-313, 317, 322
Adamastor, 134, 135
Adonais, 221
Adone, 139
Adonis, 139
Adrian V., Pope, 170
Adventurous Band, 202, 204
Adversary, 292, 395
Aegistheus, 43
Aeneas, 23, 25-27, 37, 64-74, 76-80, 142, 146
Aeneid, 63, 64-80, 83, 108
Aeolus, 50, 51, 64
Aeschere, 226
Aesculapius, 258
Aethiopia, 17
Aetna, Mt., 70
Afrasiab, 404, 408, 412
Africa, 64, 65, 116, 120, 126, 194
African, 71
Agamemnon, 18, 21, 26, 29-33, 36, 42, 53, 178
Age of Gold, 400, 417, 429
Agias of Troezene, 18
Agnani, 170
Agnello, 154
Ahab, 316
Ahasuerus, 394, 396
Aino, 377, 378
Aix, 87, 99
Aix la Chapelle, 99
Ajax, 18, 24, 28, 29, 31, 33-35, 53, 61
Akitoshi, 458
Aladine, 199, 200-202, 206, 213
Alamanni, 139
Alaric, 84
Al Asmai, 398
Alastor, 221
Alba, 283
Alba Longa, 64
Alban, 80
Albany, Duke of, 193
Albion's England, 220
Alborz, Mt., 402
Al-Bukhari, 394
Alcazar, 120
Alcinous, 46, 47, 55
Alcocer, 115
Alda, 89
Alethes, 201
Alexander, 19, 63, 107, 148, 218, 219, 233, 324, 361, 398
Alexanderlied, 324
Alexandra, 19
Alexandreid, 83
Alexandras, 392
Alexandria, 20
Alfonso, 111-113, 115, 116, 119-124
Alfonso V., 133
Alfred, King, 222
Aliscans, 81
Allah, 200
Allahabad, 436
Allan a Dale, 247-249, 251, 254
Allemaine, 100
Almesbury, 242
Alonzo, 132
Alphonso the Brave, 132
Alphonsos, 131
Alpine fog, 169
Alps, 233
Alsatian Chronicle, 327
Al-Tirmidhi, 394
Alvar Fanez, 109, 113, 118, 119, 123
Amadis de Gaule, 107, 127, 221
Amalung, 339
Amata, 79, 80
Amazons, 18, 199, 269, 281, 408
Ambrosius, Aurelianus, 230
America, 464
American Epics, 464-467
American-Indian Epic, 464
Americans, 464
Amfortas, 349, 351, 353-355
Aminta, 197
Amis et Amiles, 82, 83
Amoret, 273-278
Amram's Wooing, 467
Amrita, 420
Ananias, 154
Anarchiad, 467
Anastasius, Pope, 147
Anchises, 23, 68, 69, 72, 74
Ancient Mariner, 221
André, Major, 465
Andreas, 218
Andrew, 316
Andromache, 27, 28, 38
Andvari, 365
Aneurin, 216
Angel of Absolution, 165
Angel of Pity, 411
Angelica, 190-194, 196
Angels, 177, 187
Anglo-Norman, 229, 346
Anglo-Saxon, 222
Anlaf, 217
Anna, 70, 71
Anna, St., 188
Annales, 63
Annunciation, 166
Antaeus, 156
Antenora, 157
Antinous, 44, 57, 59, 60
Antioch, 83, 198, 207
Apocalypse, 396
Apollo, 18, 21, 25, 28, 28, 33, 34, 38, 39, 60, 177
Apollonius Rhodius, 20
Apollonius of Tyre, 218
Apostle of India, 136
Aquinas, St. Thomas of, 179, 180
Aquitania, 324
Arab, 397
Arab Days, 397
Arabia, 397, 401
Arabian and Persian Epics, 397-414
Arabian Conquest, 399
Arabian Nights, 327, 398
Arabians, 394
Arabian Tales, 394
Arabic, 393, 397, 398
Arab Iliad, 398
Arab Literature, 394
Arachne, 167
Aragon, 109, 125, 126
Arany, 393
Archangels, 177, 178, 187
Archimago, 256, 259-261, 264, 267
Arctinus of Miletus, 17, 18
Arden, 190, 191
Ardennes, 324
Argalio, 190
Argantes, 201, 204-206, 208
Argenti, 145
Argentina, 108
Argonautica, 20, 63, 139
Ariolant, 193
Ariosto, 85, 138, 189, 192, 197, 220
Aristotle, 218
Arjasp, 413
Arjuna, 435, 437, 439-444, 446
Ark, 166
Armida, 203, 204, 206, 207, 210-213
Arminius, 323
Armorica, 216
Arno, 168
Arnold, Edwin, 452
Arnold, Matthew, 221, 230, 408
Arrebo, 360
Artegall, Sir, 269, 270, 275, 276, 279, 280-284
Arthur, 82, 107, 137, 216, 218-220, 229-235, 239, 241, 242, 261, 281-283,
285, 286, 326, 349, 351-353
Arthur a Bland, 247
Arthuriana, 230
Arthurian Cycle, 216, 229-243, 346
Arthurian Legend, 219, 221, 222, 240
Arthurian Romances, 127
Asbjörnsen, 362
Ascanius, 66
Asia, 21, 75, 319
Asiatic, 394
Aso, Mt., 456
Assyria, 319
Assyrian, 465
Astolat, 236
Astolfo, 190, 194, 195, 196
Asvatmedha, 417
Aswathaman, 441, 442
Athens, 321
Atli, 370, 371
Attila, 323, 324, 328
Atridae, 18
Aucassin, 82,101-106
Aucassin et Nicolette, 82, 101-106
Aude, 99, 324
Augustan Age, 63
Augustine, St., 188
Augustus, 74
Aulis, 21
Auracana, 108
Aurora, 36, 44, 200
Austria, 392
Austriada, 108
Austrian, 392
Austro-Gothic, 328
Austro-Hungarian Empire, 392, 393
Automedon, 35
Avalon, Isle of, 242
Avarchide, 189
Avarice, 257
Ave Maria, 178
Awe, 282
Ayodhya, 416
Azevedo, 108
B
Babylonia, 319
Bacchus, 129, 130, 135
Bactrachomyomachia, 20
Badajoz, 131
Bagdad, 399
Balaam, 397
Baldwin, 372
Balin and Balan, 240
Balkan Peninsula, 392, 393
Ballads of Robin Hood, 220
Balmung, 329, 362, 363
Baptist, John The, 213, 316
Bards, 214
Barlaam, 361
Barlaamssaga ok Josaphats, 361
Barlow, 466, 467
Barons' Wars, The, 220
Battle of Frogs and Mice, 20
Battle of the Kegs, 465
Battle of Maldon, 217
Batyushkoff, 372
Bavaria, 100, 192, 325
Bavieca, 120, 126
Beatrice, 133, 140, 147, 164, 168, 173-189
Bedevere, 229, 241, 242
Beelzebub, 289, 291, 298
Belacqua, 163
Belgard, 288
Beige, 282, 283
Belgium, 214, 282
Belgrade, 196
Belial, 290, 317
Belisarius, 138, 179
Bellicent, 82
Bellona, 26
Bellum Punicum, 63
Belphebe, 277, 278
Benedict, St., 184, 188
Benoit de St. Maur, 19, 219, 230
Beowulf, 217, 222-229
Béranger, Raymond, 179, 206
Bern (Verona), 323
Bernard, St., 188
Bernardo del Carpio, 107
Berni, 85, 138
Bertha, 324
Bertrand de Born, 155
Besançon, 92
Bethlehem, 315
Beves of Hamdoun, 317
Bhagavad-gita, 440
Bharata, 418, 423, 431, 432
Bhartruhari, 415
Bhima, 434, 436, 442
Bhishma, 433, 434, 438, 441, 443
Biaucaire, Count of, 102, 104-106
Bible, 217, 360, 415
Biglow Papers, 467
Bildad, 396
Bira, 101
Bird of God, 402
Blanchefleur, Lady, 354
Blatant Beast, 278, 283-288
Blaye, 99
Blue Sea, 378
Boccaccio, 138
Bodleian Library, 84
Bogovitch, 393
Bohemians, 392
Boiardo, 85, 138, 189, 192, 197
Boniface, Pope, 152, 170
Book of the Dun Cow, 215
Book of Heroes, 326
Book of Leinster, 215
Book of Taliessin, 216
Bordeaux, 99
Born, Bertrand de, 155
Bornier, 85
Bors, 229, 355
Bors, Sir, 352
Bosphorus, 186
Boston Library, 355
Bower of Bliss, 264, 268
Brabant, 351
Bradamant, 192, 196
Bradstreet, Anne, 465
Braggadocchio, 280
Bragi, 361
Brahma, 416-419, 447
Brahfans, 436, 437, 450
Bramimonde, 101
Branstock, 362, 369
Brengwain, 239
Breton, 100
Breton Cycle, 82
Briareus, 167
Bridal of Triermain, The, 221
Bride's Choice, 436, 447, 448, 450
Britain, 84, 216, 218, 219, 231, 232
British, 214, 267, 469
British Isles, 214
British Museum, 222
Britomart, 269, 270, 273-276, 279, 281
Brittany, 193, 216, 241
Broceliande, 241
Brons, 347, 348
Brown the Bear, 357-359
Brunetto, Sir, 149
Brunhild, 330-334, 337, 339
Brut, 218, 220
Brutus, 84, 139
Bryant, 467
Bryhtnoth's Death, 217
Brynhild, 367-371
Buccaneers, 467
Buddha, 415, 457, 458
Bulgarians, 196, 197, 393
Buonaventura, St., 180
Buovo d'Antona, 137
Burgos, 112, 114, 119
Burgundian, 127, 323, 328, 329, 334, 338-344
Burgundian-Hunnish Cycle, 324
Burgundy, 331-333, 339, 340, 367
Busirane, 273, 274
Butler, 466
Bylinas, 372
Byron, 221
Byrsa, 65
C
Cabra, 110
Cacciaguida, 182.
Cacus, 154
Caecilius, 171
Caedmon, 217
Caesar, 65, 318, 320
Caiaphas, 154
Cain, 223, 311
Caina, 157
Calahorra, 109
Calespine, Sir, 285, 287
Calicut, 135
Calidore, Sir, 283-285, 287, 288
Caliphs, 398
Callisthenes, 19
Calypso, 40, 44, 45
Camelot, 235, 241, 352
Camilla, 76, 79, 142
Camoëns, Luis de, 127, 128, 136
Campeador, 110, 126
Can Grande, 182
Canterbury, 232
Canterbury Tales, 138, 220
Capaneus, 149
Cape of Good Hope, 134
Cape of Tempests, 134
Capitol, 320
Care, 266
Carlemaine, 85, 100
Carleon, 234, 241
Carthage, 65, 71, 106
Carthaginians, 70-72
Cary, 140
Casella, 161
Cassandra, 67, 68
Cassius, 159
Castile, 108, 110, 112, 116, 131
Castilian, 115
Castle of the Maidens, 354
Catalogue of Beotian Heroines, 20
Cathay, 190, 191
Cato, 160, 161
Cattle of Cooly, 215
Celestine V., Pope, 141
Celt, 214
Celtic, 214, 215, 217
Centenera, 108
Central Europe, 392
Cerberus, 143, 284
Cervantes, 107
Ceuta, 133
Ceylon, 415, 424, 426-428
Champion of Purity, 354
Chancery, 265
Chanson de geste, 81, 82
Chanson de Roland, 81-101
Chaos, 290-293, 302
Chapelain, 84
Charity, 165, 174, 183, 262
Charlemagne, 81, 82, 85-90, 92, 94-100, 127, 137, 183, 189, 190, 192,
193, 195, 196, 218, 323-325, 360, 361
Charles the Great (see Charlemagne), 326
Charles Martel, 179
Charon, 73, 141
Charybdis, 53, 54, 70
Chastity, 269
Chateaubriand, 84
Chaucer, 220
Chernubles, 91
Cherubim, 177, 184, 187
Chimera, 284
China, 456
Chinese, 415, 456
Chiron, 147
Chivalry, 261
Chosen People, 311, 321
Chrestien de Troyes, 82, 219
Christ, 81, 142, 145, 147, 154, 169, 178, 179, 181, 183, 184, 186,
188, 213, 293, 301, 312-315, 318-322, 327, 347, 393, 465
Christabel, 221
Christiad, 393
Christian Church, 174
Christian Epic, 64
Christian Era, 179
Christianity, 64, 81, 214, 360
Christians, 107, 178, 183, 191, 195, 198-200, 203, 205-208, 210-212,
217
Chrysa, 21
Church, 176
Ciacco, 144
Cid, the, 107, 108-146, 221
Cimmerian Shore, 52
Circassia, 192
Circassian, 205
Circe, 18, 51-54, 74
Citra-Kuta, 423
Civil Wars, 220
Claudianus, 64
Cleopatra, 143
Cloelia, 76
Clorinda, 199-202, 204-206, 208, 209
Clovis, 84
Clytemnestra, 43
Cocles, 76
Coimbra, 110, 127
Colada, 115, 122
Coleridge, 221
Colin Clout, 287
College of New Jersey, 464
Cologne, 92
Columbia, 464
Columbiad, 466
Columbus, 210
Combat des Trente, 84
Combel, 275
Comforter, 312
Concord Hymn, 467
Conington, 65
Conquest of Canaan, 466
Conrad von Kürenberg, 328
Constance, 230, 231
Constantine, 183, 230
Contemplation, 262
Cooper, 467
Cordova, 86
Coridon, 287, 288
Corineus, 219
Corneille, 107
Cornwall, 216, 237, 239
Corpes Woods, 124
Cortes, 123, 124
Courage, 259
Court Epics, 415
Courtesy, 283
Courtship of Miles Standish, 467, 468
Cow Chase, 465
Cowley, Abraham, 220
Crassus, 170
Crawford, 374
Creacion del Munde, 108
Creation of the Maize, 464
Crete, 69, 73, 149
Crist, 217
Croatian, 393
Cronica rimada, 107
Cross, 212
Crucifixions, 347
Crusade, 198, 199, 208
Crusade epics, 83
Crusaders, 198, 201-204, 206, 208, 209, 212, 213
Cuchulaind, 215
Cumae, 73, 146
Cumaean Sibyl, 70
Cunizza, 180
Cupid, 66, 286
Curse of Kehama, 221
Cycle of Brittany, 82
Cycle of France, 81
Cyclops, 36, 48-50, 70
Cyllenius, 61
Cymbeline, 219
Cymochles, 265
Cynewulf, 217
Cypria, 17
Cyprian Iliad, 63
Czechs, 392
Czuczor, 392
D
Daedalus, 73, 179
Dagobert, 85
Dalian Frogaell, 215
Damascus, 203, 206
Damayanti, 447-451
Damian, 184
Dana, 467
Dandaka, 421
Danes, 227, 343
Danger, 84
Daniel, 171, 217, 318
Daniel, Samuel, 220
Danish, 217, 360
Dankwart, 342, 343
Dante, 137-189
Danube, 338, 339
Dasaratha, 417
Dauphin, 19
David, 166, 183, 220, 312, 318, 320
Davideis, 220
Day of Doom, 465
Dead Sea, 207
Death, 34, 291, 307, 308, 312, 314, 381, 382
Decameron, 138
Deceit, 265, 266
Deerslayer, 467
Deev, 400
Defense of Guinevere, 221
Delhi, 432, 438
Delos, 69
Deluge, 311, 439, 447
Demodocus, 46
Denmark, 222-225, 329, 371
Destiny, 195
Detraction, 283
Dharma, 446
Dhritarashtra, 433
Diana, 172
Diaz, 134
Dido, 65-67, 70-72, 74, 143, 170
Dietrich von Bern, 323, 328, 338, 340-343, 345, 346, 361
Diomedes, 25, 26, 29-33, 155
Dionysius, 148
Dis, 72, 145, 146, 159
Discord, 31, 75, 76, 193, 194
Disdain, 286
Divina Commedia, 137, 139-189
Divine Comedy, 139-189, 467
Divine Essence, 177
Divine Majesty, 188
Divine Song, 440
Doctors of the Church, 174
Doctor Patience, 262
Dog of Montargis, 83
Dolon, 31
Dominations, 177, 183, 187
Dominic, St., 180
Don Garcia, 109, 110
Don Gomez, 108
Don John, 133
Don Juan, 221
Don Pedro, 132
Don Quixote, 107
Don Ramon, 115
Don Sancho, 110, 111
Doomsday, 341
Dragontine, 191
Draupadi, 436-439, 442, 443, 445, 446
Drayton, 220
Drepanum, 70, 72, 74
Drona, 434, 435, 441, 442
Druidic cult, 214
Drunkenness, 444
Dryden, 220
Dublin, 255
Dudon, 202
Duessa, 257-259, 261, 264, 282
Du Guesclin, 84
Dumby, 124
Dunstan, St., 250
Durendal, 90, 91, 96, 97
Durindana, 90, 91
Dushyanta, 431, 432
Dutch, 356
Dwight, Timothy, 466
E
Eagle, 183
Early Christian Epics, 395
Earthly Paradise, The, 221
Easter Day, 145
Ebro, 98
Ebuda, 193
Ecclesiastes, 396
Ector, Sir, 232, 234, 242
Edda, 215, 361, 362
Eden, 165, 186, 210, 294, 303, 314
Edward, 199
Egas Moniz, 131
Egilssaga, 361
Eginhart, 85
Egypt, 18, 43, 44, 161, 201, 204, 207, 289, 290, 317, 398
Egyptian, 19, 211, 212
Ekkehard, 324
Ekkewart, 333, 338, 340
Elaine, 229, 236, 352
Elder Edda, 361
Eleanor, Queen, 250, 251
Eleanora, 132
Elene, 218
Eleonora, 197
Elijah, 316, 317, 318
Eliphaz, 396
Elizabeth, 255, 281
Eljubarota, 133
Ellen, 247, 248
Elsa of Brabant, 351, 352
Elysian Fields, 44, 72, 741
Emerson, 467
Emmanuel, 133
Emmet, Prior of, 249
Empire, 176, 183
Empyrean, 176, 187
Enchanted Castle, 355
Endymion, 221
Enfances de Godefroi, 83
England, 192, 214, 217-220, 222, 230-232, 348, 465
English, 217, 243
Enid, 229
Ennius, 63
Enoch Arden, 222
Envy, 283
Eoiae, 20
Ephialtes, 156
Epic of Commerce, 128
Epic of the Gypsies, 393
Epic of Hades, 221
Epic of Kings, 398
Epics of the Netherlands, 356-359
Epic of Patriotism, 128
Epic Poetry, 17
Epic of the Volsungs, 362-371
Epigoni, 19
Epirus, 69
Epopée galante, 221
Erato, 75
Erec et Enide, 82
Ermanrich the Goth, 323
Erminia, 202, 205, 212
Ernst, Herzog, 325
Error, 256
Erse Poetry, 215
Erzilla, 108
Esau, 179
Eschenbach, Wolfram von, 219, 230, 326, 328, 352
Esther, 394, 396
Eternal City, 320
Eternal Rose, 187
Etruria, 76, 79
Etruscan, 76, 78
Ettarre, 229
Etzel, 328, 337-344, 346
Eugammon of Cyrene, 18
Eunoe, 174
Euphemia, Queen, 360
Euphemiaviser, 360
Europe, 127, 133, 137, 194, 198, 230, 372
European, 137, 216, 356
Europeans, 464
Euryalus, 77
Eurycleia, 42, 58
Eustace, 204
Evander, 76
Evangeline, 467, 469
Evangelists, 174
Eve, 188, 294-297, 302-310
Evelake, 348
Evil Pits, 151
Exact Epitome of the three first Monarchies, etc., 465
Excalibure, 283, 241, 242
Exodus, 217, 323, 395
Eyrbyggjasaga, 361
F
Faerie Queene, 220, 255-288
Fafnir, 365, 366, 371
Fairy Queen, 261, 269
Faith, 165, 174, 183, 185, 262
Faithlessness, 257
Fame, 465
Famine, 468
Famine Tower, 157
Far East, 356
Farinata, 146
Faroese, 360
Fata Morgana, 194
Fate, 75, 77, 78
Fates, 170, 195
Faust, 327
Faustus, Dr., 327
Felez Munos, 122
Fénelon, 19, 84
Fennian, 215
Feridoun, 401, 402
Fernando, 132
Fernan Gonzales, 107
Ferrando, King, 108, 110
Ferrara, 192, 197, 211
Ferrau, 190, 191, 192
Fiance (bishop), 215
Fidessa, 257, 258
Fingal, 215
Finland, 372
Finn, 215
Finnish, 468
Finnish Epics, 372
Finns, 372, 373
Finnsburgh, 217, 225
Firdusi, 398, 399
First Crusade, 197
Fixed Stars, 176, 184
Flamença, 81
Flanders, 356
Florence, 140, 144, 146, 154, 163, 168, 182, 197
Florentine, 144
Flores and Blancheflour, 219
Florimell, Lady, 271, 272, 275, 276, 278, 280
Flourdelis, 283
Folco, 180
Folengo, 138
Force, 266
Forese, 171, 172, 177
Forest Book, 439
Fortiguerra, 139, 197
Fortitude, 160
Fortunate Isles, 210
Fortune, 144
Fountain of Youth, 83
Fountains Abbey, 250
Four sons of Aymon, 219
France, 84, 86, 88, 89, 92, 97, 99, 107, 127, 140, 191, 193, 214,
219, 283, 347
Francesca da Rimini, 143
Franciade, 84
Francis of Assisi, St., 180, 188
Franciscans, 180
Francus, 84
Frankish, 328
Franks, 84, 88, 89, 90, 100
Fraud, 266
Frederick II., 137, 148
Frederick of Telramund, 351
French, 85, 87, 89, 90, 170, 392, 393
French Classic, 18
French Epics, 81-106
Frenchmen, 94, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100
Friendship, 275
Frisian, 323
Frithjof Saga, 360
Froschmeuseler, Der, 327
Frost God, 385
Furies, 75
Furor, 265
G
Gabriel, St., 100, 101, 114, 181, 188, 198, 295, 296, 303, 314, 317,
322, 469
Gaelic Literature, 215
Galahad, 229, 236, 352, 353, 354, 355
Galland, 394
Gallicia, 110, 112
Gamelyn, Tale of, 220
Gan (Ganelon), 100
Ganelon, 81, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 98, 99, 100, 324
Ganga, 432
Ganges, 133, 416, 419, 422, 432, 434, 435, 439, 443, 444, 446, 447
Ganymede, 165
Garcia Ordonez de Montalvo, 108
Garden of Eden, 174
Gareth and Lynette, 229, 240
Garin le Lorrain, 81
Gascony, 89
Gaucher, 230
Gawain, 229
Geats, 227, 229
Gemini, 184
Genesis, 217
Geoffrey of Monmouth, 216, 218, 219, 230
George of Merry England, St., 262
Georgos, 255, 260, 262, 264
Geraint and Enid, 229, 240
Gérard de Roussillon, 83
Gerbert, 230
Gereones, 282, 283
German, 392
German Epics, 323
German Literature, 327
Germany, 84, 214, 323, 325
Gernando, 204
Gernot, 344
Gerusalemme, 138
Gerusalemme, Conquistata, 138
Gerusalemme Distrutta, 139
Gerusalemme Liberata, 197
Geryon, 150, 151
Gherardeschi, Count Ugolino de, 157-158
Ghibelline, 146, 179
Giants, Battle of the, 64
Gibraltar, Strait of, 128, 186, 194, 210
Gideon, 318
Gildas, 218, 219, 230
Gil Diaz, 126
Gildippe, 199, 213
Ginevra, 193
Giovanna, 165
Girone il Cortese, 139
Giseler, 340
Glastonbury, 242, 348
Glauce, 269
Gleemen, 214, 360
Glittering Heath, 366
Gloriana, 255, 256, 262, 267, 269, 279, 283, 288
Gluttony, 257
Goa, 128
Goddess of Discord, 20
Goddess of Fame, 71
God of Death, 453
God of the Forest, 382
God of Sleep, 33
God of Time, 431
Godfrey of Bouillon, 138, 183, 198, 199, 201-204, 206, 207-213
Goethe, 84, 85, 327, 356
Golden Age, 107, 108, 415
Golden Fleece, 151, 268, 373
Golden Legend, 326, 467, 468
Golden Tree, 355
Gomorrah, 173
Good and Evil, 373
Gorgon, 146
Gorlois, 229, 231, 232
Goth, 323, 362, 371
Gothland, 363
Goths, 138, 362, 363, 364
Gottfried von Strassburg, 230
Gouvernail, 237
Graces, 287
Grandmother's Story of Bunker Hill Battle, 467
Grane, 364
Grantorto, 283
Great War, 440, 442, 444
Grecian, 463
Greece, 20, 24, 29, 36, 290, 393
Greek Epics, 17-62
Greek Literature, 17, 63
Greeks, 21, 25, 28-37, 39, 40, 42, 43, 47, 48, 51, 54, 66, 67, 68,
70, 73, 196, 214, 373
Grendel, 223-227, 229
Grettissaga, 361
Greyfell, 364
Griffeth, 416, 435
Grimbart, the Badger, 356-359
Guardians of the Holy Grail, 355
Gudrun, 325, 326, 367-371
Guelf Party, 140
Guelfs, 146, 150, 179
Guillaumey Charlotte, 216
Guido, 146
Guild, 367
Guillaurae d'Orange, 81
Guimaraens, 131
Guinevere, 229, 233-236, 242, 352
Guinicelli, 137
Gundulitch, 393
Gunnar, 367-371
Gunnlaugssaga, 361
Gunther, 323, 324, 328-337, 345
Guy of Warwick, 217
Guyle, 282
Guyon, Sir, 263-270, 280
Gyöngyösi, 392
H
Hades, 53, 61, 72, 73, 141, 144, 145, 147, 149, 160, 161, 256, 258,
308, 380, 382, 383
Hadubrand, 323
Hagan, 325
Hagar, 318
Hagen, 324, 329-345
Hale, 467
Hall, 223
Halleck, 467
Haman, 169
Hanuman, 426, 427
Hardré, 82
Harivamça, 446
Harjala, 384
Harpies, 69, 75, 148
Harte, Bret, 467
Hartford, 467
Hartmann von der Aue, 219, 230, 326
Harvard, 464
Hasâr Afsâna, 398
Hastin, 432
Hastinapur, 432, 434
Hastings, 85
Hauteclaire, 91
Havelock the Dane, 217
Hawthorne, 467
Heavenly Wisdom, 174
Hebrew, 361
Hebrew Epics, 395
Hector, 17, 23, 24, 26-30, 32-35, 37-40, 67, 69, 74, 142
Heimskringla, 360, 361
Heinrich, Der Arme, 326
Heinrich von Ofterdingen, 328
Heldenbuch, 326
Helen, 17, 20, 21, 24, 25, 27, 29, 43, 44, 56, 78, 143, 457
Helena, 218
Helenus, 69, 70
Heliant, 323
Heliodorus, 170
Hell, 315
Helm of Dread, 365
Hemans, Mrs., 131-132
Hengist, 231
Henning the Cock, 357
Henriade, La, 84
Henriqueiada, 127
Henry, 127
Henry II. of England, 155, 243, 244, 251
Henry IV., of France, 383
Heorot, 223, 225, 227
Heracles, 19
Hercules, 18, 76, 147, 155, 404
Hereford, Bishop of, 249, 251
Heresy, 256
Hermann und Dorothea, 327
Hesiod, 19
Hesperia, 68, 69
Hexaemeron, 360
Hezekiah, 183
Hiawatha, 372, 464, 467, 468
Hieronymo, see Jerome, 119
Higelac, 224
Highlands, 215
Hildebrand, 323, 340, 345, 346
Hildebrandslied, 323
Hildegund, 324
Himalayas, 419, 434, 439, 447
Himavat, 445
Hindu, 415, 416, 419, 431, 435, 440, 444, 452
Hintze the Cat, 357
Hisi, 381, 390
Historia Britonum, 218
History of Britain, 218
Hoenir, 364
Högni, 369, 370
Holiness, 256
Holmes, 467
Holy City, 201
Holy Grail, 127, 216, 229, 230, 234, 236
Holy Grail, Story of, 346-355
Holy Mountain, 348
Holy Sepulchre, 199, 213, 348
Homer, 17, 18, 20, 21, 40, 142, 372, 399
Homer of the East, 399
Homeric, 299
Homeric Battle, 26
Homeward Voyage, 18
Hope, 84, 165, 174, 183, 185, 262
Hopkinson, Francis, 465
Horace, 142
Horn, King, 217
Horsa, 231
Hostius, 63
House of Usher, 467
Hrothgar, 222-227
Hudibras, 466
Hug-Dietrich, 325
Hugues Capet, 83, 170
Hunnish, 328
Hun, 323, 328, 341-345, 370, 371
Hungarian, 392, 393
Hungary, 179, 323, 337, 338, 342, 343, 370
Hunt, Leigh, 221
Huntington, Earl of, 254, 255
Huon de Bordeaux, 83, 219, 327
Hvin Haustlöng, 361
Hyperion, 221
Hypocrisy, 256
I
Icarus, 151
Iceland, 360
Icelandic, 360
Ida, Mt., 29, 149
Idleness, 257
Idle Sea, 265
Idylls of the King, 222
Igerne, 229, 231, 232
Igor, 372
Ilia, 64
Iliad, 17, 19, 20-40, 63, 83, 139, 155, 221, 325, 398, 465, 467
Ilion, 40
Ilion Persis, 18
Ilmarinen, 374, 379, 380-386, 389
Ilmater, 374
Ilya Muromets, 373
Impha, 101
India, 127-129, 133, 135, 398, 415, 419, 429, 431, 434, 439
Indian, 130, 136, 427, 430, 467
Indian Edda, 468
Indian Epics, 415-455
Indian Literature, 415
Indian Myths, 467
Indian Peninsula, 426
Indians, 464
Indra, 439, 444, 445, 446.
Indraprastha, 438
Indus, 133
Inez de Castro, the Fair, 131-132
Infantes of Carrion, 120-125
Infantes de Lara, 107, 108
Infernal Regions, 159
Inferno, Dante's, 139-160, 164, 184
Inouye, 456
Inquisition, 282
I Promessi Sposi, 139
Iran, 401
Ireland, 214, 218, 237, 238, 279, 283
Irena, 279, 283
Iris, 23, 24, 39, 40
Irish, 214, 215
Irish Channel, 239
Irus, 57, 72
Irving, Washington, 467
Isabella, 221
Isegrim the Wolf, 356-359
Isenland, 330, 332
Iseult, Queen, and Princess, 237-240
Iseult of Brittany, 240
Iseult of Cornwall, 240
Iseult of the White Hands, 240
Isfendiyar, 412, 413
Isidro, St., 116
Isis, 281
Islamic, 397
Isle of Avalon, 242
Isle of Joy, 136
Isle of Refuge, 385
Ismarus, 47
Ismeno, 199
Isolde, 326
Israel, 161, 312, 320
Israelites, 316, 318
Istria, 63
Isumbras, Sir, 220
Italia Liberate, 138
Italian, 80, 137-139, 189, 206, 392, 393
Italian Epics, 137-213
Italy, 64, 70, 71, 74, 78, 137, 138, 197, 323, 328
Ithaca, 40, 41, 45, 50, 62, 155
Ithacan, 55, 62
Ithuriel, 295
Iulus, 66, 68, 71, 75, 76, 78
Ivain le Chevalier au Lion, 82
Iwein, 326
J
Jackson, Helen Hunt, 467
Jacob, 179
James, St., 185
Janak, 420
Janes Vilez, 393
Janus, 76
Japan, 456
Japanese Poetry, 456
Jason, 20, 151
Javanese, 129
Jemshid, 400, 401
Jephthah, 178, 318
Jerome, Bishop, 116, 119, 126
Jerusalem, 139, 198, 201-203, 205-207, 210-213, 319, 322, 325
Jerusalem Delivered, 197, 198, 372
Jesus, 214, 316, 317, 318, 320, 321
Jewish Heroine, 394
Jews, 114, 119, 178, 347
Joan of Arc, 221
Joan Delaemi, 893
Joannes Boetgezant, 356
Job, 314, 316, 318, 395, 396
John, the Baptist, 171, 188, 213, 316, 356
John, King, 254
John Little, 244
John the Messenger of Repentance, 356
John, St., 174, 185, 186, 195, 234
John II., 133
Jongleurs, 107
Jordan, 213, 315, 316
Josaphat, 361
Joseph, 156, 318, 348, 353
Joseph of Arimathea, 347, 355
Joshua, 180, 183
Jove, 156, 184
Joyeuse, 98
Joyless, 258
Joyous Garde, 236, 241
Judas, 157, 159, 347
Judea, 319
Judecca, 159
Judges, 312
Judgment, 183
Judgment of God, 359
Judith, 188, 323
Juglares, 107
Juliana, 217
Juliet, 403
Julius Caesar, 63, 318
Jumna, 435, 438
Juno, 20, 22, 26, 30, 33, 35, 64, 68, 70, 71, 72, 75, 76, 78, 80
Jupiter, 17, 20, 22, 25, 26, 29-34, 36, 40, 44, 45, 62, 64, 65, 71,
77, 78, 80, 129, 149, 176, 183
Jupiter Ammon, 19
Justice, 160, 279, 433
Justice, Champion of, 269
Justinian, 178, 179
Juturna, 80
Juvencus, 64
K
Kaaba, 397
Kabul, 403, 414
Kaikeyi, 420
Kaikobad, 404, 405
Kaikous, 405, 407
Kai-Khosrau, 412
Kalevala, 372, 373-391, 468
Kali, 448, 449, 450
Kalidasa, 415
Karl, 87-90, 99, 101
Karlamagnussaga, 361
Karna, 435, 442
Kaspar von der Rhön, 323, 326
Kauravas, 434
Kavah, 401
Kaviraja, 415
Kavyas, 415
Kay, Sir, 232
Keats, 221
Keewaydin, 468
Kiev, 373
King's Cottage, 464
Kireyevski, 372
Kirk Lee, 254
Kjaempeviser, 360
Klopstock, 327
Knight of the Cart, 235
Knight of the Red Cross, 256, 258
Knight with the Lion, 326
Knights of the Holy Grail, 348
Knights of the Bound Table, 82
Knight's Tale, The, 220
Knot de Provence, 230
König Laurin, 326
Krieg auf der Wartburg, Der, 326
Kriemhild, 328-330, 332-338, 340-346
Krishna, 437, 440, 444, 446
Krist, 323
Kullerwoinen, 385, 386
Kumarasambhava, 415
Kundrie, 351
Kurvenal, 237
Kurukshetra, 440
Kurus, 434, 436, 438-442
Kusa, 429
Kuvera, 439
L
Labyrinth, 73
Lady of the Lake, 221, 233, 234, 241
Lady of Sorrows, 234
Laertes, 41, 56, 61, 62
Laestrigonians, 51
Laexdaelasaga, 361
Laisses, 85
Lake Avernus, 72, 73
Lakshmana, 418, 422, 423
Lalla Rookh, 221
Lament of the Nibelungs, 346
Lancelot, 242
Lancelot du Lac, 218
Land of the Dead, 384
Land of Heroes, 373-391
Lang, Andrew, 101
Langobardian, 323, 325
Lanka, 427
Lapland, 377, 381, 384
Laplanders, 373
Lapps, 373, 376, 378, 385
Laocoon, 18, 67
Last Judgment, 465
Last of the Mohicans, 467
Last Supper, 347
Latin Epics, 63-80
Latin Literature, 63
Latins, 75, 80, 85, 137, 138, 160, 392
Latinus, 75, 76, 79
Latium, 72, 73, 80, 164
Launcelot du Lac, 82, 143, 229, 234-236, 242, 352
Laurin, 326
Lausus, 76, 78
Lava, 429
Lavinia, 75, 79, 80, 169
Lawlessness, 260
Lay of the Pious Maiden Shirakiku, 456
Lechery, 257
Lawrence, St., 178
Layamon, 218, 219, 230
Lay of the Last Minstrel, 221
Lays of Ancient Rome, 221
Lazarus, St., 109
Lea, 173
Lear, King, 219
Leather Stocking Tales, 467
Leda, 20
Légende des Siècles, 84
Legend of the Sleepy Hollow, 467
Leicester, 261
Lemminkainen, 381, 382, 384, 385
Leon, 110, 112
Lethe, 174, 175
Lettsom, 328
Leucothea, 45
Libyan, 66
Life and Death of Jason, 221
Life of Christ, 64
Life of St. Catherine of Alexandria, 392
Light and Darkness, 373
Lincoln, 244, 245, 253
Lisbon, 127-129, 136
Liszti, 392
Little Iliad, 18
Little John, 244-255
Lives of Saints, 323
Livius Andronicus, 63
Llywarch Hen, 216
Loathley Damsel, 354
Lockhart, 221
Locksley, 243
Lohengrin, 351, 352
Loki, 364, 365
Lombards, 189, 325
Lombardy, 182
London, 244, 255
Longfellow, 326, 372, 464, 467, 468
Lönnrot, Elias, 372, 373
Lord, The, 108
Lotus-eaters, 48
Louhi, 379-383, 385, 388, 389
Louis, 100
Louis I., 323
Louis XIV., 19, 394
Love, 273
Low Countries, 356
Lowell, 467
Lucan, 63, 142
Lucia, St., 140, 165, 166, 188
Lucifer, 139, 157, 296, 298, 299, 347
Lucifera, Queen, 257
Lucius Varius Rufus, 63
Luck of Roaring Camp, 467
Lucretia, 142
Lucretius, 63
Ludwigslied, 323
Luke, St., 174
Lüneburger Chronicle, 327
Lusiad, 127-136, 139
Lusitanians, 129, 135, 136
Luxembourg, 356
Lycia, 34
Lycophron, 19
Lynette, 229
Lyonnesse, Tristram of, 284
M
Mab, Queen, 215
Mabinogion, 216
Macaire, 83
Macao, 128
Macaulay, 221
Maccabees, 183, 319
Macedo, de, 127
Macedon, 318
Macpherson (James), 215, 218
Madagascar, 129
Madeira, 134
Madoc, 221
Magdalen, 180
Magnetic Rock, 268
Magyar Epic, 392
Mahabharata, 415, 416, 431-455
Mahàkavyas, 415
Mahmoud, 399
Mahomet, 135, 155, 398
Maid Marian, 251
Maid of Beauty, 379, 381, 383
Maiden of the Rainbow, 379, 383-386
Malbecco, 273
Malebolge, 151, 154, 155
Malebouche, 84
Malepartus, 358
Malgigi, 191
Malory, 230, 240
Mammon, 265, 268, 290
Mandara, Mt., 426
Mandricar, 194
Manessier, 230
Manfred, 162, 221
Manlius, 76
Manto, 152
Mantua, 152, 164
Manu, 416
Man Without a Country, 467
Manzoni, 139
Marches of Brittany, 85
Marco Bozzaris, 467
Marco Polo, 137
Mariatta, 390
Marie de France, 82, 219, 230
Marinell, 271, 278, 280
Marinus, 139
Mark, King of Cornwall, 237-240
Marmion, 221
Mars, 25, 26, 65, 77, 129, 130, 176, 182
Marseilles, 194, 347, 348
Marsile, 85-90, 98, 99
Martin Antolinez, 114, 119
Martyrs, Les, 84
Mary, Queen of Scots, 257, 282
Mary Stuart, 220
Mary, Virgin, 140, 165, 172, 181, 297, 314, 316, 317
Mathilda, Queen, 199
Matière de Rome la grand, 83
Matilda, Countess, 174, 175
Matter of France, 218
Maur, Benoit de St., 19, 219, 230
Mauritania, 134
Mazinderan, 399, 405, 406
Mazuranie, 393
McFingal, 465
Mecca, 397
Medea, 151
Mediaeval India, 415
Medina, 115
Mediterranean, 348
Medusa, 146
Medway, 278
Melchisedec, 179
Melesigenes, 17
Melibee, 287, 288
Melinda, 130, 135
Menelaus, 18, 20-26, 31, 35, 41, 43, 44, 56
Meneses, 127
Mentor, 42, 43
Mercilla, 281, 282
Mercury, 44, 52, 61, 65, 71, 129, 130, 176, 178, 179
Merlin, 82, 216, 218, 229-234, 240, 241, 261, 269, 347, 351, 352
Merlin and Vivien, 229
Meru, Mt., 415, 420, 444, 445
Mezentius, 76, 78
Messenian Strait, 53
Messiah, 299, 301, 312
Messias, 327
Michael, 144, 193, 206, 291, 295, 299, 300, 309-312
Michael's Mount, St., 92
Mickle, 130
Midas, 170
Midsummer Night's Dream, 219, 327
Milton, 139, 217, 288, 290, 292, 294, 313, 347, 356
Milutinovitch, 393
Mimer, 364, 365
Minerva, 20, 22, 23, 25-28, 30, 31, 37, 38, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 55-59,
61, 62, 68, 436
Minnehaha, 468
Minnesingers, 326
Minos, 74, 142, 156
Minotaur, 147
Minuchir, 402
Mirth, 265
Mogg Megone, 467
Mohammed, 394
Mohammedan, 394
Moloch, 290, 300
Mombaça, 130, 135
Monçaide, 135, 136
Mon-da-min, 464
Montereggion, 156
Montjoie, 90
Montsalvatch, 348-350
Moon, 176
Moore, 221
Moors, 94, 95, 107-117, 119, 120, 122, 125, 128, 130, 133, 135
Mordred, 82, 241
Morgana the Fay, 233, 242
Morgante Maggiore, 138
Morning Star of American Poetry, 465
Moro Exposito, El, 108
Morocco, 117
Morolt, 237, 238
Morpheus, 256
Morris, William and Lewis, 221, 361
Moscow, 373
Moses, 188, 311, 435
Morte d'Arthur, 240
Mozambic, 135
Mucius Scevola, 178
Muiredhach, 215
Müller, Paludan, 360
Muslem, 394
Muspilli, 323
Mycenae, 42, 44
Myrden, 216
Mystic Rose, 188
N
Naevius, 63
Naimes, Duke, 86, 89, 97
Nala, 428, 439, 447-451
Namus, see Naimes, 192
Naobumi Ochiai, 456
Naomi, 396
Naples, 162, 198
Nausicaa, 45, 46
Navarre, 112, 125, 126, 153
Nazareth, 317
Nectanebus, 19
Nennius, 218, 219, 230
Nepenthe, 43
Neptune, 29, 32, 33, 37, 45, 50, 52, 64, 68, 72, 135
Nessus, 147
Nestor, 22, 23, 26, 29, 30-33, 41-43, 56
Netherlands, 356
Neurouz, 400
New Jerusalem, 262
Nibelungen hoard, 329, 332, 338, 339
Nibelungenklage, 346
Nibelungenlied, 325,328-346, 361, 362,370
Nibelungs, 332, 336, 337, 339, 367-369
Nicaea, 198, 206
Nicholas III., Pope, 152
Nicolette, 101-106
Night, 290, 292
Nimrod, 156, 167
Nimue, 233
Niobe, 167
Niphates, 293
Nisus, 77
Njalssaga, 361
Noah, 142, 311
Noble, the Lion, 356-359
Noman, 49, 50
Nonnenwörth, 325
Norman, 84, 100, 323
Norman Conquest, 218
Norse Discovery, 468
Northland, 374, 375, 378, 383-385, 390
Norway, 204, 361
Northumbrian, 222
Norwegian, 360, 361
Nostroi, 18
Nottingham, 243, 245, 252, 253
Novgorod, 373
Nüremberg, 326
Nymue, 233
O
Oberon, 327
Oblivion, 196
Odenwald, 335
Odin, 222, 362, 364, 366, 367, 370, 371
Odyssey, 17, 18, 40-62, 63, 83, 139, 325, 372, 416, 467
Oechalia, 19
Oedipus, 19
Ogier, 360
Ogier le Danois, 81
Ogygia, 45, 55
O'Hagan, John, 85
Oisianic Poems, 215
Oisin, 215
Olifant, 92, 99
Olindo, 200, 201
Oliver, 86, 89, 90-94, 96, 98, 196, 324
Olives, Mt., 208
Olympian, 26, 77
Olympus, 22, 26, 29, 34, 40, 64, 130
Olympus, Mt., 25, 36, 44, 129
On the Nature of Things, 63
Orestes, 18, 53
Orgoglio, 259, 261
Oriental Princess, 189
O Oriente, 127
Ore, 193
Order, 282
Orlandino, 138
Orlando, 138, 183, 190-192, 194-196
Orlando Furioso, 138, 189
Orlando Innamorato, 138, 189
Orlandos, The, 189-197
Ormsby, 113
Ormudz, 412
Os Lusiades, 127-129
Osman, 393
Ossian, 215
Otfried, 323
Otnit, 325
Oude, 416, 420, 423, 424, 429
Ourique, 131
Ovid, 142
P
Padua, 197
Palamon and Arcite, 220
Palestine, 211, 290, 347
Palinurus, 72
Palladium, 18
Pallas, 26, 41, 45, 76, 78, 79, 80
Palmerina D'Inglaterra, 127, 221
Palmotitch, 393
Pandavas, 434, 445
Pandavs, 434-447
Pandemonium, 291
Pandu, 433, 434
Panipat, 440
Paolo, 143
Papal Chair, 174
Paradise, 90, 97, 140, 141, 173, 176-189, 205, 294-296, 302-304,
308-311, 313, 322, 401, 430, 446
Paradise Lost, 139, 217, 288-313, 356
Paradise Regained, 213-222
Paridell, Sir, 272, 273
Paris, 17, 18, 20-25, 27-29, 33, 38, 143
Paris City, 192, 197
Parthian, 319
Parvans, 431
Parzifal, 326, 349-354, 361
Pasiphae, 173
Passau, 338
Pastorella, 287, 288
Pathfinder, 467
Patrick, St., 214, 215
Patroclus, 30, 32-36, 39, 42
Paul, St., 174
Peccata (P.), 166-172
Peirian, 175
Peleus, 17, 20, 21, 40
Pelleas and Ettarre, 229, 240
Pelles, 236, 352
Pellerwoinen, 374
Pellias, 234
Penelope, 18, 40-42, 44, 56, 58, 60-62
Pelican, 185
Penthesilea, 18
Perceval, 82, 229
Percival, 352, 355
Perfect One, The, 113, 115
Pergamus, 26
Pericles, 218
Pero Mudo, 124
Persepolis, 400
Persia, 125, 319, 398, 399, 401, 407, 408, 412
Persian, 393, 398, 465
Persian Consort, 394
Persian Epic, 398
Persians, 401
Peter the Cruel, 132
Peter the Hermit, 198, 208
Peter, St., 125, 126, 166, 185, 186, 188
Peter Damian, St., 184
Petöfi, 392
Petrarch, 138
Phaeacia, 45, 55
Phaeacian, 45, 47, 53, 55
Phaedria, 265, 268
Phaeton, 151
Pharos, 44
Pharsalia, 63
Philip II., 282
Philip IV. of France, 170
Philip of Macedon, 318
Philips, Stephen, 222
Philoctetes, 18
Philosophy, 169
Phlegethon, 147
Phlegyas, 145
Phoebus, 60
Piccarda, 172, 177
Pilgrim, 468
Pilgrin, Bishop, 338, 340, 316
Pioneers, 467
Piran-Wisa, 412
Pirate, 467
Pisa, 157
Pisistratus, 17
Plautus, 171
Pleasure, 264
Pluto, 61
Plutus, 144
Poe, 467
Poema del Cid, 107-126
Pohyola, 383
Poland, 393
Polar Star, 134
Poles, 393
Polyolbion, 220
Polyphemus, 48-50
Pompey, 63
Ponemah, 468
Pope, 21, 41, 110, 220
Portugade, 128
Portugal, 112, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 136
Portuguese, 129, 130, 131, 133, 135, 136
Portuguese Epics, 127-136
Portuguese Literature, 127
Pot of Basil, 221
Poverty, 180
Powers, 177, 180, 187
Prairie, 467
Prakrit, 415
Pramnian, 51
Priam, 18, 23, 24, 29, 37, 39, 40, 68, 84, 218
Pride, 257
Primum Mobile, 186
Prince Arthur, 261, 267, 269, 270, 271, 277, 278
Princedoms, 177, 179, 187
Priscilla, 285
Prometheus Unbound, 221
Promised Land, 311
Prophet, 394
Prose Epic, 243
Proteus, 44, 278
Provençal, 137, 180
Provence, 216
Providence, 313
Prudence, 160, 174, 263
Ptolomea, 158
Publius Terentius Varro, 63
Pucelle, La, 84
Pulci, 85, 138, 189
Punic War, 63
Purana, 415
Purgatory, 137, 140, 141, 160-176, 184
Purgatory, Mt., 160, 161
Puritans, 465
Pushkin, 372
Pygmalion, 170
Pyle, Howard, 230, 243
Pylos, 42
Pyrenees, 85, 87, 99