The Care of Books

We will next try to form some idea of the way in which this library was arranged; and first of the two shelves which begin "over the door." A shelf in this position is shewn in Carpaccio's well-known picture of S. Jerome in his study. It is set deskwise against the wall supported on iron brackets. As a large proportion of the fifty-two volumes on our shelf are described as of large size (grant), we shall be justified in assuming that each was 10 in. broad. The total therefore would occupy 520 in. or say 43 ft. at least, not allowing for intervals between them. This shelf extended from the door round the room to the fireplace, by which I suppose we are to understand that it began on the wall which contained the door, and was carried round the corner of the room up to the fireplace.

The second shelf, at the same height as the preceding, contained only twenty-six volumes, fifteen of which are described as small (petit). A space of thirteen feet or even less will therefore be amply sufficient to contain them.

The six desks which stood on the floor were, I imagine, constructed in some such way as that which I have figured above from the Ship of Fools. It is evident that books in velvet bindings and adorned with gilt bosses would be set out where they could be seen, and for such a purpose what could be better than a lectern? The table I have given above shews that there were 110 volumes thus disposed, or an average of say 18 to each desk. A careful analysis of the inventory, where the size of each book is always set down, shews me that there were very few small books in this part of the library, but that they were divided between large (grant) and medium size (moien). If we allow 8 in. for each book, we get an average of 144 in. = 12 ft. for each desk, that is, as the desk was double, the piece of furniture was 6 ft. long. Under the sloping portion it had a shelf on each side. Four such desks stood between the door and the fireplace, and two between the fireplace and the window, which seems to have been opposite the door.

We are not told where the "trellis of iron" was. I suppose these words mean some shelves set against the wall with ironwork in front of them. As the enumeration of the books begins "near the door" the piece of furniture may be placed on the side of the door opposite to the former desks.

The inventory further shews that this library did duty as a museum. It was in fact filled with rare and beautiful objects, and must have presented a singularly rich appearance. In the middle of the hood over the fireplace was a stag's head and horns bearing a crucifix. There was a bust of the Duke of Savoy, in white marble, forming a pendant to one of the Duchess Margaret herself, and in the same material a statuette of a boy extracting a thorn from his foot, probably a copy of the antique in the Ducal Gallery at Florence. There were also twenty oil paintings in the room, some of which were hung round the hood of the fireplace. Besides these works of art there were several pieces of furniture, as, for instance, a large press containing a complete set of armour, a sideboard "à la mode d'Italie," given as a present by the viceroy of Naples; a square table of inlaid work; a smaller table bearing the arms of Burgundy and Spain; three mirrors; a number of objects in rock-crystal; and lastly some feather dresses from India (S. America?), presented by the Emperor.

It is provoking that the inventory, minute as it is, should desert us at the most important point, and give insufficient data for estimating the size of the room. I conjecture that it was about 46 ft. long from the following considerations. In the first place, I allow 2 ft. for the width of each desk. Of these there were four between the door and the fireplace = 8 ft. Secondly, I allow 3 ft. each for the five intervals = 15 ft., or a total of 23 ft. from the door to the fireplace. For the fireplace itself I allow 10 ft. Between the fireplace and the wall containing the window or windows, there were two desks and three intervals = 13 ft. I pointed out above that 43 ft. at least might be allowed for the shelf extending from the door to the fireplace. Of this I have absorbed 23 ft., leaving 20 ft. for the distance from the door to the corner of the room. As we are not told anything about the position of the door my estimate of the size of the room cannot be carried further.

A similar arrangement obtained in the library of Anne de France, daughter of Louis XI., or as she is usually called Anne de Beaujeu[531]. Her catalogue made 19 September, 1523, records 314 titles, which I need hardly say represent a far larger number of books. They were arranged like those of the Duchess Margaret, on eleven desks (poulpitres). These were set round a room, with the exception of two which were placed in the middle of it. It is interesting to note respecting one of these, that it had a cupboard at the end, for the contents are entered as follows: au bout dudit poulpitre sont enclos les livres qui s'ensuivent, and sixteen volumes are enumerated. There was also a shelf set against the wall, described as le plus hault poulpitre le long de la dite muraille, which contained fifty-five volumes. This desk was probably high up, like the one in the library of the Duchess Margaret. The books upon it are noted as being all covered with red velvet, and ornamented with clasps, bosses, and corner-pieces of metal. There were also in this library an astrolabe, and a sphere with the signs of the Zodiac.

A desk, similar in general character to that figured in the Ship of Fools, but of a curiously modern type, occurs in an Hours in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, executed about 1445 for Isabel, Duchess of Brittany. The picture (fig. 139) represents S. John writing his Gospel.

A modification of this form of desk was common in Italy. It is often used by painters of the fifteenth century in pictures of the Annunciation, where it does duty as a prie-dieu. The example I have selected (fig. 140) is from a painting by Benedetto Bonfigli, in the church of S. Peter at Perugia. It represents S. Jerome writing. A small circular revolving desk, at the left-hand corner of the larger desk, holds the work he is copying or referring to. On the desk near the inkstand lies the pointed stylus mentioned above. Below the cupboard containing books is a drawer. Projecting from the top of the revolving desk, there is a vertical rod of iron with a long horizontal arm. This is no doubt intended to carry a lantern. I shall shortly give an example of one in such a position.

I now return to the wheel-desk, of which I have already figured one specimen (fig. 135). A piece of furniture consisting of one or more tables which could be raised or depressed by means of a central screw, was very generally used by scholars in the Middle Ages. I shall present a few of the most common forms.

My first specimen is from a manuscript in the British Museum, written and illuminated in England in the middle of the fifteenth century. It is called Fais et Gestes du Roi Alexandre[532]. The picture (fig. 141) represents Alexander as a little child, standing in front of his tutor, who is seated in one of the chairs I described above. On the learned man's right is his book-desk. A circular table with a rim round it to prevent the books falling off, is supported on a central pedestal, which contains the screw. The top of the said screw is concealed by the little Gothic turret in the centre of the table. This turret also supports the book which the reader has in use.

My next example is from a miniature in a volume of Hours known as the Dunois Horæ, also written in the middle of the fifteenth century. It has been slightly enlarged in order to bring out the details more clearly. The subject is S. Luke writing his Gospel, but the background represents a scholar's room. There is a bookcase of a very modern type, a table with two folio volumes lying upon it, and in the centre a hexagonal book-desk, with a little Gothic turret as in the last example. Round the screw under the table are four cylindrical supports, the use of which I fail to understand, but they occur frequently on desks of this type. The whole piece of furniture rests on a heavy cylindrical base, and that again on a square platform.

I now pass to a variety of the screw-desk, which has a small book-rest above the table. The whole structure rests upon a prolongation of the solid platform on which the reader's chair is placed, so that it is really exactly in front of the reader. My illustration (fig. 143) is from "The booke of the noble ladyes in frensh," a work by Boccacio; it was written in France early in the fifteenth century[533].

These double desks are exceedingly common, and I might fill a large number of pages with figures and descriptions of the variety which the ingenuity of the cabinet-makers of the fifteenth century managed to impart to combinations of a screw and two or more tables. I will content myself with one more example (fig. 144) which shews the screw exceedingly well, and the two tables above it. The uppermost of these serves as a ledge to rest the books on, as does also the hexagonal block above it which conceals the top of the screw[534].

We meet occasionally with a solid desk, by which I mean one the level of which cannot be altered. In the example here given (fig. 145) from a French MS. of Le Miroir Historial, there is a central spike which I suspect to have been intended to carry a candle[535].

In some examples of these book-desks the pedestal is utilized as a book-cupboard (fig. 146). The picture which I have selected as shewing a desk of this peculiarity is singularly beautiful, and finished in the highest style of art available at the end of the fifteenth century in France. It forms half of the frontispiece to a fine manuscript of Boccacio's Livre des cas des malheureux nobles hommes et femmes[536]. The central figure is apparently lecturing on that moving theme, for in front of him, in the other half of the picture, is a crowd of men exhibiting their interest by the violence of their gestures. On his left is the desk I mentioned; it stands on an unusually firm base, and one side of the vertical portion is pierced by an arch, so as to make the central cavity available for putting books in. From the centre of the table rises a tall spike, apparently of iron, to which is attached a horizontal arm, bearing a lighted lantern. On the table, in addition to three books, is an inkstand and pen-case. In front of the lecturer is a carved chest, probably one of those book-coffers which I have already mentioned. The chair and canopy are richly carved, and the back of the seat is partially covered by a piece of tapestry. Further, the lecturer is allowed the unusual luxury of a cushion.

I will next deal with the appliances for reading and writing directly connected with the chairs in which scholars sat, and I will begin with the desk.

The simplest form of desk is a plain board, set at a suitable angle by means of a chain or cord extending from one of its corners to the back of the chair, while the opposite corner rests against a peg driven into the arm of the chair. This arrangement, variously modified, occurs very frequently; sometimes there are two pegs and two chains, but what I may term the normal form is shewn in my illustration (fig. 147)[537]. It is difficult to understand how the desk was kept steady.

The author whose study I shall figure next (fig. 148) is engaged in writing the Chronicles of Hainault[538]. His desk rests securely on two irons fastened to the arms of his chair. On his right is a plain lectern with an open volume on each side of it, and behind are two or more shelves set against the wall with books lying on their sides. On his left is a chest, presumably a book-chest, with books lying on its closed lid. One of these is open. He has prudently placed his chair near the window in such a position that the light falls upon his work from the left. It should be noted that the upper part of the window only is glazed, the lower part being closed by shutters. When these are thrown back, the lights are seen to be filled to half their height with a trellis, such as was ordered for the French king's library.

My third example of a chair fitted with a desk (fig. 149) is taken from Les Miracles de Notre Dame[539], a manuscript which belonged to Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, and was written for him at the Hague in 1456. The illustration represents S. Jerome seated in his study. From arm to arm of the chair extends a desk of a very firm and solid construction. The ends of this desk apparently drop into the heads of the small columns with which the arms of the chair terminate. The saint has in his left hand a pointed stylus, and in his right a pen, which he is holding up to the light. On the desk beside the manuscript lies an ink-horn. To the right of the saint's chair is a hexagonal table with a high ledge round it. There is no evidence that this table has a screw; but the small subsidiary desk above it seems to be provided with one. It will be observed that the support of this desk is not directly over that of the table beneath it. The desk is provided with two slits—an ingenious contrivance for dealing with a roll. On the table, besides an open book, are a pair of spectacles, four pens, a small box which may contain French chalk for pouncing, and what looks like a piece of sponge.

I now figure two different sets of library appliances. The first (fig. 150) is from a manuscript of the Livre des Propriétés des Choses, in the British Museum, written in the fifteenth century[540]. The writer is seated in one of those low chairs which occur very frequently in miniatures, and look as if they were cut out of a single block of wood. His desk, which is quite independent of the chair, is of the simplest design, consisting of a piece of wood supported at an angle on two carved uprights. On his left stands a very elegant piece of furniture, a table with a desk at a considerable height above it—so high, in fact, that it could only be used standing. This upper desk is fitted with a little door as though it served as a receptacle for small objects.

The second example (fig. 151) shews S. Luke sitting on a bench writing at a table[541]. The top, which is very massive, rests on four legs, morticed into a frame. In front of this table is a desk of peculiar form; the lower part resembles a reversed cone, and the upper part a second cone of smaller diameter, so as to leave space enough between the two bases for a ledge to rest books on. Round the base of the desk three quaint lions do duty as feet. These lions occur again beneath the frame of the picture, and may be connected with a former possessor of the manuscript. The pedestal of the desk is a twisted column, which, like the base, and indeed the whole structure, looks as though it were made of brass.

I now pass to a totally different way of fitting up a study, which seems to have been common in Italy, to judge by the number of paintings in which it occurs. It consists of a massive desk of wood, one part of which is set at right angles to the other, and is connected in various ways with shelves, drawers, pigeon-holes, and other contrivances for holding books and papers. In the example I here figure (fig. 152), from a painting by Fra Filippo Lippi (1412-1469) representing S. Augustine's vision of the Trinity, there are two small recesses above the desk on the saint's right, both containing books, and behind the shorter portion of the desk, three shelves also with books on them. Attached to the end of the desk is a small tray, probably to contain pens.

A similar desk occurs in the beautiful picture by Catena in the National Gallery[542], representing S. Jerome reading, of which I give a reproduction on a reduced scale (fig. 153). This picture also contains an excellent example of a cupboard in the thickness of the wall, a contrivance for taking care of books as common in the Middle Ages as it had been in Roman times[543].

Cupboards in the thickness of the wall are also to be seen in the frontispiece (fig. 154) to a copy of a French translation of Valerius Maximus[544], written in Flanders in 1479 for King Edward IV. The writer—probably intended for the author or the translator of the book—is seated at a desk, consisting of a plank set at an angle and capable of being turned aside by means of a central bracket, like that used by the Carmelite (fig. 136). Observe the two weights hanging over the edge of the desk and the ends of the two horns, intended to hold ink, projecting through it. The window, as in the picture representing the author of the Chronicles of Hainault at work, is glazed in the upper part only, while in the lower are two framed trellises of wire-work. Behind the writer are two cupboards in the thickness of the wall. One of these is open, and shews books lying on their sides, upon which are some pomegranates. I cannot suggest any reason for the introduction of these fruits, except that from their colour they make a pleasing variety; but I ought to mention that they occur very frequently in miniatures representing a writer at work. On the other side of the window is a small hanging cupboard. Here again a fruit is introduced on the lowest shelf. Round the room is a settle, raised above the floor on blocks at intervals. The seat is probably a chest, as in the settles described above in the Vatican Library.

The last picture (fig. 155) in this series of illustrations represents what I like to call a scholar's room, at the beginning of the fifteenth century[545]. The owner of the apartment is busily writing at a desk supported on a trestle-table. He holds a stylus in his left hand, and a pen in his right. The ink-horn he is using is inserted into the desk. Above it are holes for two others, in case he should require ink of different colours. Above the inkstand is a pen stuck in a hole, with vacant holes beside it. The page on the desk is kept flat by a weight. Above this desk is a second desk, of nearly equal size, on which lies an open book, kept open by a large weight, extending over two-thirds of the open pages. Behind the writer's chair is his book-chest. The background represents a well-appointed chamber. The floor is paved with encaustic tiles; a bright fire is burning on the hearth; the window, on the same plan as that described in the last picture, is open; a comfortable—not to say luxurious—bed invites repose. The walls are unplastered, but there is a hanging under the window and over the head of the bed.

With this simple room, containing a scholar's necessaries and no more, I will contrast the study of the Duke of Urbino.

This beautiful room, which still exists as the Duke left it, is on an upper floor of the castle, commanding from its balcony, which faces the south, an extensive view of the approach to the Castle, the city, and the country beyond, backed by the Apennines. It is of small size, measuring only 11 ft. 6 in. by 13 ft. 4 in., and is somewhat irregular in shape. It is entered by a door from the Duke's private apartment. The floor is paved with rough tiles set in patterns. The walls are panelled to a height of about eight feet. The bare space between the top of the panel-work and the ceiling was probably hung with tapestry. The ceiling is a beautiful specimen of the most elaborate plaster-work, disposed in octagonal panels. The decoration of the panel-work begins with a representation of a bench, on which various objects are lying executed in intarsia work. Above this bench is a row of small panels, above which again is a row of large panels, each containing a subject in the finest intarsia, as for example a portrait of Duke Frederick, figures of Faith, Hope, and other virtues, a pile of books, musical instruments, armour, a parrot in a cage, etc. In the cornice above these is the word FEDERICO, and the date 1476.

Opposite the window there is a small cupboard, and on the opposite side of the projection containing it there are a few shelves. These are the only receptacles for books in the room. From its small size it could have contained but little furniture, and was probably intended for the purpose traditionally ascribed to it, namely as a place of retirement for the Duke when he wished to be alone.

Another specimen of a library so arranged as to provide a peaceful retreat is afforded a century later by that of Montaigne, of which he has fortunately left a minute description.

The notices of libraries which I have collected have brought me to the end of the sixteenth century, by which time most of the appliances in use in the Middle Ages had been given up. I hope that I have not exhausted the patience of my readers by presenting too long a series of illustrations extracted from manuscripts. I love, as I look at them, to picture to myself the medieval man of letters, laboriously penning voluminous treatises in the writing room of a monastery, or in his own study, with his scanty collection of books within his reach, on shelves, or in a chest, or lying on a table. We sometimes call the ages dark in which he lived, but the mechanical ingenuity displayed in the devices by which his studies were assisted might put to shame the cabinet-makers of our own day.

There is still in existence, on an upper floor in the Palazzo Barberini at Rome, a library of this description, which has probably not been altered in any way since it was fitted up by Cardinal Francesco Barberini about 1630. The room is 105 ft. long by 28 ft. broad, and is admirably lighted by two windows in the south wall, and seven in the gallery. The shelves are set round three sides of the room at a short distance from the wall, so as to leave space for a gallery and the stairs to it. The cases are divided into compartments by fluted Ionic columns 5 ft. high. These rest upon a flat shelf 14 in. wide, beneath which are drawers for papers and a row of folios. This part of the structure is 3 ft. high from the floor to the base of the columns. Above the columns is a cornice, part of which is utilized for books; and above this again is the gallery, where the arrangement of the shelves is a repetition of what I have described in the lower part of the room. Dwarf cases in a plainer style and of later date are set along the sides and ends of the room. Upon these are desks for the catalogue, a pair of globes, some astronomical instruments, and some sepulchral urns found at Præneste. The older woodwork in this library has never been painted or varnished, and the whole aspect of the room is singularly old-world and delightful.

Another instance is afforded by the sketch of the library of John Boys, Dean of Canterbury, who died in 1625. It occurs on the title-page of his works dated 1622, and I may add on his tomb in Canterbury Cathedral also. He clung to ancient fashions so far as to set his books with their fore-edge outwards, but in other respects his book-shelves are of a modern type.

I have now reached the limit which I imposed upon myself when I began this essay. But before I conclude let me say a few last words. I wish to point out that collectors and builders in the Middle Ages did not guard their manuscripts with jealous care merely because they had paid a high price to have them written; they recognised what I may call the personal element in them; they invested them with the senses and the feelings of human beings; and bestowed them like guests whom they delighted to honour. No one who reads the Philobiblon can fail to see that every page of it is pervaded by this sentiment; and this I think explains the elaborate precautions against theft; the equally elaborate care taken to arrange a library in so orderly a fashion that each book might be accessible with the least difficulty and the least delay; and the exuberant gratitude with which the arrival of a new book was welcomed.

In my present work I have looked at libraries from the technical side exclusively. It would have been useless to try to combine fire and water, sentiment and fact. But let me remind my readers that we are not so far removed from the medieval standpoint as some of us perhaps would wish. When we enter the library of Queens' College, or the older part of the University Library, at Cambridge, where there has been continuity from the fifteenth century to the present day, are we not moved by feelings such as I have tried to indicate, such in fact as moved John Leland when he saw the library at Glastonbury for the first time?

Moreover, there is another sentiment closely allied to this by which members of a College or a University are more deeply moved than others—I mean the sentiment of association. The most prosaic among them cannot fail to remember that the very floors were trodden by the feet of the great scholars of the past; that Erasmus may have sat at that window on that bench, and read the very book which we are ourselves about to borrow.

But in these collections the present is not forgotten; the authors of to-day are taking their places beside the authors of the past, and are being treated with the same care. On all sides we see progress: the lecterns and the stalls are still in use and keep green the memory of old fashions; while near them the plain shelving of the twentieth century bears witness to the ever-present need for more space to hold the invading hordes of books that represent the literature of to-day. On the one hand, we see the past; on the other, the present; and both are animated by full, vigorous life.

INDEX.

• Abingdon, Berks, Benedictine House at:
  • customs in force respecting books, 68;
  • carrells set up, 98
• Abingdon: School library, 262
• Actor and masks: relief representing in Lateran Museum, Rome, 36
• Agapetus, pope: his intended college and library, 44
• Albans (S.):
  • form of curse used, 78;
  • endowment of scriptorium, 80;
  • library built 1452-3, 108;
  • stained glass, 241
• Alençon: town library, 287
• Alexandria:
  • account of libraries, 6;
  • in museum, ibid.;
  • in temple of Serapis, 7
• All Souls' Coll., Oxf.:
  • library statute, 137;
  • special provisions, 138
• Ambrosian Library, Milan:
  • description, 271;
  • may have been copied by Wren at S. Paul's, London, 282
• analogium: a book-desk, 105, 197, 243
• Anne de Beaujeu: her library, 302
• Antony, Mark: gives library at Pergamon to Cleopatra, 8
• Apollo:
  • temple and area on Palatine Hill at Rome, 14;
  • composition of the library, 18, 19;
  • allusions to, by Ovid and Horace, ibid.
• Apollonius Thyaneus: commemorated in Roman library, 23
• Apse, triple:
  • how treated in early times, 63;
  • De Rossi's theory, ibid.;
  • description by Paulinus of Nola, ibid.;
  • view of Lenoir, 64, note
• Aristotle:
  • said to have been a book-collector, 5;
  • his methods adopted by the Ptolemies, ibid.
• Ark: desk on pattern of, 297
• armarium:
  • in Ulpian library, 20;
  • described by Nibby, 37;
  • to contain codices, ibid.;
  • held by jurist Ulpian to be part of the library, ibid.;
  • description by Pliny of one sunk in wall of a room, 38;
  • on sarcophagus in Museo Nazionale, Rome, with shoemaker at work, ibid.;
  • on do. in Villa Balestra, Rome, with physician reading, ibid.;
  • on tomb of Galla Placidia, 39;
  • in Jewish synagogues, ibid. note;
  • in Codex Amiatinus, 40, 41;
  • verses composed for his own presses by Isidore, Bp of Seville, 45;
  • called fenestra by Pachomius, 64, 65, note;
  • alluded to by S. Benedict, 66;
  • word used for a library by the Cluniacs, 67;
  • placed in charge of precentor, who is called also armarius, ibid.;
  • same provisions in force at Abingdon, 68;
  • at Evesham, 69;
  • word used for a library by the Carthusians, 69;
  • described in Augustinian Customs, 71;
  • what this piece of furniture was, 81-96;
  • the armarium commune, 82;
  • this described and figured at Fossa Nuova, ibid.;
  • Worcester Cathedral, 84;
  • Kirkstall, 85;
  • Meaux, 86;
  • at Titchfield, 87;
  • Durham, 93;
  • book-presses in cloister at Durham and Westminster, 90-94;
  • in France, 94;
  • examples of presses at Bayeux, Obazine, and S. Germain l'Auxerrois, 94-96;
  • supervision of press at S. Augustine's, Canterbury, 99
• armarius (who is also Precentor):
  • has charge of library in Cluniac Houses, 67, 73;
  • in Augustinian, 71;
  • provides for borrowing as well as lending books among the Premonstratensians, 72
• Arts: books required for course in, at Cambridge, 147
• Assisi: library at,
  • catalogued 1381, 73;
  • analysis of this, 206, 207
• Assur-bani-pal, King of Nineveh: library in his palace, 2
• Astrolabe: in library of Anne de Beaujeu, 303
• Athens:
  • notices of ancient libraries at, 5;
  • library built by Hadrian, 6, 16
• Attalus, King: note on his stoa at Athens, 11, note
• Augustine (S.): directions about church library at Hippo, 63
• Augustine (S.), Benedictine House at Canterbury:
  • extract from custumary on care of MSS., 76;
  • rules for use of carrells, 99;
  • organisation of library in cloister, ibid.
• Augustinians: rules for books in force among, 71
• Augustus:
  • builds libraries in Rome, 12;
  • porticus Octaviæ, ibid.;
  • temple and area of Apollo Palatinus, 14;
  • their organisation, 18
• Autun, Collège d', Paris: library at, 166

• Bale, John, laments loss of monastic libraries, 246
• Bamberg: chained book from monastery, 159
• banca or bancus: meaning discussed, 242
• Bancroft, Abp, his library brought to Cambridge, 253
• Barber Surgeons, Lond.: books in their library chained 1639, 265
• Barberini: library in their palace at Rome, 316
• Bateman, Will., Bp of Norwich:
  • his library statute for Trinity Hall, 136;
  • division of his library, 144
• Bayeux, Cathedral:
  • press called Le Chartrier described and figured, 94;
  • library at, 125
• Beaulieu, Cistercian Abbey:
  • book-room, 86;
  • book-recesses in wall of cloister, 89
• Benedict (S.): passage in his Rule respecting study, 66
• Benedictines:
  • decrees given to English monks of the Order by Abp Lanfranc, 67;
  • customs in force at S. Benoit-sur-Loire, 68, note;
  • at Abingdon, Berks, ibid.;
  • at Evesham, Worcestershire, 69;
  • their books bestowed in wooden presses, 84;
  • arrangement adopted at Durham, 90
• Benoit (S.)-sur-Loire:
  • customs quoted, 68, note;
  • endowment of library, 79
• Bicester: school library, 262
• Bobbio: library, 102
• Bodleian Library, Oxf.:
  • description, as fitted up by Sir T. Bodley, 185;
  • chains taken off 1757, 266;
  • inconvenience of chaining, 266;
  • new bookcases on wall-system, 275
• Boethius:
  • decoration of his library, 41;
  • view of a library in MS. of his Cons. of Phil., 163, 164
• Bolton, Lanc.: school, 264
• Book-room:
  • in Cistercian Houses, 84-89;
  • at Fossa Nuova, 83
• Boys, John: his library, 317
• Brandolini, A.: epigram on library of Sixtus IV., 211
• Brasenose Coll., Oxf.:
  • library statute, 137;
  • chains taken off 1780, 266
• breve or brevis = a book-ticket:
  • in Cluniac Customs, 67;
  • in Lanfranc's decrees for Benedictines, 68
• Brewster, Will.: bequeathes books to All Saints' Ch., Hereford, 262
• Budge, Dr Wallis: note on Mesopotamian discoveries, 4
• Bury, Lanc.: library in school, 263
• Bury S. Edmunds:
  • use of carrells, 98;
  • cloister glazed with stained glass, 100;
  • library built 1429-45, 108
• Busts in Roman libraries: see Portraits

• Cæsar, Julius: intends to build public library in Rome, 12
• Cæsarea: library, 62
• Calder Abbey: portion of book-room, 88
• Canterbury; see Christ Church, Canterbury
• Canterbury Coll., Oxf.: library furnished from Christ Church, Canterbury, 143
• capsa; box for carrying rolls, 30
• Cardinal Coll., Oxf.; library statute, 137
• Carols: see Carrells
• Carpenter, John (Bp of Worcester): his library foundation, 126
• Carpet:
  • books to be laid out on, in Chapter House for annual audit in Cluniac Houses, 67;
  • in Benedictine, 68
• Carrells:
  • in cloister at Durham, 90;
  • detailed account of, with ground plan of a window, 96;
  • at Westminster Abbey, 92, 93;
  • series of, in stone, at Gloucester, 96-98;
  • general considerations as to arrangement, 98;
  • instances of their use in various houses, ibid.;
  • by whom to be used, 99
• Carthusians: rules for books in force among, 69
• Cartmel, Lanc.: books to be chained in churchwarden's pew, 258
• Cassiodorus:
  • his Codex grandior mentioned, 40;
  • intended college in Rome, 44;
  • monastery, library, and scriptorium at Vivarium, ibid.
• Catharine (S.) Coll., Camb.:
  • number of books in library, 145;
  • new cases, 285
• Cedar: see Citrus
• Cesena: description of library, 199-203
• Chaining:
  • books chained in S. Mary's Ch., Oxf., cent, xiii., 132;
  • at Peterhouse, Camb., 135, 145;
  • Trinity Hall, 136, 168;
  • New Coll., Oxf., 137;
  • indiscriminate chaining forbidden, 138;
  • system in use at Zutphen explained, 153-159;
  • in Stadtbibliothek at Nuremberg, 163;
  • at Sorbonne, Paris, 164;
  • Collège d'Autun, 166;
  • S. Victor, ibid.;
  • inconvenience of, at Oxf., 172;
  • at Hereford described, 174-8;
  • at Merton Coll., Oxf., 181, 182;
  • traces of, at S. John's Coll., Oxf., 185;
  • at Cathedral Library, Wells, 189;
  • at Cesena, 203;
  • on printed book from Hungary now at Ghent, 204;
  • chains bought for Vatican Library, 219;
  • at Medicean library, Florence, 238-240;
  • at Grantham, 257;
  • Cartmel, 258;
  • Gorton, 259;
  • Chetham library, Manchester, 260;
  • Wimborne, 261;
  • Denchworth, 262;
  • All Saints', Hereford, ibid.;
  • Abingdon, Berks, ibid.;
  • Bicester, ibid.;
  • Guildford, 263;
  • instances of late use of chaining, 264;
  • Faculty of Medicine, Paris, ibid.;
  • Corpus Christi Coll., Camb., ibid.;
  • Gray's Inn, ibid.;
  • S. John's Coll., Gonville and Caius Coll., Peterhouse, Trinity Coll., Camb., 265;
  • Library of Barber Surgeons, ibid.;
  • wills of Sir M. Hale and M. Scrivener, ibid.;
  • chains taken off at various places, 266;
  • inconvenience of, at Bodleian, ibid., note
• Chair with desk: figured in MSS., 309-312
• Chapter-House:
  • spaces divided off at west end for book-rooms in monasteries, 87-89;
  • books read in neighbourhood of, 89
• Charles V., King of France:
  • book-chest, 293;
  • fits up library in Louvre, ibid.
• Chest for books:
  • bought for Vatican Library, 218;
  • used by Simon, Abbat of S. Albans, 292;
  • in France, 293
• Chester Cathedral: arches in cloister, possibly used for books, 89
• Chetham, Humphry:
  • provisions of will, 259;
  • library in Manchester, 260
• Chichele, Abp:
  • builds library at Canterbury, 106;
  • account of this, 190
• Christ Church, Canterbury:
  • curse from a MS., 78;
  • library-walk of cloister, 91;
  • sets of nine holes, 92;
  • carrells in use, 99;
  • glass in cloister, 100;
  • catalogue, saec. xii., 102;
  • library, 106;
  • probable extent and arrangement of this described, 190-194;
  • Howley-Harrison library, 256
• Christopher Le Stocks (S.), Lond.: library, 244
• Christ's Hospital, Lond.: library, 108
• Churches: libraries built in or near, 61, 64
• Cirta: library, 62
• Cistercians:
  • rules for books, 70;
  • evolution of book-room, 84-89;
  • plan of this at Fossa Nuova, 85;
  • Kirkstall, ibid.;
  • arrangement of books in, at Meaux, 86;
  • Titchfield, 87;
  • book-rooms at west end of Chapter House, Furness, ibid.;
  • Calder Abbey, 88;
  • Fountains, ibid.;
  • Beaulieu, 89;
  • Hayles ibid.;
  • Chester Cathedral, ibid.
• Citeaux:
  • books chained near Chapter House, 89;
  • arrangement of books, saec. xv., 103-106;
  • permanent library, 109-112
• Citrus:
  • identification of tree so called, 22, note;
  • used to preserve rolls, 29
• Clairvaux:
  • curse used, 78;
  • books chained near Chapter House, 89;
  • library, 112-4;
  • catalogue of this discussed, 196-8;
  • nature of fittings, 198
• Clare Coll., Camb.:
  • account of old library, 186;
  • new cases put up 1627, ibid.;
  • their plan discussed, 187;
  • new library fitted up, 285
• class: meaning of word discussed, 243
• claustrum sine armario etc., 75
• Cleopatra: receives library of Pergamon from Antony, 8
• Cloister:
  • the centre of monastic life, 80;
  • work interrupted by cold and bad weather, ibid.;
  • activity at S. Martin's, Tournai, 81;
  • arrangements at Durham described, 90;
  • illustrated by reference to Westminster Abbey, 91-94;
  • was glazed at Durham, 90;
  • in other Houses, 100
• Cluniacs:
  • regulations in their Customs respecting books, 67;
  • date of these Customs, 68, note;
  • book-room in their priory at Much Wenlock, 87
• Cobham, Thomas:
  • library, Oxf., 148-151;
  • stained glass in windows, 242
• Codex, a book:
  • how accommodated, 36, 37;
  • figured on tomb of Galla Placidia, 39
• Codex Amiatinus: representation of armarium described, 40
• Cold, in cloister, 80
• columpna: a set of shelves, 87
• communes libri; meaning of term, 82
• Corbie:
  • note from MS. once belonging to, 75, note;
  • injunction to use a MS. at, carefully, 77 and note;
  • endowment of library, 79
• cornua: used for the knobs of a roll, 28
• Corpus Christi Coll., Camb.: books chained 1523, 264
• Corpus Christi Coll., Oxf.:
  • library statute, 137, 138;
  • provisions against indiscriminate chaining, 138;
  • fittings supplied 1517, 172;
  • a type of the stall-system, ibid.;
  • elevation of one bookcase, 173
• Cosma e Damiano: church of, in Rome, 25, 26
• Crates (of Mallus): his visit to Rome and influence there, 14
• Creighton, Rob., Bp of Wells: fits up cathedral library, 188
• Croxden, Cistercian Abbey: book-room, 86
• Cruas, on the Rhone: book-press in the church, 94
• Cupboards: in thickness of wall, 313
• Curses, on those who steal or damage MSS., 77
• Cuthbert, Abbat of Wearmouth: his scribes paralysed with cold, 80

• Damasus, Pope: his archivum or Record Office, 42
• demonstratio: meaning discussed, 243
• Demosthenes:
  • statue of, to shew way of holding roll, 27;
  • replica of his statue at Knowle Park, ibid., note
• Denchworth: library in church, 262
• De Rossi:
  • theory respecting S. Lorenzo in Damaso, 42;
  • of the use of a triple apse, 63
• Derr: library at, explored by Dr W. Budge, 4
• descus: meaning discussed, 242
• distinctio:
  • word used in catalogue of Dover Priory, 194-196;
  • meaning discussed, 196, 243
• Διφθερα
  • = cover of a roll, 29;
  • coloured purple, 29
• Dolci, Giovannino dei: supplies bookcases to Vatican Library, 218
• domuncula: a compartment of a bookcase, 244
• Dover, Priory of S. Martin at: introduction to catalogue translated, 194
• Durham:
  • description of the book-presses and carrells in the cloister, 90;
  • armarium commune, 93;
  • plan of window and account of carrells, 96-99;
  • library at, saec. xii., 102;
  • enumeration of books at, saec. xiv., 103;
  • library at, built 1446, 107;
  • library fitted up by Dean Sudbury, saec. xvii., 189
• Durham Coll., Oxf.: library, 142

• Ely: endowment of scriptorium at, 79
• Emmanuel Coll., Camb.:
  • bookcases at, 54;
  • new cases in library, 285
• Endowment of libraries:
  • at Corbie, 79;
  • S. Martin des Champs, ibid.;
  • S. Benoit-sur-Loire (Fleury), ibid.;
  • at Ely, ibid.
• Entreaties to use books carefully, 76
• Επιστυλιον: use of word explained, 32, note
• Escõrial:
  • built by Philip II., 267;
  • description of library, 268;
  • of bookcases, 269;
  • cases copied at Bibliothèque Mazarine, 273
• Eton College:
  • stained glass in Election Hall, 242;
  • chains taken off 1719, 266
• Eucherius, Bp of Lyons: describes a private library, 43
• Euripides:
  • said to have been a book-collector, 5;
  • lines from the Frogs about him quoted, ibid.
• Euthydemus, follower of Socrates: his library, 5
• Evesham, Benedictine House in Worcestershire:
  • customs respecting books, 69;
  • carrells, 99

• fenestra = cupboard:
  • in rule of S. Pachomius, 64;
  • meaning of word discussed, 65, note
• Fleury, Abbey at: see Benoit (S.)-sur-Loire
• forulus = cell: receptacle for rolls in Roman libraries, 31
• Fossa Nuova:
  • book-press at, described and figured, 82;
  • plan and description of book-room, 85
• Fountains Abbey: position of book-rooms at, 89
• foxtails: bought to dust Vatican Library, 232
• Francis (S.): reproves a brother who asked for a psalter, 72, note
• Franciscans:
  • provisions respecting books, 72;
  • their libraries described in the Philobiblon, ibid.
• Froidmont: glass in library, 242
• frons:
  • used for the edge of a roll, 28;
  • was evidently visible, 34
• Furness Abbey: book-rooms at west end of chapter-house, 87

• Gall (S.): library at, 102
• Galla Placidia: book-press on her tomb, 39
• Gatien, S., Tours, church of: chained library at, 1718, 266
• Geneviève, S., Paris: description of library, 289
• Germain (S.) des Près, Paris:
  • library open to strangers, 75;
  • expansion of library at, 114-6;
  • fittings described, 289
• Germain (S.) l'Auxerrois, church of: wooden press in, described, 95
• Ghirlandajo, the brothers:
  • engaged to decorate Vatican Library, 211;
  • their work described, 213
• Glass: in certain cloisters, 100
• Glastonbury: feelings of Leland on entering Library, 194
• Globes:
  • in Vatican Library, 229;
  • in library of S. Geneviève, 289
• Gloucester Cathedral:
  • library-walk of cloister, 91;
  • sets of nine holes, 92;
  • stone carrells described and figured, 96-98;
  • library, 107
• Gonville Hall, Camb.: curse from breviary used at, 79
• Gonville and Caius Coll., Camb.:
  • bookcases at, 254;
  • chaining of books bequeathed by Dr Caius, 265
• Gorton: bookcase, 259
• gradus
  • = a shelf, 87, note;
  • used with same meaning at Dover Priory, 194-196;
  • a side of a lectern, 167
• Grammar Schools: see Libraries
• Grantham: library, 257
• Gray's Inn: bequest of books to be chained, 264
• Gregory (S.) the Great: notice of his monastery at Rome, 44
• Grönendaal: library, 108
• Guildford:
  • chain in library of Grammar School, 157;
  • further account of this, 263

• Hadrian:
  • library built by him in Athens, 16-18;
  • similarity of plan between it and Pergamon, 18
• Hale, Sir Matt.: his books given to Lincoln's Inn 1676 to be chained, 265
• Hawkesmoore, N.: builds library and bookcases at Queen's College, Oxford, 256
• Hayles, Cistercian Abbey:
  • book-room, 86;
  • arches possibly used as book-recesses, 89
• Herculaneum: library, 23-25
• Hereford, All Saints' Ch.: library, 262
• Hereford Chapter Library:
  • notes on, 174;
  • chaining described, 174-8
• Hippo: library, 63
• Hobart, Nich.: his bookcase at King's College, Cambridge, 254
• Honywood, Mich.: builds library at Lincoln Cathedral, 276
• Hook, to hold up desk, 179
• Horace: advice to his friend Celsus respecting the Palatine library, 19
• Howley-Harrison Library, Canterbury, 256
• Humphrey, D. of Gloucester: his MSS. at Oxford, 247

• index
  • = ticket bearing the title of a roll, 28;
  • of some bright colour, 29;
  • used in Cicero's library, 33
• Isidore, Bp of Seville:
  • on library of Pollio at Rome, 12;
  • on decoration of libraries, 41;
  • account of his own library, 45, 46
• Ivory: books written on, 20

• Jerome (S.):
  • advises consultation of church-libraries, 62;
  • on library at Cæsarea, ibid.;
  • collated there MSS. used by Origen, ibid.
• Jerusalem: library, 62
• Jervaulx, Cistercian Abbey: book-room, 86
• Jesus Coll., Camb.:
  • equidistant windows of library, 148;
  • glass in library, 242;
  • bookcases, 254
• Jews: used armaria in synagogues to contain the rolls of the law, 39, note
• John (S.) the Baptist, Coll., Oxf.:
  • library statute at, 137;
  • library described, 185;
• John (S.) the Evangelist, Coll., Camb.:
  • equidistant windows in old library, 148;
  • contract for desks, 160;
  • book chained at, 1564, 265;
  • library built 1623-1628, 248-251
• Jumièges: curse from MS. at, 78
• Juniper: bought to fumigate Vatican Library, 232

• Kederminster, Sir John: founds library at Langley, 258
• Kempis, Thomas à:
  • quotation from, on desolate condition of priest and convent without books, 75;
  • injunction to use MSS. carefully, 77
• King's Coll., Camb.:
  • library statute, 137;
  • number of books in library 1453, 145;
  • bookcase by bequest from N. Hobart, 254;
  • Cole's account of library, 255;
  • chains taken off 1777, 266
• Kirkstall Abbey: the armarium commune, 85
• Kouyunjik:
  • library, discovered by Layard, 2;
  • criticised by Dr W. Budge, 4

• Lanciani. R.:
  • discovers a private library in Rome, 22;
  • describes record-house of Vespasian, 26
• Lanfranc, Abp: decree respecting use of books, 67
• Langley Marye: library, 258
• Lateran Museum, Rome: sculpture representing actor with masks, 36
• Layard: library discovered by him at Kouyunjik, 2
• Leaver, James: gives press to Bolton school, Lancashire, 264
• Lectern-system:
  • fittings in early libraries so named, 151-153;
  • at Zutphen, 153-159;
  • Queens' Coll., Camb., 151, 159;
  • Pembroke Coll., S. John's Coll., Peterhouse, Camb., 160;
  • Lincoln Cathedral, 161;
  • MS. Mus. Brit., 162;
  • Nuremberg, 163;
  • the Sorbonne, Paris, 164;
  • the Collège d'Autun, Paris, 166;
  • Monastery of S. Victor, Paris, 166;
  • Trinity Hall, Camb., 168;
  • MS. Fitzwilliam Mus., 169;
  • at University of Leyden, 170;
  • Cesena, 199-203;
  • S. Mark, Florence, 203;
  • Monte Oliveto, ibid.;
  • Assisi, 206;
  • Vatican, 225;
  • Medicean Library, Florence, 235-240;
  • in private houses, 297-301
• lectrinum = desk, 161
• Leland, John: his feelings on entering library at Glastonbury, 194
• Lepidus, Domitius: temple built by him in Rome, 13
• liber = book: decision of the jurist Ulpian as to what is included under this category, 37
• Librarian: see Precentor—Armarius
• Libraries, Assyrian:
  • at Kouyunjik, discovered by Layard, 2-4;
  • at Derr, 4
• Libraries of Cathedrals:
  • 116-128;
  • Lincoln, 117, 161;
  • Salisbury, 121;
  • Old S. Paul's, 122;
  • Wells, 123;
  • Lichfield, 123;
  • Noyon, 124;
  • Bayeux, 125;
  • York, 125;
  • Troyes, 126;
  • Worcester, 126;
  • Rouen, 128
• Libraries, Christian:
  • situated in or near churches, 61;
  • at Jerusalem, 62;
  • at Cæsarea, ibid.;
  • at Cirta, ibid.;
  • at Hippo, 63;
  • use of the triple apse, 63
• Libraries of Colleges:
  • statutes of Merton Coll., Oxford, 133;
  • University, 133;
  • Oriel, 133;
  • Peterhouse, Cambridge, 134;
  • Trinity Hall, 136;
  • New Coll., Oxford, 137;
  • All Souls', 137;
  • Magdalen Coll., Oxford, 138;
  • Corpus Christi Coll., Oxford, 137, 138;
  • Pembroke Coll., Cambridge, 139;
  • résumé of regulations, ibid.;
  • loan of books from, 140;
  • rules copied from monasteries, 141;
  • a real library an after-thought, 143;
  • characteristics of this, 143;
  • number of books, 143-148;
  • divided into lending and reference departments, 145;
  • examples of such libraries, 148;
  • Bp Cobham's library, Oxf., ibid.;
  • Queens' Coll., Camb., a type, 151, 159;
  • fittings at Pembroke and other Coll., 160;
  • S. John's Coll., Camb., 248-250;
  • at Peterhouse, 251;
  • at Gonville and Caius, Emmanuel, Jesus, Pembroke, 254;
  • King's Coll., Camb., ibid.;
  • Queen's Coll., Oxf., 255
• Libraries, Greek:
  • notices of, in Athens and elsewhere, 4, 5;
  • at Alexandria, 6;
  • at Pergamon, 7-12
• Libraries, medieval: general characteristics, 240-244
• Libraries, monastic:
  • rule of Pachomius, 64;
  • general considerations 65;
  • Benedictine Rule, 66;
  • Cluniac Customs, ibid.;
  • decrees given to English Benedictines by Lanfranc, 67;
  • Customs of Benedictine Houses, 68;
  • of Carthusians, 69;
  • of Cistercians, 70;
  • of Augustinians, ibid.;
  • of Premonstratensians, 72;
  • of Mendicants, ibid.;
  • general conclusions, 73;
  • divided into library of reference and library for lending, 74;
  • open to strangers, 75;
  • books a necessary possession, ibid.;
  • protection of books, 76;
  • curses, 77;
  • endowment of libraries, 79;
  • work done and books kept in the cloister, 80;
  • furniture used, 81;
  • armarium commune, 82;
  • at Fossa Nuova, ibid.;
  • at Worcester, 84;
  • evolution of Cistercian book-room, 84-89;
  • arrangements in Benedictine Houses, 90;
  • at Westminster Abbey, 91-94;
  • supervision at S. Augustine's, Canterbury, 99;
  • decoration, 100;
  • growth of, 101;
  • at S. Riquier, S. Gall, Bobbio, Lorsch, Durham, Canterbury, 102;
  • construction of a special library, 106;
  • at Canterbury, ibid.;
  • Durham and Gloucester, 107;
  • Winchester, S. Albans, Worcester, Bury S. Edmunds, S. Victor, Paris, Franciscans of London, 108;
  • Citeaux, 109-112;
  • Clairvaux, 112-114;
  • S. Germain des Près, Paris, 114;
  • destruction in England, 246;
  • extension of their libraries in France in 17th cent., 287;
  • library of Jesuits at Rheims, 287-289;
  • of S. Geneviève, Paris, 289;
  • S. Germain des Près, ibid.;
  • Monte Cassino, 290
• Libraries, parochial:
  • at Grantham, 257;
  • at Langley Marye, 258;
  • Cartmel, ibid.;
  • will of H. Chetham, 259;
  • Gorton, ibid.;
  • Turton, ibid.;
  • Wimborne Minster, 261;
  • Denchworth, 262;
  • All Saints', Hereford, ibid.;
  • Abingdon, ibid.
• Libraries, private:
  • books kept in chests, 292;
  • tower in Louvre fitted up as library, 293;
  • illustration of this, 294;
  • a Carmelite in his study, 296;
  • a scholar's chair, 297;
  • lectern, 297-9;
  • Ship of Fools, 298;
  • library of Margaret of Austria, 299-302;
  • of Anne de Beaujeu, 302;
  • Italian lectern, 304;
  • wheel-desk, 304-8;
  • chairs with desk, 309-312;
  • desks used in Italy, 312;
  • wall-cupboards, 313;
  • scholar's room, 314;
  • study of Duke of Urbino, ibid.;
  • of Montaigne, 315;
  • Palazzo Barberini, 316;
  • library of Dean Boys, 317
• Libraries, Roman (b.c.):
  • intention of Julius Cæsar to build a library, 12;
  • library of C. Asinius Pollio, ibid.;
  • decorated with busts of departed authors, ibid.;
  • works of Augustus, ibid.;
  • Porticus Octaviæ, 12-14;
  • temple and area of Apollo, 14;
  • other public libraries, 15;
  • of Tiberius, Vespasian, Trajan, ibid.;
  • of Hadrian at Athens, 16-18;
  • organisation of Roman libraries, 18;
  • composition of Palatine library, ibid.;
  • description by Ovid, ibid.;
  • advice of Horace respecting, 19;
  • library of Tiberius, ibid.;
  • of Vespasian in templo Pacis, ibid.;
  • of Trajan (bibliotheca Ulpia), ibid.;
  • loan of books from public collections, 20;
  • fittings, 36;
  • private libraries: of Lucullus, 20, 21;
  • fashion for book-collecting denounced by Seneca, 21;
  • library in Via dello Statuto discovered by Lanciani, 22;
  • at Herculaneum, 23;
  • near Rome, as described by Martial, 31;
  • record-house of Vespasian, 26, 27;
  • contents of Roman libraries, 27-30;
  • fittings of Roman libraries: discussion of words used, 30-33;
  • what the furniture so designated was, 34, 35;
  • representation found at Neumagen, 35;
  • desk for rolls in Lateran Museum, 36;
  • presses (armaria), 36-41
• Libraries, Roman (a.d.):
  • decoration mentioned by Boethius, 41;
  • by Isidore, 41, 42;
  • library described by Eucherius, 43;
  • of pope Agapetus, 44;
  • of Isidore, Bp of Seville, 45;
  • summary of pagan conception of a library, 47;
  • illustrated by Vatican Library of Sixtus V., 47-60
• Libraries of Schools:
  • Abingdon, 262;
  • Bicester, ibid.;
  • Rivington, ibid.;
  • Guildford, 263;
  • Bury, ibid.;
  • Bolton, 264
• Library = bookcase, 244
• Lichfield Cathedral: library, 123
• Lincoln Cathedral:
  • library, 117;
  • desks described, 161
• linea:
  • a shelf for books, 105, note;
  • at Saint Ouen, 244
• Linen: books written on, 20
• L'Isle, Roger: gives books to Oxford, 132
• Loan of books: from public libraries in Rome, 20
• Loan of books (for external use):
  • allowed at Abingdon, 68;
  • Evesham, 69;
  • among Carthusians, 70;
  • Augustinians, 71;
  • Premonstratensians, 72;
  • enjoined on monks by Council of Paris 1212, 74;
  • books bequeathed that they may be lent, 75;
  • one House lent to another, ibid.;
  • to Oxford scholars, 132;
  • prescribed in College Statutes, 133-137;
  • instances of, at Merton Coll., 140;
  • from Vatican Library, 230-1
• Loan of books (to brethren on written attestation):
  • among Cluniacs, 67;
  • Benedictines, 68;
  • Augustinians, 71;
  • probable meaning of this provision, 74, note
• loculamentum = pigeon-hole: receptacle for rolls in Roman libraries, 31, 32
• lora = straps to keep rolls closed, 29
• Lorenzo in Damaso: church, 42
• Lorsch: library, 102
• Louvre: library fitted up, 293
• Lucullus: library described, 20, 21
• Lumen animae: chained book so called, 203

• Magdalen Coll., Oxf.: library statute at, 137
• Margaret of Austria: library described, 299-302
• Mark, S., Florence, Dominican Convent of: library, 205
• Martin (S.) des Champs, Paris: endowment of library, 79
• Martin (S.), at Tournai: literary work in cloister, 81
• Mary (S.) Church in Oxf.: books chained, 132
• Matthew (S.): Hebrew original of his Gospel at Cæsarea, 62
• Mazarin, Cardinal, library of:
  • described, 272-274;
  • furniture noted by Wren, 276
• Meaux, in Holderness: book-room at, and arrangement, 86
• Medicean Library, Florence: described, 234-240
• Medicine, Faculty of, Paris: books chained in library 1509, 264
• Melozzo da Forli:
  • engaged to paint in Vatican Library, 212;
  • his work described, 214
• Mendicants: libraries, 72
• Merton Coll., Oxf.:
  • library statute, 133;
  • choice and loan of books, 140;
  • reception of a gift, 141;
  • description of library, 178-185;
  • history, 183;
  • sale of old bookcases, ibid.;
  • new cases supplied to south library 1623, 184;
  • chains taken off 1792, 266
• Mesmin (Saint): curse from MS., 77, 78, and note
• Metellus, Quintus:
  • share in building the Porticus Octaviæ, 13;
  • plan may have been derived from Pergamon, 14
• Michelangelo:
  • builds Medicean Library, 234;
  • his sketch for the bookcases, 236
• Micklethwaite, J. T.: his plan of Westminster Abbey, 91
• Monastic influence at Oxf. and Camb., 142
• Montaigne:
  • visits Vatican Library 6 March, 1581, 230;
  • describes his own library, 315
• Monte Cassino: library described, 290
• Monte Oliveto, Benedictine Convent of: library, 205
• Much Wenlock, Cluniac Priory: book-room, 87

• Navarre, Collège de: library, 165
• Netley, Cistercian Abbey: book-room, 86
• Neumagen near Trèves: representation of a library found at, 34, and note
• New College, Oxford: library statute, 137
• nidus = pigeon-hole: receptacle for rolls in Roman libraries, 30, 31
• Noyon Cathedral: library, 124
• Nuremberg: chained books in Stadtbibliothek, 163
• Nuzio, Matteo: builds library at Cesena, 199

• Obazine, in Central France: book-press described and figured, 95
• Odo, Abbat of S. Martin at Tournai: promotes work in cloister, 81
• Ordericus Vitalis: his work stopped by cold, 80
• ordo: a shelf, 244
• Oriel Coll., Oxf.: library statute, 133-134
• Ouen, Saint: library, 244
• Ovid: lines from the Tristia describing Palatine library, 18
• Oxford: destruction of MSS. 1549, 247

• Pachomius (S.): provisions of his rule, 64, 65, note
• Palatine library, Rome: see Apollo
• Pamphilus: founds library at Cæsarea, 62
• Parchment: story of its invention at Pergamon, 8
• Parkhurst, Bp John: bequeathes books to Guildford school, 263
• Paul, S., London, Cathedral:
  • library, 122;
  • library built by Wren, 282-4
• Paulinus, Bp of Nola: describes use of apse in basilica built by himself, 63
• Peace, library in Temple of, at Rome: see Vespasian
• pegmata = shelves:
  • use and meaning discussed, 32;
  • in Cicero's library, 33;
  • conclusion respecting, 34
• Peisistratus, tyrant of Athens: said to have collected a library, 5
• Pembroke Coll., Camb.:
  • library statute, 139;
  • library fittings, 160;
  • bookcases at, 254
• Peñiscola: library of Boniface XIII., 244
• Pergamon:
  • description of site, 7;
  • foundation of library by Eumenes II., 8;
  • given to Cleopatra by Antony, ibid.;
  • plan of temple and precinct of Athena, 9;
  • account of German exploration, 9-11;
  • plan possibly copied at Rome by Q. Metellus, 14;
  • described to Romans by Crates of Mallus, ibid.;
  • copied by Hadrian at Athens, 18;
  • by Pope Damasus at Rome, 42
• Peter (S.), Liverpool, Ch. of: books bequeathed by John Fells, mariner, 1815, to be chained, 266
• Peterborough: cloister windows glazed, 100
• Peterhouse, Camb.:
  • library statutes, 134-136;
  • discussion of catalogue dated 1418, 145-148;
  • lecterns in old library, 160;
  • bookcases put up between 1641 and 1648, 251;
  • chaining of books bequeathed by Dr Perne 1588, 265
• Peter (S.) Mancroft, Norwich: wooden press in vestry, 96, note
• Philobiblon:
  • description of libraries of Mendicants quoted from, 72;
  • injunction to handle MSS. carefully, 76, note;
  • book-chest prescribed in, 297
• Pigeon-hole system: used in Roman libraries, 47
• Pilkington, Bp James: statutes for school at Rivington, 262
• Platina, Bartolommeo:
  • appointed librarian of Vatican, 208;
  • engages a binder, 209;
  • writes inscription in Latin library, 215;
  • rooms for himself and his assistants, 216;
  • orders desks for Latin library, 217;
  • selects subjects for frescoes in Ospedale di Santo Spirito, 225;
  • his assistants, 231-2;
  • provides all articles required for maintenance, 232
• Pliny (the younger): describes armarium sunk in wall of his bedroom, 38
• pluteus = shelf: use of word discussed and illustrated, 32, 33, 34
• Pollio, C. Asinius: builds a library and an atrium libertatis in Rome b.c. 39, 12
• Polycrates, tyrant of Samos: said to have collected a library, 4
• Pompeii: reproduction of fresco shewing way to hold roll, 27
• Pontis, Wm.: builds staircase in Rouen Cathedral, 129
• Porticus Octaviæ, 12-14
• Portraits of departed authors used to decorate libraries:
  • at Pergamon, 11;
  • by C. Asinius Pollio, 12;
  • by Augustus, 14;
  • in private libraries, 35;
  • inscriptions accompanying them, ibid.;
  • described by Eucherius, Bp of Lyons, in a private library, 43;
  • in library designed by pope Agapetus, 44
• Precentor:
  • called also armarius and entrusted with care of books by Cluniacs, 67;
  • Benedictines, 68;
  • Augustinians, 71;
  • Premonstratensians, 72;
  • supervises use of press at S. Augustine's, Canterbury, 99
• Premonstratensians: rules for books among, 72
• Procurator bibliothecarum: officer appointed by Augustus, 18
• Protection of MSS.:
  • rule for holding a MS., 76;
  • hands to be clean, ibid.;
  • handkerchiefs to be wrapped round, ibid.;
  • entreaties to use carefully, ibid.;
  • curses on those who damage or steal, 77

• Queens' Coll., Camb.:
  • number of books in library 1472, 145;
  • equidistant windows of library, 148;
  • library selected as type, 151;
  • analysis of catalogue dated 1472, 167
• Queen's Coll., Oxf.: library built by Hawkesmoore, 255

• Ramsey Abbey, Hunts: bad weather in cloister at, 80
• Remi, S., at Rheims: library belonging to, 286
• Reserved library:
  • in collegiate libraries, 145;
  • at Assisi, 207;
  • at Vatican, 211
• Rheims: library of S. Remi, 286; of the Jesuits, 287
• Riquier (S.): library, 102
• Rivington:
  • school library, 262;
  • Bp Pilkington's statute for, ibid.
• Roche, Cistercian Abbey: book-room, 86
• roe,
  • a wheel = a book-desk, 294;
  • explained, 295;
  • illustrated, 304-308
• Rolls:
  • dimensions, use, etc., 27;
  • fastened to stick, 28;
  • this decorated with knobs (cornua), ibid.;
  • edges (frontes) of roll cut, ibid.;
  • ticket (index) appended, 29;
  • closed with straps (lora), ibid.;
  • wrapped in covers, ibid.;
  • carried in a capsa or scrinium, 30;
  • receptacles for, 30-34;
  • desk for reading, 36;
  • armarium to contain, 37
• Rome: see Libraries, Roman
• Rouen: Cathedral library, 128-130

• Salisbury: Cathedral library, 121
• Sarcophagus:
  • in Mus. Naz., Rome, with shoemaker at work in front of a press, 38;
  • in Villa Balestra, with physician reading, ibid.
• scrinium: box for carrying rolls, 30
• Scriptorium:
  • endowment, at Ely, 79;
  • at S. Albans, 80
• Scrivener, Matt.: bequeathes £50 to Univ. Library, Camb., 1687, to buy chains, 265
• sedile: meaning discussed, 243
• Sellyng, Prior, at Canterbury:
  • sets up carrells in the cloister, 99;
  • glazes the windows, 100;
  • fits up library, 106
• Seneca: denounces fashion for book-collecting, 21
• Ship of Fools: lectern used in, 297
• Shiryngton, Walt.: builds library at Old S. Paul's Cathedral, 122
• σιλλιβος
  • = ticket bearing the name of a roll, 29;
  • used in Cicero's library, 33
• Simon, abbat of S. Albans: book-chest, 292
• solarium = press, 207
• Sorbonne:
  • library, 164;
  • glass in windows of library, 242
• spalera or spalliera: a settle, 228
• Stained glass: instances of, in libraries, 241
• stalla or stallum: meaning discussed, 242
• Stall-system:
  • term explained, 172;
  • type at Corp. Chr. Coll., Oxf., ibid.;
  • description of these cases, 173;
  • chaining used, 174-8;
  • fittings at Merton Coll., Oxf., 178-185;
  • at S. John the Baptist Coll., Trinity Coll., Bodl. Library, Oxford, 185;
  • at Clare Coll., Camb., 186;
  • Westminster Abbey, 187;
  • Wells Cathedral, 188;
  • Durham Cath., 189;
  • origin probably monastic, 190;
  • Christ Church, Cant., 190-4;
  • Clairvaux, 196-8;
  • Howley-Harrison library at Canterbury, 256
• Student-monks: at Oxf. and Camb., 142
• Sudbury, John, dean of Durham: fits up Frater as library, 189

• tabula, board covered with wax and parchment to record loan of books, 139
• textus = bookshelf: at Ch. Ch., Canterbury, 192, 243
• theca: a shelf or cupboard, 87, note
• Theodmarus Cassinensis: his letter to Charlemagne quoted, 76 and note
• Tiberius, Emperor:
  • his library in Rome, 15, 16;
  • this mentioned by Aulus Gellius, 19;
  • contained public records, ibid.
• Tibur = Tivoli: story of library in temple of Hercules, 20
• Tintern, Cistercian Abbey: book-room, 86
• Titchfield: book-room and arrangement, 87
• titulus = ticket bearing the name of a roll, 28
• Tournai: see Martin (S.)
• Trajan:
  • library in his forum in Rome, 15;
  • statements of Aulus Gellius and Vopiscus respecting, 19;
  • described by Nibby, 37
• trichora;
  • applied to a triple apse, 63;
  • use of the word by Dioscorides, 64
• Trigg, Fra.: founds library at Grantham, 257
• Trinity Coll., Camb.:
  • chaining of books given in 1601, 265;
  • Wren's library built, 277-281
• Trinity Hall, Camb.:
  • library statute, 136;
  • library described, 168
• Troyes: library in Cathedral, 126
• Turton: library, 259

• Udine, Giovanni da: supplies stained glass to Medicean Library, 235
• Ulpian, jurist: decisions respecting libraries and their furniture, 37
• Ulpian library, at Rome: see Trajan
• umbilicus = stick to which roll was fastened, 28
• Universities: visited by Commissioners of Edward VI., 247
• University Coll., Oxf.: library statute, 133
• University Library, Camb.:
  • subjects of books catalogued 1424, 144;
  • ditto 1473, 145;
  • bookcases supplied to, 1731-4, 285
• Urbino:
  • account of library, 233;
  • private study of Duke, 314

• Varro, M. Terentius:
  • employed by C. Julius Cæsar to collect books for his intended library, 12;
  • his bust admitted into Pollio's library, ibid.
• Vatican Library of Sixtus IV.:
  • description of, 208-32;
  • appointment of Platina as librarian, 208;
  • selection of site, 209;
  • fourfold division, 211;
  • purchase of materials, ibid.;
  • engagement of artists, ibid.;
  • door of entrance made, 212;
  • Latin Library described, ibid.;
  • its decoration, 213;
  • Greek Library described, ibid.;
  • its decoration, 215;
  • Bibliotheca secreta described, ibid.;
  • Bibliotheca pontificia, ibid.;
  • glazing of the windows, 216;
  • rooms for librarians, ibid.;
  • bookcases for Latin library ordered, 217;
  • for Bibliotheca secreta, ibid.;
  • catalogue-frames and coffers ordered, 218;
  • cases for Bibliotheca pontificia ordered, ibid.;
  • chains bought, 219;
  • information derived from catalogues, 220-4;
  • contemporary fresco representing library, 225;
  • arrangement of cases in the four rooms, 226-9;
  • globes and brazier, 229;
  • rule for good behaviour in, 1513, ibid.;
  • visit of Montaigne, 230;
  • loans from, 230-1;
  • staff of library, 231;
  • maintenance of, 232
• Vatican Library of Sixtus V.:
  • type of an ancient Roman library, 47;
  • summary account of decoration, 48;
  • detailed do., 49-60
• Versailles: libraries of Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette, 287
• Verses:
  • by Martial, to be placed under his own portrait, 35;
  • by Isidore of Seville, for the presses in his library, 45
• Vespasian:
  • his library in Rome in templo Paris, 15;
  • statement of Aulus Gellius respecting, 19;
  • his record-office, now church of SS. Cosma e Damiano, 25
• Victor (S.), Paris:
  • books bequeathed to, on condition of loan, 75;
  • library open to strangers, ibid.;
  • lines from MSS. at, admonishing readers to be careful, 76;
  • curse habitually used at, 77, note;
  • library built at, 1501-8, 108;
  • catalogue of library analysed, 166-7
• Villa Balestra, Rome: sarcophagus, 38
• Vivarium, near Squillace: monastery of Cassiodorus near, 44
• volumen
  • = roll, 27-30;
  • box for, 30;
  • fittings of libraries adapted to, 34;
  • representation of one of these, 35

• Wall-system:
  • name proposed, 267;
  • library of Escõrial, 267-270;
  • Ambrosian Library at Milan, 271;
  • Bibliothèque Mazarine, 272-274
• Wells Cathedral:
  • library at, 123;
  • described, 188
• Wessyngton, Prior: builds library at Durham, 107
• Westminster Abbey:
  • plan of cloister at, 91;
  • account of library in, 91-94;
  • carrells, 92, 93;
  • resemblance to Gloucester, 98;
  • library fitted up 1623-4, 187
• Wheel-desk: see roe
• Whethamstede, John:
  • builds library at S. Albans, 108;
  • at Gloucester House, Oxf., 142
• Whittington, Sir R.: builds library at Christ's Hospital 1421, 108
• Williams, John, Bp of Lincoln:
  • fits up dorter at Westminster Abbey as library 1623-4, 187;
  • builds library at S. John's Coll., Camb., 248-251
• Wimborne: Minster library, 261
• Winchester: position of library, 108
• Winckelmann, J. J.: description of library at Herculaneum, 25
• Wings, attached to bookcases:
  • at Peterhouse, Camb., 252;
  • at University Library, 253;
  • at Pembroke Coll., 254
• Worcester Cathedral:
  • book-recesses in cloister at, 84;
  • library at, 108;
  • Bishop Carpenter's library-foundation, 126-8
• Wren, Sir C.:
  • visits Paris, 276;
  • builds library at Lincoln Cathedral, 277;
  • at Trinity College, Cambridge, 277-281;
  • at S. Paul's Cathedral, London, 282-4
• Wren, Matt.: account of Pembroke Coll. library, 139, 160

• York: Cathedral library, 125

• Zutphen: library described, 153-159