The Cambridge natural history, Vol. 02 (of 10)

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Title: The Cambridge natural history, Vol. 02 (of 10)

Editor: S. F. Harmer

Author: Frank E. Beddard

W. B. Benham

F. W. Gamble

Marcus Hartog

Lilian Sheldon

Editor: Sir A. E. Shipley

Release date: October 16, 2023 [eBook #71891]

Language: English

Original publication: New York: MacMillan and Co, 1901

Credits: Keith Edkins, Peter Becker and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CAMBRIDGE NATURAL HISTORY, VOL. 02 (OF 10) ***

THE

CAMBRIDGE NATURAL HISTORY

EDITED BY

S. F. HARMER, M.A., Fellow of King's College, Cambridge; Superintendent of the University Museum of Zoology

AND

A. E. SHIPLEY, M.A., Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge; University Lecturer on the Morphology of Invertebrates

VOLUME II

FLATWORMS AND MESOZOA

By F. W. Gamble, M.Sc. (Vict.), Owens College

NEMERTINES

By Miss L. Sheldon, Newnham College, Cambridge

THREAD-WORMS AND SAGITTA

By A. E. Shipley, M.A., Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge

ROTIFERS

By Marcus Hartog, M.A., Trinity College, Cambridge (D.Sc. Lond.), Professor of Natural History in the Queen's College, Cork

POLYCHAET WORMS

By W. Blaxland Benham, D.Sc. (Lond.), Hon. M.A. (Oxon.), Aldrichian Demonstrator of Comparative Anatomy in the University of Oxford

EARTHWORMS AND LEECHES

By F. E. Beddard, M.A. (Oxon.), F.R.S., Prosector to the Zoological Society, London

GEPHYREA AND PHORONIS

By A. E. Shipley, M.A., Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge

POLYZOA

By S. F. Harmer, M.A., Fellow of King's College, Cambridge

London
MACMILLAN AND CO., Limited
NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
1901

'Nous allons faire des vers ensemble'
André de Chénier

First Edition 1896. Reprinted 1901

PAGE
Scheme of the Classification adopted in this Book	ix
PLATYHELMINTHES AND MESOZOA
CHAPTER I
TURBELLARIA
Introduction—description of the Polyclad Leptoplana tremellaris—Appearance—Habits—Structure: Polycladida—Classification—Habits—Anatomy—Development: Tricladida—Occurrence—Structure—Classification: Rhabdocoelida—Occurrence—Habits—Reproduction—Classification	3
CHAPTER II
TREMATODA
Characters of Trematodes—Habits and Structure of Trematoda Ectoparasitica (Monogenea)—Life-Histories of Polystomum integerrimum, Diplozoon paradoxum, and Gyrodactylus elegans—Trematoda Endoparasitica (Digenea)—Occurrence and Habits of Digenea—Life-History of Distomum macrostomum—Distomum hepaticum and its Effects—Bilharzia haematobia—Bisexual Trematodes—Table of Hosts—Classification	51
CHAPTER III
CESTODA
Introduction—Nature of Cestodes—Occurrence of Cestodes—The Tape-Worms of Man and Domestic Animals—Table of Life-Histories of Principal Cestodes of Man and Domestic Animals—Structure and Development of Cestodes—Table for the Discrimination of the More Usual Cestodes of Man and Domestic Animals—Classification	74
CHAPTER IV
MESOZOA
Dicyemidae—Structure—Reproduction—Occurrence: Orthonectidae—Occurrence—Structure: Trichoplax: Salinella	92
NEMERTINEA
CHAPTER V
NEMERTINEA
Introductory—External Characters—Anatomy—Classification—Development—Habits—Regeneration—Breeding—Geographical Distribution—Land, Fresh-Water, and Parasitic Forms—Affinities	99
NEMATHELMINTHES AND CHAETOGNATHA
CHAPTER VI
NEMATHELMINTHES
Introduction—Nematoda—Anatomy—Embryology—Classification—Ascaridae—Strongylidae—Trichotrachelidae—Filariidae—Mermithidae—Anguillulidae—Enoplidae—Parasitism: Nematomorpha—Anatomy—Classification—Life-History: Acanthocephala—Anatomy—Embryology—Classification	123
CHAPTER VII
CHAETOGNATHA
Structure—Reproduction—Habits—Food—Classification—Table of Identification [see also p. 534]	186
ROTIFERA, GASTROTRICHA, AND KINORHYNCHA
CHAPTER VIII
ROTIFERA, GASTROTRICHA, AND KINORHYNCHA
Rotifera—History—External Features—Movements—Anatomy—Reproduction—Embryology—Classification—Distribution—Affinities: Gastrotricha: Kinorhyncha	197
ARCHIANNELIDA, POLYCHAETA, AND MYZOSTOMARIA
CHAPTER IX
The Chaetopodous Worms—The Archiannelida—Anatomy of Nereis, as Typical of the Polychaeta	241
CHAPTER X
Classification of the Polychaeta—Shape—Head—Parapodia—Chaetae—Gills—Internal Organs—Jaws—Sense Organs—Reproduction—Larval Forms—Budding—Fission—Branching—Regeneration	257
CHAPTER XI
Natural History of Polychaetes—General Habits—Character of Tube and its Formation—Colouring—Protective and Mimetic Devices—Phosphorescence—Food—Uses—Associated Worms—Worms as Hosts—Distribution—Fossil Remains	284
CHAPTER XII
Characters of the Sub-Orders of Polychaetes—Characters of the Families—Description of British Genera and Species: the Myzostomaria	303
OLIGOCHAETA (EARTHWORMS, ETC.), AND HIRUDINEA (LEECHES)
CHAPTER XIII
OLIGOCHAETA (EARTHWORMS AND THEIR ALLIES)
Introduction—Anatomy—Reproduction—Bionomics—Distribution—Classification—Microdrili and Megadrili	347
CHAPTER XIV
HIRUDINEA (LEECHES)
Introduction—Anatomy—Reproduction—Classification—Rhynchobdellae and Gnathobdellae	392
GEPHYREA AND PHORONIS
CHAPTER XV
GEPHYREA
Introduction—Anatomy—Development—Sipunculoidea—Priapuloidea—Echiuroidea—Epithetosomatoidea—Affinities of the Group	411
CHAPTER XVI
PHORONIS
History—Habits—Structure—Reproduction—Larva—Metamorphosis—List of Species and Localities—Systematic Position	450
POLYZOA
CHAPTER XVII
POLYZOA
Introduction—General Characters and Terminology—Brown Bodies—History—Outlines of Classification—Marine Polyzoa—Occurrence—Forms of Colony and of Zooecia—Ovicells—Avicularia—Vibracula—Entoprocta	465
CHAPTER XVIII
POLYZOA—continued
Fresh-water Polyzoa—Phylactolaemata—Occurrence—Structure of Cristatella—Division of Colony—Movements of Colony—Retraction And Protrusion of Polypides in Polyzoa—Statoblasts—Table for Determination of Genera of Fresh-water Polyzoa—Reproductive Processes of Polyzoa—Development—Affinities—Metamorphosis—Budding	492
CHAPTER XIX
POLYZOA—continued
Classification—Geographical Distribution—Palaeontology—Methods for the Examination of Specific Characters—Terminology—Key for the Determination of the Genera of British Marine Polyzoa	515
Addendum to Chaetognatha	534
Index	535

SCHEME OF THE CLASSIFICATION ADOPTED IN THIS BOOK

PLATYHELMINTHES (p. 3)
			Family.
TURBELLARIA (p. 3)	Polycladida (p. 7)	Acotylea (p. 16)	Planoceridae (p. 19). Leptoplanidae (p. 19). Cestoplanidae (p. 19). Enantiidae (p. 19).
		Cotylea	Anonymidae (p. 19) Pseudoceridae (p. 19). Euryleptidae (p. 19). Prosthiostomatidae (p. 19).
	Tricladida (p. 30)	Paludicola (p. 30)	Planariidae (p. 42).
		Maricola (pp. 30, 32)	Procerodidae (p. 42). = Gundidae. Bdellouridae (p. 42).
		Terricola (pp. 30, 33)	Bipaliidae (p. 42). Geoplanidae (p. 42). Rhynchodemidae (p. 42).
	Rhabdocoelida (p. 42)	Acoela (p. 42)	Proporidae (p. 49). Aphanostomatidae (p. 49).
		Rhabdocoela (p. 43)	Macrostomatidae (p. 49). Microstomatidae (p. 49). Prorhynchidae (p. 49). Mesostomatidae (p. 49). Proboscidae (p. 49). Vorticidae (p. 50). Solenopharyngidae (p. 50).
		Alloeocoela (p. 43)	Plagiostomatidae (p. 50). Bothrioplanidae (p. 50). Monotidae (p. 50).

TREMATODA (pp. 3, 51)	Monogenea (pp. 5, 52) = Heterocotylea + Aspidocotylea (p. 73)		Temnocephalidae (pp. 53, 73). Tristomatidae (pp. 53, 73). Polystomatidae (pp. 53, 73). Gyrodactylidae (pp. 53, 61). Aspidobothridae (p. 73).
	Digenea (pp. 5, 52) = Malacocotylea (p. 73)		Holostomatidae (p. 73). Amphistomatidae (p. 73). Distomatidae (p. 73). Gasterostomatidae (p. 73). Didymozoontidae (p. 73). Monostomatidae (p. 73).

CESTODA (pp. 3, 74)			Cestodariidae = Monozoa (p. 91). Bothriocephalidae (p. 91). Tetrarhynchidae (p. 91). Tetraphyllidae (p. 91). Taeniidae (p. 91).

MESOZOA
MESOZOA (pp. 3, 92)			Dicyemidae (p. 93). Orthonectida (p. 94).

NEMERTINEA (p. 99)
HOPLONEMERTEA (p. 110) = Metanemertini (p. 112). SCHIZONEMERTEA (p. 111) = Heteronemertini (ex parte) (p. 113). PALAEONEMERTEA (p. 111) = Protonemertini (p. 112). + Mesonemertini (p. 112). + Heteronemertini (ex parte) (p. 113).

NEMATHELMINTHES (p. 123)
NEMATODA (pp. 123, 124)			Ascaridae (p. 138). Strongylidae (p. 142). Trichotrachelidae (p. 144). Filariidae (p. 147). Mermithidae (p. 150). Anguillulidae (p. 154). Enoplidae (p. 157). Chaetosomatidae (p. 158). Desmoscolecidae (p. 159).

NEMATOMORPHA (pp. 123, 164)			Gordiidae (p. 164).

ACANTHOCEPHALA (pp. 123, 174)			Echinorhynchidae (p. 182) Gigantorhynchidae (p. 183). Neorhynchidae (p. 184). Arhynchidae (p. 185).

CHAETOGNATHA (p. 186)

ROTIFERA (p. 197)
FLOSCULARIACEAE (p. 220)			Flosculariidae (p. 221). Apsilidae (p. 221).

MELICERTACEAE (p. 221)			Melicertidae (p. 221). Trochosphaeridae (p. 221).

BDELLOIDA (p. 222)			Philodinidae (p. 222).

ASPLANCHNACEAE (p. 222)			Asplanchnidae (p. 223).

SCIRTOPODA (p. 223)			Pedalionidae (p. 223).

PLOIMA (p. 223)	Illoricata (p. 223)		Microcodonidae (p. 224). Rhinopidae (p. 224). Hydatinidae (p. 224). Synchaetidae (p. 224). Notommatidae (p. 224). Drilophagidae (p. 224). Triarthridae (p. 224).
	Loricata (p. 224)		Rattulidae (p. 225). Dinocharididae (p. 225). Salpinidae (p. 225). Euchlanididae (p. 225). Cathypnidae (p. 225). Coluridae (p. 225). Pterodinidae (p. 225). Brachionidae (p. 225). Anuraeidae (p. 225).

SEISONACEAE (p. 225)			Seisonidae (p. 226).

GASTROTRICHA
GASTROTRICHA (p. 231).	Euichthydina (p. 235) Apodina (p. 235)

KINORHYNCHA (p. 236)

CHAETOPODA (p. 241)
ARCHIANNELIDA (p. 241)

POLYCHAETA (pp. 241, 245)	Phanerocephala (p. 303)	Nereidiformia (p. 303)	Syllidae (p. 306). Hesionidae (p. 308). Aphroditidae (p. 309). Phyllodocidae (p. 313). Tomopteridae (p. 315). Nereidae (p. 315). Nephthydidae (p. 317). Amphinomidae (p. 318). Eunicidae (p. 318). Glyceridae (p. 320). Sphaerodoridae (p. 320). Ariciidae (p. 321). Typhloscolecidae (p. 321).
		Spioniformia (p. 304)	Spionidae (p. 321). Polydoridae (p. 323). Chaetopteridae (p. 323). Magelonidae (325. Ammocharidae (p. 325).
		Terebelliformia (p. 304)	Cirratulidae (p. 325). Terebellidae (p. 327). Ampharetidae (p. 330). Amphictenidae (p. 330).
		Capitelliformia (p. 305)	Capitellidae (p. 331).
		Scoleciformia (p. 305)	Opheliidae (p. 331). Maldanidae (p. 332). Arenicolidae (p. 333). Scalibregmidae (p. 334). Chlorhaemidae (p. 334). Sternaspidae (p. 335).
	Cryptocephala (p. 303)	Sabelliformia (p. 305)	Sabellidae (p. 336). Eriographidae (p. 338). Amphicorinidae (p. 339). Serpulidae (p. 339).
		Hermelliformia (p. 306)	Hermellidae (p. 341).

MYZOSTOMARIA (pp. 241, 341)

OLIGOCHAETA (pp. 241, 347)	Microdrili (p. 373)		Aphaneura (p. 374). Enchytraeidae (p. 375). Discodrilidae (p. 376). Phreoryctidae (p. 376). Naidomorpha (p. 377). Tubificidae (p. 378). Lumbriculidae (p. 379). Moniligastridae (p. 380).
	Megadrili (pp. 373, 374).		Perichaetidae (p. 380). Cryptodrilidae (p. 382). Acanthodrilidae (p. 384). Eudrilidae (p. 385). Geoscolicidae (p. 386). Lumbricidae (p. 388).

HIRUDINEA (p. 392)
RHYNCHOBDELLAE (p. 405)			Ichthyobdellidae (p. 406). Glossiphoniidae (p. 406).

GNATHOBDELLAE (p. 407)			Gnathobdellidae (p. 407). Herpobdellidae (p. 407).

GEPHYREA (p. 411)
SIPUNCULOIDEA (pp. 412, 420). PRIAPULOIDEA (pp. 412, 430). ECHIUROIDEA (pp. 412, 434). EPITHETOSOMATOIDEA (pp. 412, 444).

PHORONIS (p. 450)

POLYZOA (p. 465)
ENTOPROCTA (pp. 475, 487)

ECTOPROCTA (p. 475)	Gymnolaemata (p. 476)	Cyclostomata (p. 477)	Articulata (p. 517). Inarticulata (p. 517).
		Cheilostomata (p. 477)	Cellularina (p. 518). Flustrina (p. 518). Escharina (p. 518).
		Ctenostomata (p. 477)	Alcyonellea (p. 518). Vesicularina (p. 518).
	Phylactolaemata (pp. 476, 493)

PLATYHELMINTHES (p. 3)
			Family.
TURBELLARIA (p. 3)	Polycladida (p. 7)	Acotylea (p. 16)	Planoceridae (p. 19). Leptoplanidae (p. 19). Cestoplanidae (p. 19). Enantiidae (p. 19).
		Cotylea (p. 16)	Anonymidae (p. 19) Pseudoceridae (p. 19). Euryleptidae (p. 19). Prosthiostomatidae (p. 19).
	Tricladida (p. 30)	Paludicola (p. 30)	Planariidae (p. 42).
		Maricola (pp. 30, 32)	Procerodidae (p. 42). = Gundidae. Bdellouridae (p. 42).
		Terricola (pp. 30, 33)	Bipaliidae (p. 42). Geoplanidae (p. 42). Rhynchodemidae (p. 42).
	Rhabdocoelida (p. 42)	Acoela (p. 42)	Proporidae (p. 49). Aphanostomatidae (p. 49).
		Rhabdocoela (p. 43)	Macrostomatidae (p. 49). Microstomatidae (p. 49). Prorhynchidae (p. 49). Mesostomatidae (p. 49). Proboscidae (p. 49). Vorticidae (p. 50). Solenopharyngidae (p. 50).
		Alloeocoela (p. 43)	Plagiostomatidae (p. 50). Bothrioplanidae (p. 50). Monotidae (p. 50).

TREMATODA (pp. 3, 51)	Monogenea (pp. 5, 52) = Heterocotylea + Aspidocotylea (p. 73)		Temnocephalidae (pp. 53, 73). Tristomatidae (pp. 53, 73). Polystomatidae (pp. 53, 73). Gyrodactylidae (pp. 53, 61). Aspidobothridae (p. 73).
	Digenea (pp. 5, 52) = Malacocotylea (p. 73)		Holostomatidae (p. 73). Amphistomatidae (p. 73). Distomatidae (p. 73). Gasterostomatidae (p. 73). Didymozoontidae (p. 73). Monostomatidae (p. 73).

CESTODA (pp. 3, 74)			Cestodariidae = Monozoa (p. 91). Bothriocephalidae (p. 91). Tetrarhynchidae (p. 91). Tetraphyllidae (p. 91). Taeniidae (p. 91).
MESOZOA
MESOZOA (pp. 3, 92)			Dicyemidae (p. 93). Orthonectida (p. 94).
NEMERTINEA (p. 99)
HOPLONEMERTEA (p. 110) = Metanemertini (p. 112). SCHIZONEMERTEA (p. 111) = Heteronemertini (ex parte) (p. 113). PALAEONEMERTEA (p. 111) = Protonemertini (p. 112). + Mesonemertini (p. 112). + Heteronemertini (ex parte) (p. 113).
NEMATHELMINTHES (p. 123)
NEMATODA (pp. 123, 124)			Ascaridae (p. 138). Strongylidae (p. 142). Trichotrachelidae (p. 144). Filariidae (p. 147). Mermithidae (p. 150). Anguillulidae (p. 154). Enoplidae (p. 157). Chaetosomatidae (p. 158). Desmoscolecidae (p. 159).

NEMATOMORPHA (pp. 123, 164)			Gordiidae (p. 164).

ACANTHOCEPHALA (pp. 123, 174)			Echinorhynchidae (p. 182) Gigantorhynchidae (p. 183). Neorhynchidae (p. 184). Arhynchidae (p. 185).
CHAETOGNATHA (p. 186)
ROTIFERA (p. 197)
FLOSCULARIACEAE (p. 220)			Flosculariidae (p. 221). Apsilidae (p. 221).

MELICERTACEAE (p. 221)			Melicertidae (p. 221). Trochosphaeridae (p. 221).

BDELLOIDA (p. 222)			Philodinidae (p. 222).

ASPLANCHNACEAE (p. 222)			Asplanchnidae (p. 223).

SCIRTOPODA (p. 223)			Pedalionidae (p. 223).

PLOIMA (p. 223)	Illoricata (p. 223)		Microcodonidae (p. 224). Rhinopidae (p. 224). Hydatinidae (p. 224). Synchaetidae (p. 224). Notommatidae (p. 224). Drilophagidae (p. 224). Triarthridae (p. 224).
	Loricata (p. 224)		Rattulidae (p. 225). Dinocharididae (p. 225). Salpinidae (p. 225). Euchlanididae (p. 225). Cathypnidae (p. 225). Coluridae (p. 225). Pterodinidae (p. 225). Brachionidae (p. 225). Anuraeidae (p. 225).

SEISONACEAE (p. 225)			Seisonidae (p. 226).
GASTROTRICHA
GASTROTRICHA (p. 231).	Euichthydina (p. 235) Apodina (p. 235)
KINORHYNCHA (p. 236)
CHAETOPODA (p. 241)
ARCHIANNELIDA (p. 241)

POLYCHAETA (pp. 241, 245)	Phanerocephala (p. 303)	Nereidiformia (p. 303)	Syllidae (p. 306). Hesionidae (p. 308). Aphroditidae (p. 309). Phyllodocidae (p. 313). Tomopteridae (p. 315). Nereidae (p. 315). Nephthydidae (p. 317). Amphinomidae (p. 318). Eunicidae (p. 318). Glyceridae (p. 320). Sphaerodoridae (p. 320). Ariciidae (p. 321). Typhloscolecidae (p. 321).
		Spioniformia (p. 304)	Spionidae (p. 321). Polydoridae (p. 323). Chaetopteridae (p. 323). Magelonidae (325. Ammocharidae (p. 325).
		Terebelliformia (p. 304)	Cirratulidae (p. 325). Terebellidae (p. 327). Ampharetidae (p. 330). Amphictenidae (p. 330).
		Capitelliformia (p. 305)	Capitellidae (p. 331).
		Scoleciformia (p. 305)	Opheliidae (p. 331). Maldanidae (p. 332). Arenicolidae (p. 333). Scalibregmidae (p. 334). Chlorhaemidae (p. 334). Sternaspidae (p. 335).
	Cryptocephala (p. 303)	Sabelliformia (p. 305)	Sabellidae (p. 336). Eriographidae (p. 338). Amphicorinidae (p. 339). Serpulidae (p. 339).
		Hermelliformia (p. 306)	Hermellidae (p. 341).

MYZOSTOMARIA (pp. 241, 341)

OLIGOCHAETA (pp. 241, 347)	Microdrili (p. 373)		Aphaneura (p. 374). Enchytraeidae (p. 375). Discodrilidae (p. 376). Phreoryctidae (p. 376). Naidomorpha (p. 377). Tubificidae (p. 378). Lumbriculidae (p. 379). Moniligastridae (p. 380).
	Megadrili (pp. 373, 374).		Perichaetidae (p. 380). Cryptodrilidae (p. 382). Acanthodrilidae (p. 384). Eudrilidae (p. 385). Geoscolicidae (p. 386). Lumbricidae (p. 388).
HIRUDINEA (p. 392)
RHYNCHOBDELLAE (p. 405)			Ichthyobdellidae (p. 406). Glossiphoniidae (p. 406).

GNATHOBDELLAE (p. 407)			Gnathobdellidae (p. 407). Herpobdellidae (p. 407).
GEPHYREA (p. 411)\|
SIPUNCULOIDEA (pp. 412, 420). PRIAPULOIDEA (pp. 412, 430). ECHIUROIDEA (pp. 412, 434). EPITHETOSOMATOIDEA (pp. 412, 444).
PHORONIS (p. 450)
POLYZOA (p. 465)
ENTOPROCTA (pp. 475, 487)

ECTOPROCTA (p. 475)	Gymnolaemata (p. 476)	Cyclostomata (p. 477)	Articulata (p. 517). Inarticulata (p. 517).
		Cheilostomata (p. 477)	Cellularina (p. 518). Flustrina (p. 518). Escharina (p. 518).
		Ctenostomata (p. 477)	Alcyonellea (p. 518). Vesicularina (p. 518).
	Phylactolaemata (pp. 476, 493)

The Cambridge natural history, Vol. 02 (of 10)

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CONTENTS

SCHEME OF THE CLASSIFICATION ADOPTED IN THIS BOOK