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The Cherokee Nation of Indians. (1887 N 05 / 1883-1884 (pages 121-378))

Chapter 2: ILLUSTRATIONS.
By Charles C. Royce
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This work provides a comprehensive account of the Cherokee Nation's historical interactions with colonial and federal governments, detailing land cessions and treaties from the colonial period through the 19th century. It examines significant treaties, including those made in 1785, 1791, and 1835, alongside the socio-political dynamics affecting the Cherokee people. The narrative highlights the challenges faced by the Cherokees, including territorial disputes, removal policies, and their efforts to maintain sovereignty. Additionally, it discusses the impact of external pressures and internal divisions within the Cherokee Nation, offering insights into their cultural resilience and adaptation during a tumultuous period in American history.

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Title: The Cherokee Nation of Indians. (1887 N 05 / 1883-1884 (pages 121-378))

Author: Charles C. Royce

Release date: August 3, 2014 [eBook #46493]
Most recently updated: October 24, 2024

Language: English

Credits: Produced by PM for Bureau of American Ethnology, The
Internet Archive (American Libraries), Wayne Hammond and
the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CHEROKEE NATION OF INDIANS. (1887 N 05 / 1883-1884 (PAGES 121-378)) ***

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION—BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY.
THE CHEROKEE NATION OF INDIANS:
A NARRATIVE OF THEIR OFFICIAL RELATIONS WITH THE COLONIAL AND FEDERAL GOVERNMENTS.
BY
CHARLES C. ROYCE.

Fifth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1883—1884, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1887, pages 121—378.


CONTENTS.
Page.
Introduction 129
Cessions of land—Colonial period 130
Cessions of land—Federal period 131
Treaty of November 28, 1785 133
Material provisions 133
Historical data 134
De Soto's expedition 134
Early traditions 136
Early contact with Virginia colonists 138
Early relations with Carolina colonists 138
Mention by various early authors 139
Territory of Cherokees at period of English settlement 140
Population 142
Old Cherokee towns 142
Expulsion of Shawnees by Cherokees and Chickasaws 144
Treaty relations with the colonies 144
Treaty relations with the United States 152
Proceedings at treaty of Hopewell 153
Treaty of July 2, 1791 158
Material provisions 158
Historical data 160
Causes of dissatisfaction with boundary of 1785 160
Tennessee Company's purchase 162
Difficulties in negotiating new treaty 162
Survey of new boundaries 163
Treaty of February 17, 1792 169
Material provisions 169
Historical data 169
Discontent of Cherokees 169
War with Cherokees 170
Treaty of June 26, 1794 171
Material provisions 171
Historical data 171
Complaints concerning boundaries 171
Cherokee hostilities 173
Intercourse act of 1796 173
Treaty of October 2, 1798 174
Material provisions 174
Historical data 175
Disputes respecting territory 175
Treaty of October 24, 1804 183
Material provisions 183
Historical data 184
New treaty authorized by Congress 184
Wafford's settlement 186
Further negotiations authorized 187
Treaty of October 25, 1805 189
Material provisions 189
Treaty of October 27, 1805 190
Material provisions 190
Historical data respecting this treaty and the preceding one 190
Continued negotiations authorized 190
Controversy concerning "Doublehead" tract 192
Treaty of January 7, 1806 193
Material provisions 193
Treaty of September 11, 1807 194
Material provisions 194
Historical data 195
Controversy concerning boundaries 195
Explanatory treaty negotiated 197
Treaty of March 22, 1816, ceding land in South Carolina 197
Material provisions 197
Treaty of March 22, 1816, defining certain boundaries, etc 198
Material provisions 198
Historical data 199
Colonel Earle's negotiations for the purchase of iron ore tract 199
Tennessee fails to conclude a treaty with the Cherokees 201
Removal of Cherokees to the west of the Mississippi proposed 202
Efforts of South Carolina to extinguish Cherokee title 204
Boundary between Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, and Chickasaws 205
Roads through the Cherokee country 208
Treaty of September 14, 1816 209
Material provisions 209
Historical data 210
Further purchase of Cherokee lands 210
Treaty of July 8, 1817 212
Material provisions 212
Historical data 214
Policy of removing Indian tribes to the west of the Mississippi River 214
Further cession of territory by the Cherokees 216
Treaty of February 27, 1819 219
Material provisions 219
Historical data 221
Cherokees west of the Mississippi—their wants and condition 221
Disputes among Cherokees concerning emigration 222
Public sentiment in Tennessee and Georgia concerning Cherokee removal 223
Treaty concluded for further cession of land 225
Status of certain Cherokees 228
Treaty of May 6, 1828 229
Material provisions 229
Historical data 231
Return J. Meigs and the Cherokees 231
Tennessee denies validity of Cherokee reservations 232
United States agree to extinguish Indian title in Georgia 233
Cherokee progress in civilization 240
Failure of negotiations for further cession of lands 241
Cherokee Nation adopts a constitution 241
Cherokee affairs west of the Mississippi 242
Treaty of February 14, 1833 249
Material provisions 249
Historical data 251
Conflicting land claims of Creeks and Cherokees west of the Mississippi 251
Purchase of Osage half-breed reserves 252
President Jackson refuses to approve treaty of 1834 252
Treaty of December 29, 1835 253
Material provisions 253
Treaty of March 1, 1836 (supplementary articles) 257
Material provisions 257
Historical data 258
Zealous measures for removal of Eastern Cherokees 258
General Carroll's report on the condition of the Cherokees 259
Failure of Colonel Lowry's mission 262
Decision of Supreme Court in "Cherokee Nation v. Georgia" 262
Failure of Mr. Chester's mission 262
Decision of Supreme Court in "Worcester v. Georgia" 264
Disputed boundaries between Cherokees and Creeks 266
Cherokees plead with Congress and the President for justice 272
Cherokees propose an adjustment 274
Cherokees memorialize Congress 275
Treaty negotiations resumed278
Report of Major Davis 284
Elias Boudinot's views 285
Speech of General R. G. Dunlap 285
Report of General John E. Wool 286
Report of John Mason, Jr. 286
Henry Clay's sympathy with the Cherokees 287
Policy of the President criticised—Speech of Col. David Crockett 288
General Winfield Scott ordered to command troops in Cherokee country 291
John Ross proposes a new treaty 291
Cherokees permitted to remove themselves 292
Dissension among Cherokees in their new home 292
Cherokees charge the United States with bad faith 296
Per capita payments under treaty of 1835 297
Political murders in Cherokee Nation 297
Adjudication commissioners appointed 298
Treaty of August 6, 1846 298
Material provisions 298
Historical data 300
Cherokees desire a new treaty 300
Feuds between the "Ross," "Treaty," and "Old Settler" parties 301
Death of Sequoyah, or George Guess 302
Old Settler and Treaty parties propose to remove to Mexico 302
More political murders 303
Negotiation of treaty of 1846 304
Affairs of the North Carolina Cherokees 313
Proposed removal of the Catawba Indians to the Cherokee country. 317
Financial difficulties of the Cherokees 318
Murder of the Adairs and others 319
Financial distresses—New treaty proposed 320
Slavery in the Cherokee Nation 321
Removal of white settlers on Cherokee land 322
Fort Gibson abandoned by the United States 322
Removal of trespassers on neutral land 323
John Ross opposes survey and allotment of Cherokee domain 324
Political excitement in 1860 324
Cherokees and the Southern Confederacy 326
Cherokee troops for the Confederate army 328
A Cherokee Confederate regiment deserts to the United States 329
Ravages of war in the Cherokee Nation 332
Treaty of July 19, 1866 334
Material provisions 334
Treaty of April 27, 1868 (supplemental) 340
Material provisions 340
Historical data 341
United States desire to remove Indians from Kansas to Indian Territory 341
Council of southern tribes at Camp Napoleon 341
General council at Fort Smith 341
Conference at Washington, D. C. 345
Cession and sale of "Cherokee strip" and "neutral lands" 348
Appraisal of confiscated property—census 351
New treaty concluded but never ratified 351
Boundaries of the Cherokee domain 354
Delawares, Munsees, and Shawnees join the Cherokees 356
Friendly tribes to be located on Cherokee lands west of 96° 358
East and north boundaries of Cherokee country 365
Railroads through Indian Territory 366
Removal of intruders—Cherokee citizenship 367
General remarks 371

ILLUSTRATIONS.
Page.
Plate VII. Earliest map showing location of the Cherokees. 1597 128
VIII. Map of the former territorial limits of the Cherokee Nation of Indians, exhibiting the boundaries of the various cessions of land made by them to the colonies and to the United States. 18841
IX. Map showing the territory originally assigned to the Cherokee Indians west of the Mississippi River; also, the boundaries of the territory now occupied or owned by them. 18841 Maps