BASIC DESIGN DEFFICIENCIES OF THE HUMAN BRAIN
The theory treats the brain as a technological product. So, the theory considers that a designer existed. He had to fulfil some design requirements. Any technological design has some deficiencies. We shall guess them in this section.
This theoretical and abstract designer is outside of the theory and we are not interested by it. It could be "Mother Nature" or God or an extraterrestrial civilization or anything else.
These deficiencies are described here mainly for the human brain, but some can be met also in the animal brain. The design deficiencies as MDT can detect them, are:
XD1: The tendency to associate an image-model to any situation met by a person. This deficiency is explained due to the "image nature" of the brain. This deficiency explains why so many persons "stay" on level 3, when level 5 is accessible since 100 years ago. This deficiency can be corrected by education.
XD2: There is no hardware protection to prevent the uncontrolled jump from a model to another, in interaction with a complex external reality. The stability in a model is a quality parameter of a brain.
Long-range models can stabilize a person. The XD2 deficiency is not related to them. XD2 is related to the capacity to stay in a model, when faced with a complex external reality. This deficiency can be corrected by software (education, for instance).
The lack of stability in a model can induce the illness called schizophrenia because this lack of stability has the tendency to favor short-range models. Indeed, when there is no stability in a model, the brain will make a specialized model for any particular situation met in the external reality. Such models are not able to see that some different facts can be correlated. Only a long-range model can detect such correlation. So, the stability in a model is a parameter of quality for a brain and the lack of stability indicates a low quality brain.
This deficiency can be met in the animal world too. For example, a dog has to watch a perimeter. That dog can jump from watch-model to food-model, if it gets food from strangers. Such a dog is a low quality dog, due to the lack of stability in the model.
The dolphins have a good stability in a model, and so, we consider them as advanced animals.
For human beings, the lack of stability in a model is a major drawback. Such persons are not good for any complex activity.
XD3: This is a basic deficiency. Let's start with its description, based on examples.
So, the brain interacts with an external reality and makes a harmonic model with 3 elements. If, that external reality has, in fact, 4 elements, the missing element cannot be discovered based on the 3-element model. As a 3- element model has a number of wrong predictions, it is not easy to see what is the problem from the analysis of the mistakes. The reason is that, once the 3- element model is activated, the reality is just that one which is generated by this model. There is no other reality! We cannot be outside of our active model. In such a case, the brain tries to correct the model. Usually, it will try to correct the model by changing the importance of some elements or relations. Sometimes this procedure works, and the brain will continue to use the 3-element model.
Such a situation occurs when we have not enough long-range models. In the above example, the situation can be corrected if there is a long-range model, which contains a 3-element model as an element of it. But even so, by analyzing the mistakes, it is not easy to understand what is the problem.
A brain affected by XD3A is not able to predict that a model might be missing some elements. A person, who can fight XD3A, can predict such a situation and will treat any model as preliminary.
The brain makes models based on the available data. Such models are made in a harmonic/logic way, but the stability of a model is not a guarantee that the model is good in interaction with a complex external reality.
We define XD3A as a design deficiency, which means that a brain is not able to predict the possibility of a missing element or relation in a stable (harmonic or logic) model.
Another case: a brain has a stabilized model with 100 elements. This model already generated a big number of correct predictions. At one moment, the external reality is changed, and now there are 101 elements. As we know, to correct a model means to reconstruct everything from scratch, using or not components from the old model. This task could be so difficult that it exceeds the technical capacity of the brain. In such a situation the old model is fragmented, and the brain uses it in this way. Of course, this can produce a lot of negative effects, including induced psychiatric disorders.
We define XD3B as a design deficiency, which means that a brain is not able to reconstruct a model, once the model is detected as a wrong model in association with a new external reality. We can express this also as the impossibility of a brain to correct a XD3A deficiency, once it was discovered.
XD3-deficiencies are widespread in the current activity of human beings. There is no reference to know that all the entities of the external reality are associated with the right YMs in the associated model. For us, the external reality exists only if it is associated with a model. Once we activated such a model, the reality is what the model says. We cannot be outside of our active model.
Once we have a model associated with a specific external reality, the model is considered as a good model based on the predictions which are already done. There is no guarantee that the model will continue to be good in any situation and any time. A good quality brain has to know this and to predict some negative effects associated with such a situation. So, this deficiency can be controlled by software (education, for instance).
XD4: This is a deficiency associated only with image-models. It does not exist in a symbolic-model environment.
For an image-model there is no possibility to know the importance of an element or relation. The brain will choose in a more or less arbitrary way the importance. A model can be harmonic (stable) for any importance which is associated with its elements and relations.
A "lightly" negative consequence of this deficiency is the fact that, faced with a given external reality, almost any person makes a personal image-model associated with that external reality. We will see later that, for extreme situations, such deficiency is associated with the psychiatric disorder called "paranoia".
The symbolic models do not have such problems. Once a symbolic model is made in a mathematical environment, the "law of the propagation of the errors" is able to predict the importance of any element or relation.
For instance, if we have a complex mathematical formula, the law of the propagation of the errors will tell us how much the result is changed if an element is changed with, let's say, 1%.
We already used the term "correct" associated with the importance of an element or relation in an image model. If there is an external reality and two associated models, one image-model and one symbolic-model, and if the two models have the same predictions, then the importance associated with the elements and relations of the image model is correct. If not, the right importance is that of the symbolic model.
The above method is not good in any practical situation. In fact, there is no method to know if we associated the right importance to any element or relation of an image-model. This is XD4.
XD5: this deficiency is a technological one. It means that there is no hardware or software method to erase a model of the brain. A model is made forever. It can be destroyed only in an uncontrolled way due to the biological deficiencies or the brain.
The consequence of this deficiency is huge in many practical situations. The problem is developed more in another section of this book.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE BRAIN, THE PSM MODEL
The Protection and Surviving Model (PSM) is the basic image-model of any brain. When a new being is born, it has only this model in its brain. This model is very complex and it will be described in this chapter.
There is a section of the PSM, which contains a collection of short-range models. They have to act very fast to provide minimal protection for that being (including newborn beings) in some specific dangerous situation. These activities are called "reflex actions".
The PSM contains also some basic models, like the model to keep in the eyesight a moving entity from external reality, or the model to touch by hand an entity in the range of the hand. There is also a collection of models associated with equilibrium and the general stability of the external body, together with a model of it, of course.
There are also a number of long range models which contain the instincts to survive unconditionally, forever (basic design requirement).
During the period of growing, others models can be included in the PSM, models which are associated with the educational process. Such models have to prepare the being to live in a specific external reality.
By accident, any other models can enter the PSM, but some of them can produce big problems for the future mature being, mainly paranoia type illnesses (see ETAs).
The basic characteristic of any model from the PSM is that such a model is invariant. It cannot be changed regardless of the information obtained from the external reality.
The main goal of the PSM is to ensure that the being will survive unconditionally, forever. To do this, the PSM is able to build elements, which are activated to self-develop as models.
So, when a new situation from the external reality is met, and there is no model to understand it, the PSM is automatically activated and tries to solve the problem, based on some reflex actions, or based on some instincts. It also makes a specialized element, which is activated as a model. The new model tries to understand the new situation by independent activity, in interaction with the external reality. When that situation is met again, the PSM is not activated, and the specialized model solves the case. So, as a being gains more and more experience, the PSM is not activated, but one of the specialized models is activated instead.
Regardless of how many models are in a brain, if a new external reality occurs and there is no model to understand it, the PSM will take the control in the way already described.
When PSM controls a being, this can be recognized by the fact that the consciousness disappears, as the normal structure of models is deactivated by the PSM. This situation is called as shock-status.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE BRAIN: FUNCTIONAL FACILITIES AND TYPES OF MODELS
A basic functional facility of the brain is that any model can develop any of its elements as a model. Once a model activates an element, that element is able to develop itself as a model, by direct interaction with the external reality and with any other model of the brain.
Another functional facility is described here. We see that a model can activate any of its elements to develop itself as a model. But, even if an element is already developed as a model, the main model continues to treat it as an element. This important feature will be developed below.
So, a main model has an element. This element has some properties. To integrate that element, the main model uses these properties. Now, the problems could be like: "why that element has such properties?" or "how such properties can be changed?" To answer such questions, the main model has to develop the element as a model. Once an element is developed as a model, its properties appear to be truths generated by the model. So, depending of the point of view, referring to the same entity, we discuss about an element with some properties, or about a model with some associated truths.
Once an element is developed as a model, the model can be changed. A changed model will have other associated truths, so that, when treated as an element of the main model, it has another set of properties. Thus the properties cannot be changed in a direct way, but through the changes in the model. In any case, a main model can operate only with elements, regardless of the fact that the element is or not already developed as a model.
We already use terms as "long range models" or "short range models". Let's define them.
A long-range model has already been defined as a model with its own elements developed as models. But here we will prefer another alternative definition. A long-range model is a model which reaches its aims by activation and deactivation of some of its elements. Such elements are already developed as models.
A short-range model reaches its aims by direct activation.
Example: to switch on the light in a room, a ZM model will make a ZAM. That ZAM will simulate the action. Based on this simulation it will activate an AZM which, in turn, will switch on the light. The ZM-model will confirm the success of the activity of the short-range ZAM model.
Example: To travel from a place to another, a ZM will make a ZAM. The ZAM will make some ZAMs. These ZAMs will make some others ZAMs. For any specific activity there will be a ZAM. Once a ZAM has reached its aim, it will be deactivated by the ZAM-model which activated it, and a new ZAM is activated. The general control belongs to the main-ZAM. The main-ZAM can be modified by the main ZM. Long-range models do such activity.
Example: we enter a room and switch on the light. The light really switches on. A local-ZM gets this information based on IR. But, a long-range ZM, which contains the local-ZM as an element, understands that the light had been broken, and now it is on. The local-ZM acts here as a shorter-range model. It does not understand the general environment. The main-ZM (which contains the local-ZM as element) is a long-range model.
We already saw that any model can activate any of its elements to self-develop as a model. Once an element is activated, it develops itself as a model. In turn, this new model can also activate as a model any of its elements. This "depth" has only technological limits. In fact, almost any model of the brain is a long-range model. The definitions, which are already given, respect this feature.
Now we shall present a list with the main models of a brain:
ZAM: these models are usually long-range models. A ZM model makes them. Their main function is to change the external reality. They are made for immediate activation (to drink water from a glass, for instance) or they could be models that give the orientation of the whole life of a person or anything between these very large limits.
Such models are not changed by direct interaction with the external reality. If a ZAM fails to do something, the upper ZAM or the local-ZM will build and activate another ZAM.
During their activity, they have full access to any resource of the brain (internal or external, by a ZM model).
AZM: these short-range models are direct-action models. They are connected directly to different organs which can act on the external reality (hands, legs..) They keep precise information about such organs. When a ZAM model has to make a simulation of a specific action, the AZM models have to give precise information about every feature of the associated organs.
Referring to ZAM and AZM models, any action on the external reality is based on a simulation. Without a successful simulation, the brain is not able to do any activity.
Once a simulation is a success, the main ZAM will activate the action (in connection with local-ZM). The action will be the same as the simulated action. This procedure is followed by any ZAM in any activity.
There are some exceptions. When the PSM takes control, some reflex-models are activated without initialization and without simulation. The reason is the highest speed of action, even if the action is not the right one.
ACTIVE-TYPE MODELS (normal ZM-models)
ZM models are made mainly by direct interaction with the external reality. They generate the knowledge and consciousness. They are self-activated in any situation when they are able to predict in a good way the possible evolution of a given external reality.
A ZM, which interacts directly with the external reality, is also a model, which controls the whole body. They build, activate and deactivate any ZAM, based on a set of goals.
A long-range ZM model also controls a local-ZM. This is able to modify a local-ZM model, based on long-range predictions.
The whole activity is supervised by PSM. Usually the PSM is activated only when all the available ZMs fail to control the interaction with the external reality.
A ZM model has full access to all the resources of the brain. It can take any information from any part of the brain and can make any model based on any available information.
By analyzing the normal activity of the brain, one understands that some activities use only a limited number of models. The access to some models is easier than to others. We can find very fast some information and find more slowly other. This suggests that some models, which are usually employed together, are grouped. We define a quasi-structure of models called MZM. A MZM is a group of models, which are used often together. They can be associated with some specific complex activities (job, hobby, family life, car driving and so on).
STORY-TYPE MODELS
These are transition-ZMs. When there are some information from the external reality, the normal activity of the brain is to build a normal ZM-model or to find the best available ZM to integrate that information.
When the quantity of information is high, the brain has no technical possibility to follow this normal mode of interaction. It is forced just to record the information in a string-type mode. Such a record of data is called a story-type model (S-M).
Note: some persons who already read this book were disturbed by the fact that there are many sequences which are repeated in different parts of the book. Unfortunately for such persons, this happened because they make story-type models instead of a normal model. If they make story-type models and if there is a repeated sequence, the local-ZM will jump back to the place where the information was previously met. At that moment, the story-type models are fragmenting. The person has lost the connection with the story-type model and is forced to make a new one. Also, the person could try to reconnect the old model with the new one, but this is difficult. For a person who makes a normal model, when a sequence is repeated, this sequence will only confirm the normal model and this is very good for the model.
Story-type models can be used as a source of information to make or develop, off-line, normal models. Any element of such models can be developed as a normal model later.
Although many people use this type of interaction with the external reality, this mode of interaction is not efficient and uses a lot of the limited resources of the brain.
Indeed, a story-type-model records the information in an explicit way, about the same way as it is recorded on a tape-recorder. This mode is a very primitive way of recording data. A normal model can generate a huge quantity of information by simulation. Such information is not recorded there in an explicit way.
Even more, a story-type model introduces non-normal relations between some elements. As we know, a story-type model is made by elements connected between them in the order of occurrence. So, two elements, which could have no connection between them, could be recorded with a relation between them if they occurred together. Anyway, there is no control and no long-range model to control the recording of a story-type model.
Unfortunately, such models are very spread out all over the world, due to the fact that there is too much information, and due to some big deficiencies of the education policy.
So, an education based on normal models will reduce very much the quantity of information, which has to be processed by a brain. The present education policy is based on assimilation of external models. That is, the capacity to build models is not used. So, faced with a huge quantity of information, the population is forced to make story-type models. This will reduce even more the capacity of the population to make normal models.
Example: a taxi driver must know any route in a city. There is a huge number of such routes and he has to learn each, both directions. If the normal model of the city is learned, then that taxi driver is able to find a route in any conditions. Except for the normal model of the city, it is not necessary to learn anything else. By story-type models (to learn routes) he has to increase the quantity of information with every new route. This is an example, but the situation is met in almost any field of activity. In practice, both methods are used.
Story-type models developed as long-range models are very dangerous, because they can stimulate induced-paranoia (XIP) or a schizophrenic-paranoiac complex (XSPC). This is so because a story-type model has special relations between its elements. Such relations are generated by the arbitrary occurrence of the elements and thus, to transform the story-type model into a family of normal models becomes difficult (the brain has to build from scratch several new normal models, based on the information generated by a story-type model, and this is not easy).
The story-type models are integrated in the normal structure of models and they are controlled by that structure.
SHIELDING MODELS
We already saw that any model evolves independently, by itself, based on the information taken from external reality or from others models. The aim of any model is to gain its stability. Once a model has a problem, it will continue to be active up to the moment when it regains stability.
There are some problems without solution. The model will continue to look for a solution forever. This activity can produce negative effects on the overall stability of the structure of models of the brain (it consumes a lot of energy).
The main problem without solution is death (human beings only).
This is a basic problem. So, there is a model which predicts the death of a person and that model has no solution to the problem. When there is no model to solve a problem, the PSM is activated. The PSM has no solution too and so it will make a specific model to solve the problem. But the new model has no solution either, and so, a dangerous loop is activated. This activity could be very dangerous for the stability of the structure of models of any mature human being.
Since the oldest times, the human beings found a solution: shielding models.
A shielding model is a model, which is made to prevent a normal model from activating the PSM and also to transmit to the model with problems some information to stabilize it.
The best-known shielding model is religion.
Observation: as a person becomes older and older, the prediction of death is more and more precise. The person has the tendency to become more and more religious. Also, when a population is under stress, it has also the tendency to become more and more religious.
A shielding model is associated to a normal model which has problems. A shielding model is not based on external reality. It cannot be included in a normal model, as the normal model cannot include a model which is not based on external reality.
The reality generated by a shielding model can be called "illusion".
The shielding model can be made for any problem without solution. Such models reduce the nonsense activity of a brain and so, there is more energy to solve the normal problems. But, such models could be also very dangerous. The activation of a shielding model also deactivates the protection structure of a person or at least some section of it.
The shielding models are the main models, which can pass from 'normal-to-PSM' zone to PSM. Such changes could be very dangerous for that being, because some protection models are deactivated forever.
The shielding models are partially integrated in the normal structure of models and so, the structure can, partially, control them.
ACTIVABLE MODELS (WBAM)
A ZM could predict a future situation of the external reality, which has no associated model. Such a situation can activate the PSM. To prevent this, the ZM can make a would-be active-type model (WBAM). Such a model is not created by direct interaction with the external reality. Such a WBAM acts as a shielding model up to the last moment before the activation. After activation, it becomes a normal ZM model.
A normal ZM is built in direct interaction with external reality. WBAMs can be associated with the external reality without previous interaction with it.
Note: the emotion is defined in MDT as a transient situation between the activation of the PSM and the moment when a normal suitable model is activated. The activation of the PSM can be prevented by a good WBAM (of course, if that situation was predicted by a main ZM).
WBAMs are included in the normal structure of the models and they are controlled by it.
ILLEGAL MODELS (XZM)
All types of models described up to now are normal models. They are included in a harmonic/logic way in the structure.
There are some models, which are not included in the normal structure of models, or they have lost their normal connection to the structure. Such models are called "illegal models" or XZM.
There are many situations which can produce illegal models. A case is when a new model is not finished because the specific external reality, which produced it, is no met anymore.
For instance, somebody has been involved in a car accident. A new model is started, but because such situation will not be met again in the near future, the model is not finished, because there is no external reality to finish it. Such model could evolve as an illegal model.
Observation: there is an empirical method of the "classical" psychiatry to stimulate or even to force a person (mainly children) to tell everything which is associated with a traumatic situation. MDT says that such a method is very good because, in this way, a possible illegal model will be forced to connect to the normal structure of models and so, the long-range negative effects are prevented. As we see, MDT can explain exactly why this psychiatric empirical procedure is good, as MDT was not even created specifically for the psychiatric field!
Another situation when an XZM could be created is when a model is too large. Such a model could be fragmented and some components can lose the normal connection with the structure. The fragments can evolve as illegal models.
The story-type models are also candidates to become XZM (at least some parts of them).
A major cause of the occurrence of illegal models is technological problems. As we know, a normal structure of models is made of many models, which are connected together in a harmonic/logic way. The models communicate between them but, if the communication is not good due to technological problems, some models can become illegal.
Such process can also generate half-XZM models. Such models have little communications with the other models, or the communication can be only in association with some other models, or only in association with some specific situations of the external reality.
Because such models are no controlled anymore by the normal structure of models, they can contain anything. They can obtain information from the external reality or from other models, or they can create and activate models which can act on the external reality (ZAM and AZM).
XZM models could be dangerous, or even very dangerous, because a person can do some things outside his/her consciousness. A person that has such models does not know that such models exist in his/her brain. Some of these models can be detected during hypnosis practice.
XZMs can explain somnambulist-effect, double-personality, and many illogical or bizarre activities. They can also explain some crimes, including the serial-killer phenomenon or terrorism-related crimes. Such a person is just "remote-controlled" by the XZMs.
The illegal models can explain also some paranormal phenomena.
PARANORMAL PHENOMENA
Telepathy is considered as a direct communication between two brains. Even more, this kind of communication is performed at great distance between the two brains and through any kind of media.
Unfortunately, this kind of transmission of information is not possible, based on the laws of the nature. In order to transmit information, it is necessary to transmit energy at the distance. The known fields of forces (electric, magnetic, electro-magnetic and gravitational) do not meet the requirements for such a transmission. Even more, even if there is a field of forces which can propagate at large distance through any kind of material, in order to transmit information, modulation of the energy, depending on the information, is also necessary. At the receiver it is necessary to demodulate the energy changes, in order to get the message.
Some could say that the information could be transmitted by a 'shortcut', without transmitting the energy at the distance. This interferes with the basics of the sciences of nature.
Anyways, I believe in natural sciences, and the only conclusion is that, for now and forever, telepathy, as a direct transmission of information from a brain to another, does not exist.
MDT explains "telepathy" in the frame of the laws of nature, without any kind of transmission of information at the distance. The phenomenon is based on the huge capacity of the brain to process information and on XZM models.
As we know, the basic function of any brain is to make models and to simulate the possible evolution of them. A model, which is associated with an external reality, is able to predict the evolution of that external reality. So, at any moment, we make predictions associated with the external reality, and the majority of them are good.
Now, let's suppose that a person has a special relation with another person, as a mother and her child, for instance. The model associated with her child could have been active for many years. Such a model could become a XZM model. This XZM is active outside the control of the mother. Such an XZM could simulate the interaction between the child and different kinds of environments. When a negative prediction occurs, such a model can transmit a message to the local-ZM. The mother "receives" a message. The "receiver" cannot find the source and the reason for that message, because an XZM-model, not belonging to the normal structure of models, transmits the message. It is very easy to consider that such a message is transmitted by "telepathy".
So, MDT considers that such messages are generated by simulation on an XZM- model and so, they are just predictions. In some cases, such predictions could be correct (the predictions which are not correct are forgotten !!!). Such messages are not related with the external reality.
Some of such predictions could also be obtained during a hypnosis session, because hypnosis is associated only with XZMs.
The same basic explanation is valid for the clairvoyance phenomenon. In such a case, the XZM is associated with a specific external reality, or with an illness.
Such predictions could be correct for many situations, but, because they are just predictions, there is a limited guarantee on their correctness.
Example: a person was "seen" by a clairvoyance medium. This medium was asked on the status of the heart of that person. The answer was that the heart is in a good shape. The answer was correct. But there was a "little" problem: that person was wearing a pacemaker, which was not "seen" by the medium, in accordance with MDT.
MDT can be used to see how to develop such paranormal qualities. First of all, for it, let's remember that XZM are image models and so, developing the interaction with external reality based on image models is strongly recommended. Also, a natural tendency towards image models is mandatory.
Such persons must be well balanced, or able to obtain a stability status by different methods, so that the normal structure of models has a reduced activity. Such persons must have a reduced tendency to control the activity associated with the problem (to reduce even more the activity of the normal structure of models).
It is also very important to obtain as much as possible information by direct interaction (based on image models) with the problem. The information based on symbolic models could be useful too, after translation on image models.
MDT considers that XZM models are image models. But, there is a supposition that some symbolic-models could be illegal too. If so, an XZM-symbolic model could explain, e.g., how some persons can perform extremely complicated arithmetical operations.
THE NORMAL HUMAN BRAIN
This section was intended to treat the subject declared, but instead, it is just an evaluation of the problem. The reason is the inexistence of sufficient data on XZM models.
To make a local model on the normal human brain, we take some conditions from
MDT, as follows:
C1: The PSM must act to protect the being and to ensure the unconditional survival, forever, of that being. The PSM must also contain some models associated with the society in which the being lives. The PSM must not contain ordinary models.
C2: Any model of the brain must be stable (harmonic or logic).
C3: The whole structure of models must be stable. That is, any truth of any model must be accepted (or at least not rejected) by any other model of the brain.
Let's develop a little this local model.
The main condition of normality is that the person has to be accepted by the society. That is, the person has to integrate in that society. For a cannibal- type society, the person has to integrate in that society. Otherwise he will be rejected by the society. The limits or normality are, as we see, very broad.
For a democratic society of our time, some of the conditions of normality are "not to kill", "not to steal" and so on. Such models must be in the PSM and this goal is achieved by education since many generations.
Let's consider that a person makes a model to kill someone. If this model is blocked by PSM, that person can be considered as a normal one.
However, if a person makes a model to kill someone and, in some conditions, the PSM does not work properly, that model can be activated. Based on MDT, such a situation is a hardware problem and so, that person is not a normal one.
In "classical" psychiatry, they make a test to understand if the person was or not responsible for his/her acts. Based on MDT, as I said, here we have a hardware problem and so, the fact that the person was or not conscious of what he was doing is not relevant. Even more, based on MDT, a model cannot be destroyed by any hardware or software facility of the brain. So, a punishment has no effect.
If a brain has a hardware problem, there is no solution to correct it. The main reason is the fact that any model is connected with almost all the models of the brain. Even XZMs must have some connections. In order to remove a model by external action, it is necessary to know the exact hardware structure of that brain and this, as I think, will be not possible at least in the next 50 years.
C1 asserts also the condition that the brain must not contain ordinary models (O.M.). This condition is necessary because if an O.M. is included in PSM, that model becomes invariant (it cannot be changed by any information from the external reality). So, if an O.M. is included in PSM, any information obtained by IR from external reality must be compatible with that OMPSM. If not, that information must be distorted to meet, somehow, the condition requested by the OMPSM. When there is an OMPSM in the brain, this is an illness called "paranoia".
A person with an OMPSM must distort the information obtained from external reality to meet the conditions requested by the OMPSM.
Example: The authentic communists have included in PSM the OMPSM called "the working class is the leader of the society". Regardless of the external reality, they have a harmonic/logic structure of models based on this model. Fortunately, the absolute majority of the communists have no such model included in PSM and so, they are normal persons.
Example: Usually, drugs create an OMPSM called "use them". Such persons will continue to use drugs regardless of any information associated with their negative effects. This is a special kind of paranoia.
Example: smoking is also a form of paranoia, due to the same reason, as above. After many years of smoking, some persons can give up smoking. This could happen if, for instance, the person gets ill. The illness could make a non- smoking model, which enters the PSM too.
The C3-condition states that the whole structure of models must be harmonic/logic. This condition is not easy to meet. First of all, there is a limited capacity to refresh the whole structure of models. The refresh capacity for some persons could be under the requirements. Such persons could evolve to a form of schizophrenia.
Let's consider now a person-A, who meets the C3 criterium. At one moment, an important model becomes useless (for instance, an important person B disappears from the life of A). In such case, person-A has to refresh the whole structure of models. This task could exceed the technical capacity of refresh (mainly for older persons).
It the refresh capacity is exceeded, one possibility is to make shielding models. If a person has too many shielding models, such a person cannot be considered as a normal person. Such persons can be detected, e.g. due to the fact that they don't want, or they cannot discuss about some subjects.
XZM models are not taken into account because of the lack of enough data about them. XZMs can explain the somnambulistic-effect, multiple personalities or even some nonsense crimes.
There are killers who don't know why they kill other people. Many of them seem to be normal persons, as their friends can confirm and also they can be integrated in society. XZMs can be an explanation for their crimes. Indeed, an XZM is a model which is out of the control of the normal structure of models. Such models can become active-models in some situations (due to the hardware problems of that brain). The killer is so "remotely-controlled" by the XZM.
Such killers cannot be detected by a lie detector. The explanation is the fact that there is no normal model that makes the crime and so, there is no reason to pretend or hide something.
As I said, this section is just for evaluation. As new data will be obtained in association with XZMs, the section will be developed.
THE ABSTRACT OF THE FUNCTIONAL FACILITIES OF A BRAIN
Let's make an abstract about all the functional facilities of a human brain. Almost all the facilities, which are not related with symbolic-models, are the same for animals.
BF1: To make models associated or not with a section of the external reality
BF2: To refresh, on and on, the M-models by prediction and comparison with IR, so that M-models reflect better and better the dynamic external reality.
BF3: The continuous self-refreshing of some ZM coupled with M-models. The goal is that these ZM-models reflect better and better the external reality. For this, ZM must take into account any other ZM-model of the brain as well.
BF4: To simulate, continuously, the possible evolution of the associated external reality, even when a ZM is not connected to M-models.
BF5: One of the main conditions, which must be fulfilled by any model, is to become stable (harmonic or logic). That is, any simulation on a model must reconfirm the model in the same shape. If a disharmony or logical contradiction is detected, the model must regain its stability by IR (from external reality or from other models). Moreover, as any model is already integrated in a structure of models, any other model must accept any result of any simulation on any model. This condition ensures the general stability of a structure of models. A real brain does not easily meet this condition.
BF6: Any ZMs are able to activate, in time sharing, many ZAM models to do many activities. However, there is a single ZAM which can act on the external reality at a given moment of time. The reason for it is that, before activation, any model needs to initialize using data taken from external reality. When a ZAM is deactivated, it needs to store data for future reactivation. This method is fast, but if external reality is changed too much, such data is no more valid. In this case, the activated ZAM has to find the new conditions of initialization, based on ZMs. The brain uses both methods. By description of the process, we see that it is not easy to do many activities at the same time (in time-sharing), and it is easy to make mistakes.
BF7: The facility of any model to gain information from any other model of the brain. However, due to the technological implementation, it is possible that some models have a better communications with some models, and not as easy communication with other models.
BF8: Any model has the facility to develop any of its elements as models. Thus, it is possible to have a nested structure of models. The "depth" of this structure has only technological limitations.
These facilities generate the knowledge and the consciousness, based on a structure of stable (harmonic or logic) models. Such structure is able to self-develop in an unknown external reality.
For a given brain, in interaction with an external reality, there are a number of features which will be described now. That is, as a brain has many modes of interaction with external reality, a particular brain could use mostly only some of them, as follows:
SF1: If there is a difference between reality (prediction) and the external reality (IR), a brain has some possibilities:
SF1.1: to correct the model based on IR (knowledge)
SF1.2: to modify the external reality (creativity)
SF1.3: to store IR in a story-type model
SF1.4: to ignore or to forget that IR
SF2: When a model is "correct", but it cannot be integrated in the structure of models, there are some possibilities:
SF2.1: to make a shielding model (the external reality is considered as wrong) SF2.2: to modify the whole structure of models (knowledge at any price, but sometimes this can exceed the technical possibilities of a given brain). SF2.3: to modify the model (i.e. to distort the importance of some elements or relations so that, the modified model can be accepted by the structure). When this procedure is followed, we have a paranoiac behavior. SF2.4: the model with problems is ignored, or it is recorded as a story-type model.
SF3: when there is an external reality and no suitable model, there are some
possibilities:
SF3.1: to create a suitable model, initiated by PSM
SF3.2: to ignore that external reality
SF3.3: to record that external reality based on a set of more or less
fragmented story-type models.
THE PERSONALITY (HUMAN ONLY)
The personality is treated here for human beings only. However, some characteristics (which are not related in a direct or indirect way with the symbolic models), are about the same for animals.
The personality is given by the whole structure of models of a given human being. We shall develop this very complex concept. To do this, at the beginning, we shall see a number of features in a rather random way and then, based on these descriptions, we shall list some important parameters which characterize the personality.
We know from the general theory that any brain makes models and simulates the possible evolution of these models. There are no restrictions in connection with the aims or goals of such simulations. Even for a simple model, the number of different simulations could be high. Of course, a model will not make all the possible simulations.
A characteristic of the personality is associated with this diversity of aims and goals of any model.
A structure of models could evolve in a chaotic way, out of control. Another parameter of the personality is associated with the capability to control such a diversity of evolution of a structure of models.
As we know from the general theory, the stability in a model is a brain quality parameter. Thus, the aims and goals of any model have to be controlled by a limited number of long-range models. Without such long-range models, the structure can evolve in a chaotic way (this is a form of schizophrenia).
Faced with a new external reality, the model which gives the best predictions of the evolution of that external reality will be activated. However, when the external reality is complex, the main model has to activate some other models, to be able to predict better and better the evolution of that external reality. A parameter of the personality is the capacity to keep control of the main activity even when the main model activates some others model. Thus, the stability in the main model is a parameter associated with the personality.
Example: there are some persons who start from a subject and evolve in a rather chaotic way to other subjects so that the main subject is sometimes forgotten.
Another parameter of a personality is associated with the fact that, although the structure of models has to be stable, the structure must be compatible with some models imposed from outside, by education. Without some main models imposed from outside (by education), a human being will be not compatible with the external reality.
By education, some models must be present in any brain (some of them must be in the PSM). Any human being is able to integrate into society, based on them.
There are now very big problems associated with education, in the present human society. The main problem is the fact that the society (including in most advanced countries) is evolving very fast based on symbolic models and the education is not able to keep the pace with this fast evolution. E.g. the usual method of education is to impose some story-type model (i.e. some models of "how to do"-type). This method has increased too much the number of models that must be stored by the brain and the brain is not capable anymore to store and use all of them. Based on MDT, the normal solution should be to store some normal models that can be tailored by each person to any specific situation.
Another parameter is associated with the tendency to think and act based on long-range models or short-range models. Some persons behave based on a number of long-range concept models (principles) which are used in any situation. Other persons have specific short-range models for any specific external reality. The personality parameter is typically situated between the two limits mentioned above.
From the general theory, we know that some models generate knowledge and others are used to modify the external reality. Thus, there are personalities oriented mostly to knowledge and others are oriented mostly to change the external reality.
There are persons who assimilate easily external models and others who prefer to make their own models.
Also, there are image models and symbolic models.
We can make a partial matrix associated with a personality based on the capacity to make/assimilate image/symbolic models, for instance.
Another very important parameter is associated with the content of the PSM. As we know, a number of external models must be included in the PSM, by the education process, so that the person is integrated in society. Unfortunately, a lot of models could enter in PSM, in an uncontrolled way. Some of these models could be bad models. They can be built, e.g. if a person is born and lives (at least in childhood) in a bad environment. For a person who has such bad models, there is still a chance to integrate in a normal society, by making some shielding models. However, a shielding model is, usually, not safe enough. Thus, in some situations, a person can act based on the bad models and not based on the shielding models which had helped him/her to be accepted by the society. Unfortunately, it is very difficult to know in advance the content of the PSM, because the PSM acts only in very special and critical situations. To be understood, this subject needs a lot of further work.
Here we present a general theory. It cannot go beyond some limits because the technological implementation is, usually, not taken into account. However, based on the theory, it is possible to develop the subject for specific applications.
Now we shall list some parameters associated with the personality, based on the above discussion. Some of the parameters associated with the personality could be:
The orientation to image models
The orientation to symbolic models
The orientation to knowledge
The orientation to action on external reality
The orientation to make new models
The orientation to assimilate new models
The orientation on short-range models
The orientation on long-range models
The parameter associated with the diversity of action
The parameter associated with the stability in a model
The parameter associated with the conformity to society requirements
The parameter associated with non-standard models from PSM
A table could be made, for any person, with numerical values associated to the above parameters. To do this, a local model must be developed. That model has to contain a set of standard procedures to obtain such parameters.
This chapter, which is associated with the personality, refers only to normal, mature persons (as these terms are already defined). The pathological cases are not taken into account here. In fact, to study the pathological cases is a nonsense before defining the normal situation.
This general theory, as it will be developed for specific situations, is useful to understand also pathological cases. For instance, MDT defines XZM- models (illegal models) as models which are not integrated in the normal structure of models. Such models could be very important to issues related to the personality, but there are still few data about XZM models.
There is another very important parameter associated with the personality, which was not described above; it is a parameter associated to the consciousness. Because it is so important, it will be described in a separated section.
THE CONSCIOUSNESS
It is considered that there are some long-range ZM models (image or symbolic), which contain the being as an element. When such a model is activated, it has to initialize. That is, it has to find the positions of all the elements (including the being itself) and to find all the relations between the elements by interaction with the external reality.
The consciousness is the capacity of a brain to make and operate a model, which contains the being as an element.
It is very important to emphasize that such models are normal models, which are made by that brain in interaction with the external reality. Such models cannot be assimilated by education, for instance.
The level of consciousness is associated with the capacity of that brain to find and refresh, in a continuos way, the position of the being in a model.
Such models are long-range models. Their elements are already developed as models. Some models can also contain some elements associated with the person. The number of planes of consciousness could be high.
Example: I am a Romanian citizen. I live in Europe, so I am also European. I have a job; I have a position there. I live in a block of flats; I have also a position in relation with the others who also live in my block of flats, and so on.
There are some models, which does not contain the person in an explicit way. This is level-1 of conciousness. Only some parts of that person are taken into account. The consciousness is of level 2 when the person appears in an explicit way in relation with other persons. On level 2, the person is integrated in a group; the person knows the aims and the rules of the group and acts accordingly.
Examples: when a person drinks water from a glass, the person does not appear in an explicit way; only some components of that person are taken into account. If the person knows what he is doing, and is able to predict his evolution, then he is on level 1 of consciousness. If a person plays a game in a team, and he knows the aims and the rules of the group and communicates with the members of the group, then that person is on level 2 of consciousness. On level 2, the person is integrated in the model, as an explicit element, as any other person of that group.
Problem: On level 2, a possible problem is to consider one's own activity as a good one, and to consider that some other members of the group are low quality persons. This could happen with a non-homogenous group, but also it is possible that the model is a low quality one (the person has made a low quality model associated with the aims and the rules of the group). As we know, any model is made to be stable (logical or harmonic). We also know that the stability of a model is not a guarantee that the model reflects in a good way the external reality. Thus, for a good level 2 of consciousness, it is necessary that all the members of the group have about the same basic model.
Observation: it is possible that faced with a new external reality, for which there is no available model, the PSM activates itself. As the PSM is activated, all the normal models are disabled and so the consciousness disappears. Such a situation is called "shock status". The consciousness returns only after the normal structure of models regains control.
The highest level of consciousness is level 3. There are few persons who are able to reach level 3 of consciousness. It is not easy to understand the explanations associated with this level.
On level 3, a person is able, e.g. to think with "the others' head". Also, on this level, a person is able to see how the others see him. This implies to make a model which contains the model of the group as an element in a longer- range model.
On level 3, the brain has to work very hard. There are few person who are able to do such an effort. It is harder to do such an effort on image models than on symbolic models. Usually, level 3 of consciousness is met on symbolic models. However, the word "empathy" can be associated on image models, with a low level 3 of consciousness.
Note: Level 3 requests a hard effort for a brain and at the same time, the personal advantage from such effort is not too high. Thus, the absolute majority of the population is on level 1 and 2.
The persons able to stay on level 3 are the elite of a group.
Example: let's see an example involving car driving. On level 1, a driver is reacting only when a situation occurs, or is about to occur. On level 2, a driver is able to predict what the other drivers will do beforehand. On level 3, a driver is able to understand every driver around him, and he is also able to take in account some possible problems, which can occur in association with the overall traffic problems. Of course, the best drivers are those on level 3, but the effort to stay on level 3 is so big, that, at some moments, the brain will not be able to do such an effort, and the driver "drops" on level 1, when he can cause accidents. This could be the explanation of some "inexplicable" accidents, with persons who are considered as very good from a professional point of view. Of course, this is a very general problem; it is not related only with car drivers.
We already defined the elite of a group as those persons who are able to stay on level 3. Let's consider that a person has to work in a position where one has to take care of the community. Such persons must anticipate what problems could occur in future, to be able to protect the community. Level 3 is absolutely necessary. But, there is a problem. When a person is to be selected for such a job, he has to gain some abilities. The problem here is that such abilities are, usually, obtained after some specific training.
The training courses have, as main goal, to ensure that the students have assimilated a number of models. When a problem associated with such models occurs, they will activate the suitable model, and so they will solve the problem. But, to be able to do the job in a good way, the main quality is not to have the right model, when the problem occurs, but to anticipate fast enough, what kind of problem will occur. That is, to be on level 3. I never heard that the selection of personnel is done based also on the level of consciousness criterion. Even worse, the persons who are able to assimilate easily new models, have a reduced capacity to make their own models (as level 3 requires) and so, the present system of education stimulates the students to have a low level of consciousness.
The present level of development of the human brain is too low to have, on a large scale, a level 3 of symbolic consciousness.
The consciousness based on symbolic models is requested in any situation when an elite group is necessary. In such a situation, every individual of the group is associated with a symbolic element. Such a symbolic element contains nothing which could be associated with the "human" part of an individual (no emotions, no feelings, no love and so on).
Let's see now the consciousness in the animal world. Some superior animals, which live in packs, know their position in the pack. So, there is a form of level 2 image consciouness for such animals. Of course, such a level is associated with a single model, which is made by every individual of the pack. Even more, the position of every individual could be changed in time.
But what about ants. There is very little probability that an ant is able to make models in interaction with the external reality. The ants are based on the models of their PSM, (which are ready made when they are born). For instance, level-2 of consciousness could be recognized when there is a competition between the members of the group, as it happens in a pack of mammals, or when an individual has to be trained. Such things cannot be met in the world of the ants. Thus, ants have no consciousness (except level 0) as a result of their incapacity to make models on their own.
Some superior animals, which live in association with human beings (e.g. dogs), are able to create on their own some models of interaction with the human beings. So, they could have level 2 consciousness.
ABSTRACT: MODEL DICTIONARY
M: these are models associated in a direct way with sense organs (M-eyes, M- ears and so on).
YM: concept models directly or indirectly associated with different entities of the external reality.
ZM: General long-range models. For any external reality, the brain makes one or more ZM-models. They generate the truths, the reality, the knowledge and the consciousness.
ZM-models are activated by the associated external reality. There are also ZM- models that are not associated to an external reality (e.g. when we solve a problem of mathematics).
Any ZM-model associated to an external reality works in association with some
M-models, and also in assocition with any other ZM-model.
MZM: this term is not associated with a model, but with a structure of different ZM, YM, ZAM, and AZM models. These models are very often used together. Such a structure is generated by the technological implementation of the brain, and it optimizes the activity of the brain in a section of the external reality.
ZAM: these models are long-range models used to modify the external reality. They are artificial models (they are not generated by direct interaction with the external reality) and they are also invariant (they cannot be changed by direct interaction with the external reality).
AZM: these models are associated with the organs that can interact with the external reality (hands, legs and so on) in a direct way.
XZM: these models are called also "illegal models", because they are not included in the normal structure of models. A normal model is a model for which any prediction is accepted in a harmonic/logic way by any other model of the structure. XZMs are, thus, individual models which have no normal communication with other models. Thus, a brain is not able to detect such models. In some situations, such models can become active and gain control of the being. They can also transmit some information to the normal structure of models.
WBAM (would be-active models): such models are artificial models that are generated by a ZM-model. Thus, a ZM-model predicts a situation for which there is no normal model. If a new external reality occurs, and there is no normal model to understand it, the PSM is activated. A ZM-model can make a WBAM- model, based on its predictions, so that, when the new external reality occurs, the ZM will activate that WBAM and so PSM is not activated.
SHIELDING MODELS: Any model has the tendency to become stable. There are some models which cannot become stable. Such models can destabilize the whole structure of models due to some infinite loops performed in order to gain stability (the model with problems will activate some other models, including the PSM, in a continuous way). A shielding model is created by the main ZM. It intercepts some truths which can activate some other models (incuding the PSM) and transmits to the model with problems some information which stabilizes it. The reality generated by a shielding model is called "illusion". The best known shielding-model is religion. This shielding model stabilizes any model which predicts the death of the person so it blocks the activation of the PSM.
STORY-TYPE MODELS: Faced with a new external reality, the normal tendency of the brain is to make a normal model, or to activate a suitable model from its collection of models. But, when the external reality is changing very fast, this procedure cannot be followed. In this case, the brain records the information based on short-range models. These short-range models are connected between them based on the order of occurence. Such a model (string- type) is called "story-type model". Story-type models are used later ("off line") to make or improve the normal models.
PROTECTION AND SURVIVAL MODEL (PSM)
This is the fundamental image model of any brain. When a new being is born, the brain contains only the PSM. The PSM contains a collection of basic short range models (e.g. reflex actions) and long-range models (e.g. the instincts) for a minimal protection of that being and to ensure the unconditional survival of that being, forever (these are the basic design features).
The PSM contains also a model of the external body (bones, muscles, and so on) and also some basic models of interaction with the external reality (e.g. the model to follow with the eyes the movement of an entity from external reality, or the model to touch an entity from external reality, which is in the range of the hand). There are also some models to ensure the equilibrium of the physical body.
Faced with a new external reality, the PSM is activated and it tries to solve the problem, based on its short-range models (e.g. reflex actions), but it will also create a new element, which is associated to the new external reality. Once the new element is created by PSM, this element is self- developing as a model, in order to understand the new external reality. When such an external reality occurs again, the specialized model created during the first occurence of the new external reality will be activated instead of the PSM. Such models are normal models (they do not belong to PSM).
Thus, as a new born being gains experience, the PSM will not be activated, but the models previously created in the interaction of that being with the external reality.
A model, which belongs to PSM, cannot be changed regardless of the information received from external reality (the PSM contains only invariant models). In special conditions, e.g. when a big danger exists for the being (as detected by PSM), it is possible that a new model enters the PSM. Basically speaking, any model can enter the PSM. For a normal brain, the PSM must contain only "standard models" (see the general theory and ETAs) because, once a model is in PSM, it cannot be changed regardless of the information received from external reality. Even more, any information from external reality can be accepted only if it can be accepted by PSM.
Example: Let's suppose that in the PSM of a person there is a non-standard model which considers that the frogs are very dangerous. Regardless of the information received from external reality, that person will be horrified when frogs are around.
The content of the PSM is very hard to be known because the PSM is activated only when there is no normal model to understand the external reality.
The PSM is an image model and it will remain so forever.
EXAMPLES, TESTS AND APPLICATIONS (ETA) ASSOCIATED TO THE MDT THEORY
These ETAs are intergrant parts of MDT and show how it works in some specific cases. The order of occurence of the subjects is random. MDT tries to keep its generality as much as possible, independent of the technological implementation of different brains.
ETA 1: The Model
The model is a collection of elements and relations between the elements. There are two types of models: image models (or analogic models) and symbolic models. The elements and relationships are given explicitly for the symbolic models, and implicitly for the image models.
Image models (analogic) can't be given in an explicit manner. They are given as they are, as a whole. This is an intrinsic property of the image models.
To give a model in an explcit manner means to describe the elements and the relationship between the elements, but this takes us outside the analogic model. That means to translate the image model into a symbolic model (we need to use words to describe the image model). Even if the translated model is associated to the image model, it is a different model.
Example: given an image model of an airplane, its elements are the main body, the wings etc. One of the wings could break in two, so it is made of two pieces. Actually, it contains an infinity of elements, as it could break in any way. In any real situation, it is by far easier to build an image model, than explain what had been built. This is why we say that an image model is just given as it is, and not defined explicitly. Anytime we refer to an image model, we need to take into account this fundamental issue.