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The Bronze Age and the Celtic World

Chapter 25: PLATES
By Harold Peake
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Archaeology & AnthropologyHistory - AncientHistory - European

About This Book

The author presents a series of lectures synthesizing archaeological and anthropological evidence to trace the origins, movements, and material culture of Celtic and neighboring Bronze Age populations. Chapters examine prehistoric settlement, trade networks, prospecting and migration, and propose a Celtic homeland; detailed study of the form, development, and geographic spread of leaf-shaped bronze swords provides a key chronological and cultural marker. The narrative integrates finds from Mediterranean and European contexts, addresses the transition to iron weaponry, and concludes by weighing hypotheses about Indo-European origins and subsequent population movements.

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PLATES

PLATE I.
AXES FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN AND WEST EUROPE.
1 Cyprus. Pitt-Rivers Museum, Oxford. 1440. Cesnola Collection.
2 Cyprus. Pitt-Rivers Museum, Oxford. J. W. Flower.
3 Cyprus. Pitt-Rivers Museum, Oxford. 1440. Cesnola Collection.
4 Cyprus; Dati. City Art Gallery, Leeds. John Holmes Collection.
5 Cyprus; Nicosia. Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.
6 Cyprus. Pitt-Rivers Museum, Oxford. 1440. Cesnola Collection.
7 Greece; Eubœa. British School of Archæology, Athens. Finlay Collection, 25.
8 Greece; Peloponnesus. British School of Archæology, Athens. Finlay Collection, 538.
10 Spain; site unknown. Collection of Capt. J. H. Ball.
11 Spain; El Argar. Siret 21. Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. P.R. 200.
12 Malta; Hal-Tarxien. Valetta Museum.
13 Malta; Hal-Tarxien. Valetta Museum.
14 Malta; Hal-Tarxien. Valetta Museum.
15 Spain; El Argar. Siret 276. Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. P.R. 202.
16 Spain; El Argar. Siret 605. Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. P.R. 199.
17 Spain; El Argar. Siret 26. Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. P.R. 201.
18 Spain; El Argar. Siret 816. Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. P.R. 198.
19 England; Arreton Down, Isle of Wight. Carisbrooke Museum.
20 England; Aldershot, Hants. Collection of Capt. J. H. Ball.
21 England; Battlefield, Shropshire. Shrewsbury Museum.
22 England; Yorkshire. Site unknown. Private Collection.
23 England; Beckhampton, Wilts. Devizes Museum.
24 England; Grappenhall, Cheshire. Warrington Museum.
25 England; Fordham, Cambridgeshire. Museum of Archæology and Ethnology, Cambridge.
26 England; Banner Down, near Bath. Literary and Scientific Institute, Bath.
27 England; Fordham, Cambridgeshire. Museum of Archæology and Ethnology, Cambridge.
PLATE II.
DAGGERS FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN AND WEST EUROPE.
1 Crete. Candia Museum.
2 Crete. Candia Museum.
3 Crete; Gournia. Boyd & Hawes (1912) iv. 51.
4 Malta; Hal-Tarxien. Valetta Museum.
5 Malta; Hal-Tarxien. Valetta Museum.
6 Sicily; Monteracello. Syracuse Museum. B.P. XXIV., xxii. 7.
8 England; Throwley, Staffordshire. Sheffield Museum. Bateman Collection. J. 93. 450.
9 Ireland; Shannon, Co. Limerick. Glastonbury Museum. Braxton Collection 359.
10 England; exact site unknown. Public Library, Brentford.
11 Ireland; site unknown. Private Collection.
12 Ireland; site unknown. Municipal Museum, Plymouth.
13 England; Fairoak, near Hereford. Hereford Museum.
14 Ireland; site unknown. Museum of the Leeds Literary and Philosophical Society.
15 England; Isleworth, Middlesex. From the Thames at Sion reach. Guildhall Museum, London.
16 England; Bottisham lode, Cambridgeshire. Museum of Archæology and Ethnology, Cambridge.
17 England; Hammersmith, Middlesex. From the Thames. The London Museum.

PLATE III.

AN ETRUSCAN PROSPECTOR.

From the lid of a coffin in the British Museum.
By kind permission of the Trustees.

Photo: W. A. Mansell & Co.

PLATE IV.
FIVE HUNGARIAN DAGGERS.
A Komoron, Hungary. Catalogue (1891) IX. 62. Ownership unknown.
B Komoron, Hungary. Catalogue (1891) IX. 62. Ownership unknown.
C Szony, Hungary. Catalogue (1891) IX. 58. Ownership unknown.
D Kassa, Hungary. Catalogue (1891) IX. 61. Ownership unknown.
E Transylvania. Catalogue (1891) IX. 60. Ownership unknown.
PLATE V.
SIX LARGER DAGGERS.
A Austria, Langen Wand. Naue (1903) xix. 2. Ownership unknown.
B Germany; site unknown. Montelius (1900) xxxi. 75. Bastian & Voss, xiii. 1. Imperial Museum, Berlin. Naue (1903) xix. 3.
C Denmark; Island of Lolland. Muller, Ordnugn, &c., xi. 157. Ownership unknown. Naue (1903) xix. 4.
D Italy; Cascina Ranza, near Milan. Brera Museum, Milan. Montelius (1895–1904). I.B., xxviii. 2.
E Hungary; site unknown. Hampel (1886) xix. 6. Antiquaries’ Museum, Zurich. Fehr Collection. Arch. Ertesito, xii. 292.
F Hungary; site unknown. Hampel (1886) lxxxv. 2. Antiquaries’ Museum, Zurich. Fehr Collection. Arch. Ertesito, xii. 290.
PLATE VI.
THE SEVEN TYPES OF LEAF-SHAPED SWORDS.
A Hungary, site unknown. Hampel (1886) xx. 4. National Museum, Buda-Pest. Naue (1903) ix. 3.
B Denmark, Norderhaide in the Isle of Sylt. Handelmann, Ausgrabungen auf Sylt (1873, 1875, 1880), fig. 4. Naue (1903) x. 1. Museum of National Antiquities, Kiel.
C Hungary, Buda-Pest. St. Margaret’s Isle. Dredged from the Danube. National Museum, Buda-Pest. Hampel (1886), cxcvii. 6.
D Hungary, Hajdu-böszörmény, Hajdu Co. Found May, 1858, with sword of Type C. National Museum, Buda-Pest. 1883/131.
E Hungary, Magyarorszaz. National Museum, Buda-Pest.
F Switzerland, Morges. Déchelette (1908–14) ii. Fig. 64 (2). Lausanne Museum. Album Musée Lausanne, xiv. 9.
G Austria, Hallstatt. Grave 299. Sacken (1868) xix. 10. Natural History Museum, Vienna. 24,609.
PLATE VII.
SWORDS OF TYPE A, FROM HUNGARY.
1 Hungary, site unknown. Hampel (1886) xx. 4. National Museum, Buda-Pest. Naue (1903) ix. 3.
2 Hungary, site unknown. University Museum of Archæology and Ethnology, Cambridge. Foster bequest.
3 Hungary. Dredged from the Danube near Buda-Pest. Catalogue (1891), viii. 45. Ownership unknown.
4 Schleswig-Holstein, site unknown. From a tomb. Ownership unknown. Splieth (1900) i.9b.
5 Italy, Castions di Strada, near Udine. B.P. xxxvii. (1912), 33. Archæological Museum, Cividale.
6 Italy, near Treviso. Montelius (1895–1904) I.B. 39. Treviso Museum.
PLATE VIII.
SWORDS OF TYPE C, FROM HUNGARY.
1 Site unknown. Catalogue (1891) vii. 42. Ownership unknown. Naue (1903) xi. 3.
2 Site unknown. Hampel (1886) xx. 7. National Museum, Buda-Pest. Naue (1903) viii. 8.
3 Sajo-Gömör. Hampel (1886) xv. 3. National Museum, Buda-Pest. Naue (1903) viii. 3.
4 Site unknown. Catalogue (1891) vii. 43. Ownership unknown. Naue (1903) VIII. 6.
5 Buda-Pest, St. Margaret’s Isle. Dredged from the Danube. Hampel (1886) cxcvii. 6. National Museum, Buda-Pest.
6 Hajdu-böszörmény, Hajdu Co. found in May, 1858, with three others of Type D. National Museum, Buda-Pest. 1883/131 (6).
7 Kis-Koszey (Battina) Baranza Co. Natural History Museum, Vienna. 37811.
PLATE IX.
SWORDS OF TYPE D, FROM HUNGARY.
1 Site unknown. Catalogue (1891) viii. 44. Naue (1903) viii. 7. Ownership unknown. Hampel (1886) xx. 8.
2 Rima-Szombat, Gömör Co., found with 2 swords Type E. Hampel (1886) cxiii. National Museum, Buda-Pest. 1867/3.
3 Endröd, Békés Co. National Museum, Buda-Pest. 1888/33.
4 Magyarorszaz, with four others. National Museum, Buda-Pest.
5 { Hajdu-böszörmény, Hajdu Co. found in May, 1858, with a sword of Type C. } National Museum, Buda-Pest, 1883/131.
6
7
PLATE X.
SWORDS OF TYPE E, FROM HUNGARY.
1 } Podhering, Bereg Co.
Hampel (1886) xc. 		National Museum, Buda-Pest.
Arch. Ertesito XIV. xxvi. 229–230.
2
3
4 Magyarorszaz. National Museum, Buda-Pest.
5 Site unknown. Catalogue (1891) vii. 4. Naue (1903) ix. 2. Ownership unknown. Formerly in Pfeffer collection.
6 Hajdú-böszörmény, Hajdu Co. from the Schatze. Hampel (1886) xx. 2. Ownership unknown. Naue (1903) ix. 1.
7 Oreszka, Zemplén Co. Hampel (1886) xx. 1 and 3. Collection of Count Antoine Sztàray.
PLATE XI.
SWORDS OF TYPE G.
1 Austria, Hallstatt. Grave 126. Sacken (1868). Natural History Museum, Vienna. 24091.
2 Austria, Hallstatt. Grave 299. Sacken (1868). Natural History Museum, Vienna. 24609.
3 Schleswig-Holstein, Siems near Lübeck. Splieth (1900) ix. 171 Lübeck Museum. 729.
4 France, Var, Flayosc. Antiquarian Museum, Marseilles.
5 Ireland, site unknown. Wild, Cat. Antiq., 319, No. 2. National Museum, Dublin.
6 Sweden, Nilsson, Skand Nord. Ur-inv. i. 7. Lubbock (1865) fig. 15.
7 Finland, Nyland, Haapa Kylä Heath. Crawford (1921) 136. Vorgeschichtliche (1900) xxxii. 4. Helsingfors Museum.
PLATE XII.
SWORDS FROM GREEK LANDS.
1 Greece: Mycenæ. Schliemann (1878) No. 221, p. 144. Athens Museum. No. 1017.
2 Greece: Mycenæ. Tsountas, E. A. (1891) 25. Athens Museum. No. 2539.
3 Greece: Levadeia. Athens Museum. No. 8017.
4 Crete: Muliana. Grave B. Έφ. Άρχ. (1904) Pl. 11. p. 44.
5 Crete: Muliana. Grave B. Έφ. Άρχ. (1904) Pl. 11. p. 44.
6 Egypt: Zagazig. Petrie (1917) xxxii. 6. Z.f.Æ.S. L.Taf. v. p. 61. Berlin Museum. No. 20447. Peet (1911. 2) 283.
7 Egypt: site unknown. Petrie (1917) xxxii. 5. Berlin Museum. Z.f.Æ.S. L.Taf. v. p. 61.
8 Egypt: Tell Firaun. Petrie (1917) xxxii. 7. Berlin Museum. No. 20305. Z.f.Æ.S. L.Taf. v. p. 61.
9 Greece: Tiryns. Athens Museum. No. 6228.
10 Greece: Tiryns. Athens Museum. No. 6228.
11 Cyprus: site unknown. Coll. Professor P. Geddes.
PLATE XIII.
SWORDS FROM ITALY.
1 Ascoli Piceno. Montelius (1895–1904) II. ii. B. 131. Prehistoric Museum, Rome.
2 Lake Trasimene. Naue (1903) vii. 4. Montelius (1895–1904) II. ii. B. 126. Collection Baron Franz von Lippenheide, at Schloss Matzen.
3 At the bridge of Frassineto, on the banks of the Chiana. Montelius (1895–1904) II. ii. B. 126. Museum of Arezzo. B.P. XXVI. viii. 1.
4 Lake Trasimene. Naue (1903) vii. 3. Montelius (1895–1904) II. ii. B. 126. Formerly in the collection of M. Amilcare Ancona, at Milan.
5 Lake Trasimene. Naue (1903) vii. 2. Ownership unknown.
6 Alerona, com. de Ficuile, Province of Orvieto. Montelius (1895–1904) II. ii. B. 126. Prehistoric Museum, Rome. B.P. XXVI. viii. 4.
7 Rome. Naue (1903) vii. 5. Collection of M. Amilcare Ancona, at Milan.
8 Near Lake Fucino. Montelius (1895–1904) II. ii. B. 142. Prehistoric Museum, Rome. B.P. xii. 261; xxix. 84–86.
9 Near Lake Fucino. Montelius (1895–1904) II. ii. B. 142. Prehistoric Museum, Rome. B.P. xii. 261; xxix. 84–86.
10 Near Lake Fucino. Montelius (1895–1904) II. ii. B. 142. Prehistoric Museum, Rome. B.P. xii. 261; xxix. 84–86.
11 Sulmona. Naue (1903) vii. 1. Collection Baron Franz von Lippenheide, at Schloss Matzen.
12 Apulia, site unknown. Naue (1903) vii. 6. Ownership unknown.
PLATE XIV.
SWORDS FROM ENGLAND.
1 Brentford, Middlesex. From the bed of the Thames, above the G.W.R. dock. Public Library, Brentford. Layton Collection.
2 Wetheringsett, Suffolk. Arch. Ass. Journ. iii. (1848) 254, xv. (1859) pl. xxiii. 4. Evans Anc. Br. Impl. fig. 345. p. 282. Norwich Castle Museum. Fitch collection, 785, 76, 94. Catalogue of Antiquities, 315.
3 Wilburton, Cambridgeshire. Found in the peat. Arch. xlviii. 106. Museum of Archæology and Ethnology, Cambridge. New Cambridge, 17 May, 1919.
4 Amerside Law Farm, Chatton, Northumberland. Alnwick Castle Museum, No. 228.
5 Brentford, Middlesex. From the bed of the Thames, above the G.W.R. dock. Public Library, Brentford. Layton Collection.
6 Richmond, Surrey. From the bed of the Thames, at the lock and weir. Public Library, Richmond. Lloyd Collection. No. 816.
7 Newcastle-upon-Tyne. From the Tyne. Black Gate Museum, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. No. 88.