VIII. EUGENICS OF THE CITY
Considerable literature has grown up recently dealing with the biological aspects of city life. Detailed studies as to the effect of city life on the human stock remain to be made. On the basis of the material now available, however, fruitful avenues of research are opened, and certain tentative conclusions may be entertained.
1. The changes incident to city life in the birth, death, and marriage rates of the population are noticeable on the basis of statistics. These phenomena permit of sociological interpretation and analysis. The difference between the urban and the rural span of life offers a similar problem to the investigator. The proportions of the human scrap-heap and its social consequences in the city have been recognized as an important phase of urban existence.
Bailey, W. B. Modern Social Conditions: A Statistical Study of Birth, Marriage, Divorce, Death, Disease, Suicide, Immigration, etc., with Special Reference to the United States (New York, 1906). (VII, 5; VIII.)
Bajla, E. “Come si distribuiscono topograficamente le malattee contagiose negli aggregati urbani,” Attualita Med. Milano, V (1916), 542–46.
The local distribution of contagious diseases in the urban area.
Barron, S. B. “Town life as a Cause of Degeneracy,” Pop. Sci. Mo., XXXIV (1888–89), 324–30. (X, 2.)
Billings, J. S. “The Mortality Rates of Baltimore; Life Table for Baltimore; Mortality in Different Wards; Causes of Disease,” Baltimore Med. Jour., X (1883–84), 487–89. (V, 1.)
“Biological Influences of City Life,” Literary Digest, LII (February, 1916), 371–72.
“Birth- and Death-Rates in American Cities,” Amer. City, XVI (1917), 195–99.
Bleicher, H. “Über die Eigentümlichkeiten der städtischen Natalitäts- und Mortalitätsverhältnisse,” Intern. Kongr. für Hygiene und Demographie (Budapest, 1894). (VIII, 3.)
The peculiarities of urban birth and death rates.
Dublin, Louis I. “The Significance of the Declining Birth-Rate,” Science, (new series), XLVII, 201–10.
Fehlinger, Hans. “De l’influence biologique de la civilization urbaine,” Scientia, X (1911), 421–34. (VIII, 3.)
Guilfoy, W. H. The Influence of Nationality upon the Mortality of a Community, with Special Reference to the City of New York, “Department of Health of New York City Monograph Series 18,” 1919. (V, 1, 2, 3.)
——. An Analysis of the Mortality Returns of the Sanitary Areas of the Borough of Manhattan for the Year 1915, “Department of Health of New York City Monograph Series 15,” 1916.
Hammond, L. J., and Gray, C. H. “The Relation of the Foreign Population to the Mortality and Morbidity Rate of Philadelphia,” Bull. Amer. Acad. of Med., XIV (1913), 113–29. (V, 1.)
Harmon, G. E. “A Comparison of the Relative Healthfulness of Certain Cities in the United States, Based upon the Study of Their Vital Statistics,” Publ. Amer. Statist. Assoc., XV (Boston, 1916), 157–74.
Holmes, Samuel J. A Bibliography of Eugenics, “University of California Publications in Zoölogy,” Vol. XXV, Berkeley, California, 1924.
Contains a chapter on “Urban Selection and the Influence of Industrial Development on Racial Heredity.” Has served as a source of many references listed in this bibliography. (VIII.)
Love, A. G., and Davenport, C. B. “Immunity of City-Bred Recruits,” Arch. Med. Intern., XXIV (1919), 129–53.
Macpherson, J. “Urban Selection and Mental Health,” Rev. of Neurol. and Psychiatry, I (1903), 65–73. (VII, 2, 5; IX, 2, 3, 4; X, 3.)
Meinshausen: “Die Zunahme der Körpergrösse des deutschen Volkes vor dem Kriege; ihre Ursachen und Bedeutung für die Wiederherstellung der deutschen Volkskraft,” Archiv für Hygiene und Demographie, XIV (1921), 28–72.
Points out degeneration of urban youth. (VII, 3; X, 3.)
Pieper, E. “Über die Verbreitung der Geschlechtskrankheiten nach Stadt und Land mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Verhältnisse der Stadt Rostock und des Staates Mecklenburg,” Arch. für Soz. Hygiene und Demographie, XIV (1923), 148–87. (X, 2.)
Sarker, S. L. “The Comparative Mortality of the Towns of the Nadia District,” Indian Med. Gaz., LII (Calcutta, 1917), 58–60.
Walford, C. “On the Number of Violent Deaths from Accident, Negligence, Violence, and Misadventure in the United Kingdom and Some Other Countries,” Jour. Royal Stat. Soc., XLIV (1881), 444–521.
Number of violent deaths in cities greater than rural region. (X, 2.)
Weber, L. W. “Grossstadt und Nerven,” Deutsche Rundschau, CLXXVII (December, 1918), 391–407. (IX, 2, 4.)
Weiberg, W. “Zur Frage nach der Häufigkeit der Syphilis in der Grossstadt,” Arch. Rass. und Gesellsch. Biol., Vol. XI, 1914; 3 articles.
Whipple, G. C. Vital Statistics: An Introduction to Demography (New York, 1923). (VII, 1; VIII, 2, 3; IX, 2.)
2. The relative differences in the age and sex groups, in the city as over against the country, and in the various areas in the city are indicative of fundamental processes tending to produce typical results.
Baker, J. E. “City Life and Male Mortality,” Publ. Amer. Statist. Assoc., XI (1908), 133–49. (VIII, 1.)
Böckh, R. “Sterbetafeln C (für Grossstädte); Die fünfzig Berliner Sterbetafeln,” Bericht über 14ten Intern. Kongr. Hygiene, III (Berlin, 1908), 1078–87. (V, 1, 2, 3, 4; VIII, 1.)
Heron, David. On the Relation of Fertility in Man to Social Status and on the Changes in This Relation That Have Taken Place during the Last Fifty Years (London, 1906). (VII, 1, 5; VIII, 1.)
Röse, C. “Die Grossstadt als Grab der Bevölkerung,” Aerztliche Rundschau, XV (München, 1905), 257–61. (VII, 3; VIII, 1.)
3. Whether the conditions of city life have an influence on the fecundity of women and the size of the family is an aspect of city life inviting accurate study, attempts at which have already been made.
Haurbeck, L. “Der Wille zur Mutterschaft in Stadt und Land,” Deutsche Landwirtsch. Presse., XI (1915), 12. (VIII, 1, 2; X, 2.)
Kühner, F. “Stadt und Bevölkerungspolitik,” Städte-Zeit, XIV (1917), 306.
Lewis, C. F., and J. N. Natality and Fecundity: A Contribution to National Demography (Edinburgh, 1906).
Based on statistics in the Scottish birth register of 1855. (VIII, 1, 2.)
Manschke, R. “Innere Einflüsse der Bevölkerungswanderungen auf die Geburtenzahl,” Zeitschr. für Sozialwiss., neue Folge, VII (1916), 100–115, 161–74. (VII, 3; VIII, 1, 2; X, 2.)
Morgan, J. E. The Danger of Deterioration of Race from the Too Rapid Increase of Great Cities (London, 1866). (VII, 1, 3; VIII, 1.)
Prinzing, F. “Eheliche und uneheliche Fruchtbarkeit und Aufwuchsziffer in Stadt und Land in Preussen,” Deutsche Med. Wochenschrift, XLIV (1918), 351–54. (VIII, 1; X, 4.)
Theilhaber, F. A. Das sterile Berlin (Berlin, 1913). (VIII, 1, 2.)
Thompson, Warren S. “Race Suicide in the United States,” Sci. Mo., V, 22–35, 154–65, 258–69. (VIII, 1; X, 2.)
“Urban Sterilization,” Jour. Hered., VIII (1917), 268–69. (VIII, 1.)
IX. HUMAN NATURE AND CITY LIFE
The city is remaking human nature and each city is producing its own type of personality. These influences of city life are of prime interest to the sociologist. The materials bearing on this question are not primarily those collected by the scientist, but by the artist. It requires insight and imagination to perceive and to describe these deep-seated changes which are being wrought in the nature of man himself.
1. The division of labor and the fine specialization of occupations and professions that is so distinctly characteristic of city life has brought into existence a new mode of thought and new habits and attitudes which have transformed man in a few generations. The city man tends to think less in terms of locality than he does in terms of occupation. In a sense he has become an adjunct of the machine which he operates and the tools he uses. His interests are organized around his occupation, and his status and mode of life is determined by it.
Bahre, Walter. Meine Klienten. Vol. XLII in “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
Specialization and professional types and classes as seen from a lawyer’s office. (IX, 4.)
Benario, Leo. Die Wucherer und ihre Opfer, Vol. XXXVIII in “Grossstadt Dokumente.” (IX, 3, 4.)
The profession of money-lending in the large city and the behavior patterns that this professional group exhibits. (IX, 3, 4.)
Burke, Thomas. The London Spy: A Book of Town Travels (New York, 1922). (II, 3; V, 1, 2, 3; IX.)
Donovan, Frances. The Woman Who Waits (Boston, 1920).
The impressions and occupational experiences of a waitress in Chicago. (IX, 2, 3.)
Hammond, J. L., and Barbara. The Skilled Labourer, 1760–1832 (London, 1919).
The emergence of occupational types in the course of industrial evolution. (III, 4; IV, 6.)
Hammond, J. L., and Barbara. The Town Labourer, 1760–1832: The New Civilization (London, 1917). (II, 3; III, 4; IV, 6; IX, 2, 3; X, 2.)
Hyan, Hans. Schwere Jungen, Vol. XXVIII in “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
Describes the life of an occupational group—the pugilists—in the large city (Berlin). (V, 1, 3; VI, 6; IX, 4.)
Mayhew, Henry. London Labour and London Poor: A Cyclopaedia of the Condition and Earnings of Those That Will Work, Those That Cannot Work, and Those That Will Not Work (London, 1861–62), 4 vols.
A description of occupational types created by city specialization. (II, 3; VII, 5; IX, 4.)
Noack, Victor. Was ein Berliner Musikant erlebte, Vol. XIX in “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
The experiences of a Berlin musician in his occupational life. Showing the evolution of an occupational type, with many highly specialized subtypes. (IX; X, 2.)
Roe, Clifford. Panders and Their White Slaves (New York and Chicago, 1910). (V, 1; VII, 5.)
Rowntree, B. Seebohm, and Lasker, Bruno. Unemployment: A Social Study (London, 1911).
Simkhovitch, Mary K. The City Worker’s World in America (New York, 1917). (V, 1, 2, 3; VI, 10; VII, 2, 5.)
Solenberger, Alice W. One Thousand Homeless Men: A Study of Original Records (New York, 1914).
What a social agency’s records reveal about occupational careers in the city. (VI, 4; VII, 4, 5; VIII, 1.)
Veblen, Thorstein. The Instinct of Workmanship, and the State of the Industrial Arts (New York, 1914).
Showing the development of the specialization of labor and its effect on human behavior. (IX, 2.)
Werthauer, Johannes. Berliner Schwindel, Vol. XXI in “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
Showing the extent to which fraud has become a technical profession. (VII, 5; IX, 2, 4.)
Weidner, Albert. Aus den Tiefen der Berliner Arbeiterbewegung, Vol. IX, in “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
The significance of the labor movement in the large city. (V, 1, 4; VII, 5; IX, 2, 3, 4.)
2. There is a city mentality which is clearly differentiated from the rural mind. The city man thinks in mechanistic terms, in rational terms, while the rustic thinks in naturalistic, magical terms. Not only does this difference exist between city and country, it exists also between city and city, and between one area of the city and another. Each city and each part of the city furnishes a distinct social world to its inhabitants, which they incorporate in their personality whether they will or no.
Carleton, Will. City Ballads, City Festivals, and City Legends (London, 1907). (X, 2.)
Grant, James. Lights and Shadows of London Life (London, 1842).
Giving a view of the picturesque aspects of the modern city.
——. The Great Metropolis (London, 1836). (III, 5; IV, 6; V, 3; IX.)
Marpillero, G. “Saggio di psicologia dell’urbanismo,” Revista Italiana di Sociologia, XII (1908), 599–626.
Morgan, Anna. My Chicago (Chicago, 1918).
A city from the standpoint of the social aristocracy. (V, 3.)
Seiler, C. Linn. City Values. “An Analysis of the Social Status and Possibilities of American City Life” (University of Pennsylvania, Ph.D. Thesis, 1912).
Simmel, G. Die Grossstädte und das Geistesleben, in “Die Grossstadt” (Dresden, 1903).
The most important single article on the city from the sociological standpoint.
Sombart, Werner. The Jews and Modern Capitalism, translated from the German by M. Epstein (London and New York, 1913).
The best study of a city people and the influence of city life on their mentality. (IX, 1, 4; X, 3.)
Spengler, Oswald. Der Untergang des Abendlandes: Umrisse einer Morphologie der Weltgeschichte, Vol. II (München, 1922), chap. II, “Städte und Völker,” pp. 100–224. (II; VII, 1, 5; IX, 1.)
Winter, Max. Das Goldene Wiener Herz, Vol. XI in “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
A study of the financial nexus in city life. (IX, 4.)
Woolston, H. “The Urban Habit of Mind,” Amer. Jour. Sociol., XVII, 602 ff.
3. The medium through which man is influenced and modified in the city is the intricate system of communication. The urban system of communication takes on a special form. It is not typically the primary, but the secondary, contact that it produces. The public opinion that is built up in the city and the morale and ésprit de corps growing out of it relies on such typical media as the newspaper rather than the gossip monger; the telephone and the mails rather than the town meeting. The characteristic urban social unit is the occupational group rather than the geographical area.
Chicago Commission on Race Relations. The Negro in Chicago (Chicago, 1922).
A study growing out of the Chicago race riots, showing the growth of public opinion and the behavior of crowds and mobs in the city. (V, 1, 3; VII, 2.)
Follett, Mary P. The New State: Group Organization the Solution of Popular Government (New York, 1918).
Analyzes the conditions under which public opinion of today is formed and suggests local organization as a possible way out. (V, 3; VII, 5; IX, 1.)
Howe, Frederic C. “The City as a Socializing Agency,” Amer. Jour. Sociol., XVII, 509 ff. (VII, 5.)
——. The City: The Hope of Democracy (New York, 1905).
Has chapters on the new city civilization, the causes of political corruption, and gives a general description of city life, showing in particular the problems of public opinion it creates. (V; VI; VII, 1, 2.)
Park, Robert E. “The Immigrant Community and the Immigrant Press,” American Review, III (March-April, 1925), 143–52. (V, 3.)
Triton (pseudonym). Der Hamburger “Junge Mann,” Vol. XXXIX in “Grossstadt Dokumente.”
Shows the effect of the city and the contacts it makes possible on the development of an ésprit de corps and a type. In this case the young office clerks of Hamburg are shown to be a product of the international character of the port of Hamburg. (IV, 6; IX, 1, 2, 4.)
4. The final product of the city environment is found in the new types of personality which it engenders. Here the latent energies and capacities of individuals find expression and locate themselves within the range of a favorable milieu. This possibility of segregating one’s self from the crowd develops and accentuates what there is of individuality in the human personality. The city gives an opportunity to men to practice their specialty vocationally and develop it to the utmost degree. It provides also the stimulus and the conditions which tend to bring out those temperamental and psychological qualities within the individual through the multiple behavior patterns which it tolerates.
Hammer, Wilhelm. Zehn Lebenslaufe Berliner Kontrollmädchen, Vol. XVIII in “Grossstadt Dokumente.”
The life-history of ten Berlin prostitutes with a suggested classification of types. (VI, 4; IX, 1.)
Deutsch-German, Alfred (pseudonym). Wiener Mädel, Vol. XVII in “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
An intimate study of the types of girls to be found in the large city. (IX, 2, 3.)
Flagg, James M. City People. A Book of Illustrations (New York, 1909).
Freimark, Hans. Moderne Geistesbeschwörer und Wahrheitssucher, Vol. XXXVI in “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
Fortune-tellers and persons in the “occult fields” in the modern city. A study of magical vestiges in city mentality. (IX, 1, 2.)
Hapgood, Hutchins. Types from City Streets (New York, 1910).
——. The Spirit of the Ghetto (New York and London, 1909).
An intimate study of life in the New York Jewish quarter with a graphic presentation of personality types. (V, 2.)
Hecht, Ben. A Thousand and One Afternoons in Chicago (Chicago, 1922).
Journalistic sketches of Chicago scenes, experiences, and types. (V, 3; IX.)
Mackenzie, C. “City People,” McClure’s, XLVII (August, 1916), 22.
Markey, Gene. Men About Town: A Book of Fifty-eight Caricatures (Chicago, 1924).
Mensch, Ella (pseudonym). Bilderstürmer in der Berliner Frauenbewegung.
Types found in the feminist movement of Berlin. (IX, 2, 3.)
X. THE CITY AND THE COUNTRY
The city and the country represent two opposite poles in modern civilization. The difference between the two is not merely one of degree, but of kind. Each has its own peculiar type of interests, of social organization, and of humanity. These two worlds are in part antagonistic and in part complementary to each other. The one influences the life of the other, but they are by no means equally matched. The analysis of these differences, antagonisms, and interacting forces has not passed even the descriptive stage.
1. The ancient city was regarded as a parasitic growth. It dominated the country by skill and by force, but contributed little to its welfare. The modern city, too, is often regarded as a superfluous burden which the rural sections are carrying. This view of the matter is fast passing away, however, as the city extends its influence, not by force, but by fulfilling a set of functions upon which the rural population has become dependent. The economists have been especially concerned with the antagonistic interests which the city and the country have presented. These antagonisms have come to play a political rôle which influences local, national, and international affairs.
Bookwalter, J. W. Rural Versus Urban; Their Conflict and Its Causes: A Study of the Conditions Affecting Their Natural and Artificial Relation (New York, 1911). (X, 2.)
Damaschke, Adolf. Die Bodenreform: Grundsätzliches und Geschichtliches zur Erkenntnis der sozialen Not (19th ed.; Jena, 1922). (VI, 10.)
Reibmayr, A. “Die wichtigsten biologischen Ursachen der heutigen Landflucht,” Arch. für Rass. und Gesellsch. Biol., VII (1911), 349–76.
Decrease in rural population of Germany. Shows also unfavorable effects of alcohol, venereal disease, and other factors on population of city, and the effects of the city on the country. (VII, 2, 5; VIII, 1.)
Ross, E. A. “Folk Depletion as a Cause of Rural Decline,” Publ. Amer. Sociol. Soc., XI (1917), 21–30. (VII, 3; VIII, 1, 3; X, 2.)
Roxby, P. M. Rural Depopulation in England During the Nineteenth Century and After, LXXI (1912), 174–90. (VIII, 3.)
“Rural Depopulation in Germany,” Scient. Amer. Suppl., LXVIII (1908), 243. (VII, 3.)
Smith, J. Russell. North America: Its People and Resources, Development, and the Prospects of the Continent as an Agricultural, Industrial, and Commercial Area (New York, 1925).
One of the best geographical discussions of the relation between country and city. (I, 1, 4; III, 2, 3, 4.)
Vandervelde, E. L’exode rural et le retour aux champs (Paris, 1903). (VIII, 3.)
Waltemath. “Der Kampf gegen die Landflucht und die Slawisierung des platten Landes,” Archiv für Innere Kolonisation, IX (1916–18), 12.
2. As a result of city life new forms of social organization have been developed which are foreign to the country. The family, the neighborhood, the community, the state have become transformed by city needs into new institutions with a different organization and with a different set of functions. The social processes that characterize rural life do not apply in the city. A new moral order has developed which is fast breaking down the precedents of an earlier epoch of civilization.
Bowley, A. L. “Rural Population in England and Wales: A Study of the Change of Density, Occupations, and Ages,” Jour. Royal Stat. Soc., LXXVII (1914), 597–645. (VII, 2; VIII, 2.)
Brunner, Edmund de S. Churches of Distinction in Town and Country (New York, 1923). (VI, 5.)
Busbey, L. W. “Wicked Town and Moral Country,” Unpop. Rev., X (October, 1918), 376–92. (X, 3.)
Cook, O. F. “City and Country, Effects of Human Environments on the Progress of Civilization,” Jour. Hered., XIV (1921), 253–59.
Galpin, Charles J. Rural Life (New York, 1918).
One of the best analyses of rural life available, and of great value as a basis for comparison between city life and country life. (IV, 1, 2, 5; V, 1, 2, 3; X, 1, 3.)
Gillette, J. M. Rural Sociology (New York, 1922). (IV; V, 1, 2; VI, 8; X, 1, 3.)
Groves, E. R. “Psychic Causes of Rural Migration,” Amer. Jour. Sociol., XXI (1916), 623–27. (IV, 5; VII, 3; X, 1, 3.)
Jastrow, J. “Die Städtegmeinschaft in ihren kulturellen Beziehungen,” Zeitschr. für Sozialwiss., X (1907), 42–51.
Indicates institutions to which urban life has given impetus.
Morse, H. N. The Social Survey in Town and Country Areas (New York, 1925).
Peattie, Roderick. “The Isolation of the Lower St. Lawrence Valley,” Geog. Rev., V (February, 1918), 102–18.
An excellent study of provincialism as a result of isolation. (IV, 5.)
Prinzing, F. “Die Totgeburten in Stadt und Land,” Deutsche Med. Wochenschr., XLIII (1917), 180–81.
The number of still births indicates the technique available in city and country. (VIII, 1.)
Sanderson, Dwight. The Farmer and His Community (New York, 1922). (V, 1, 2, 3.)
Smith, Arthur H. Village Life in China: A Study in Sociology (New York, Chicago, and Toronto, 1899).
The oriental village and its place in social organization.
Thurnwald, R. “Stadt and Land im Lebensprozess der Rasse,” Arch. für Rass. und Gesellsch. Biol., I (1904), 550–74, 840–84.
Contains excellent bibliography. (VII, 3; VIII, 1, 3.)
Tucker, R. S., and McCombs, C. E. “Is the Country Healthier Than the Town?” Nat. Mun. Rev., XII (June, 1923), 291–95. (VIII, 1.)
Welton, T. A. “Note on Urban and Rural Variations According to the English Census of 1911,” Jour. Royal Stat. Soc., LXXVI (1913), 304–17. (VII, 3; VIII; X, 1.)
3. The rustic and the urbanite not only show certain fundamental differences in personality, but the variations found in the city far exceed the country, and the rate at which new types are constantly being created in the city far exceeds that of the country. The rural man still is to a great extent the product of the nature which surrounds him, while the urbanite has become a part of the machine with which he works, and has developed as many different species as there are techniques to which he is devoted. The attitudes, the sentiments, the life organization of the city man are as different from the country man as those of the civilized man are from the primitive. As the city extends its influence over the country the rural man is also being remade, and ultimately the differences between the two may become extinguished.
Anthony, Joseph. “The Unsophisticated City Boy,” Century, CIX (November, 1924), 123–28. (VII, 5.)
Coudenhove-Kalergi, H. “The New Nobility,” Century, CIX (November, 1924), 3–6.
A concise analysis of the outstanding differences in the personality of the rustic and the urbanite. (IX, 1, 2, 3, 4; X, 1, 2.)
Humphrey, Z. “City People and Country Folk,” Country Life, XXXVII (January, 1920), 35–37.
McDowall, Arthur. “Townsman and the Country,” London Mercury, VIII (August, 1923), 405–13. (IV, 5; IX, 2; X, 1, 2.)
Myers, C. S. “Note on the Relative Variability of Modern and Ancient and of Rural and Urban Peoples,” Man, VI (London, 1906), 24–26.
An anthropological study. (VIII.)
Vuillenmier, J. F. “A comparative Study of New York City and Country Criminals,” Jour. Crim. Law and Criminol., XI (1921), 528–50. (VII, 5; IX, 2.)
XI. THE STUDY OF THE CITY
Attempts to understand the city and city life have resulted in two types of studies. On the one hand there are the investigations into special phases of the subject, and on the other are a number of systematic, generally co-operative, scientific approaches to the city as a whole. The increased attention which the city has been receiving at the hands of various types of experts has brought into existence a number of organizations and institutions which regularly occupy themselves with the collection of information relating to the city. This has given rise to a number of technical journals which are of great importance to the student of the city.
1. There are available at the present time a number of fairly exhaustive systematic studies of various cities. In most instances they represent the combined efforts of many students, extending over a period of years, to explore the realms of urban life in diverse parts of the world, generally with a definite objective in view. Only a few of such studies have been listed under this category.
Booth, Charles. Life and Labor of the People of London (16 vols.; London, 1892).
Attempts to describe the people of London “as they exist in London under the influence of education, religion, and administration.” Required seventeen years for its completion. Contains a wealth of information about the city and city life.
Gamble, Sidney D. Peking: A Social Survey (New York, 1921).
Harrison, Shelby M. Social Conditions in an American City: A Summary of the Findings of the Springfield Survey (New York, 1920).
Johnson, Clarence Richard. Constantinople Today, or the Pathfinder Survey of Constantinople: A Study in Oriental Social Life (New York and London, 1923).
Kellogg, Paul U. (editor). The Pittsburgh Survey (6 vols.; New York, 1914).
Kenngott, George F. The Record of a City: A Social Survey of Lowell, Massachusetts (New York, 1912).
Ostwald, Hans O. A. “Grossstadt Dokumente,” (Berlin, 1905).
A series of fifty volumes by various authors giving accounts of personal experience and investigation in the local communities and among various groupings and personality types in the city of Berlin and in some other large cities of Europe.
Rowntree, B. Seebohm. Poverty: A Study of Town Life (London, 1901).
Rowntree, B. S., and Lasker, Bruno. Unemployment: A Social Study (London, 1911).
2. The social survey is not only a technique which has been employed to study the urban community, but has grown into a movement of considerable proportions. From another standpoint the social survey may also be regarded as a means of control. Many of the “surveys” are merely single investigations of administration, housing, justice, education, recreation, in urban and rural communities, carried on by the group itself or by some outside experts called in for the purpose. Others are highly integrated studies of the community in all its phases. There is a tendency at the present time for systematic social research to take the place of the social survey in the study of community life. The latter emphasizes diagnosis and treatment, while the former strives to develop methods of disinterested research into various aspects of city life.
Aronovici, Carol. The Social Survey (New York, 1916).
Burns, Allen T. “Organization of Community Forces,” Proceedings of Nat. Con. Charities and Corrections, 1916, pp. 62–78.
Elmer, Manuel C. “Social Surveys of Urban Communities,” Ph.D. Thesis, University of Chicago (Menasha, Wisconsin, 1914).
Considers the social survey up to 1914 and outlines the scope and methods of the urban community survey. Also his “Technique of the Social Surveys” (Lawrence, Kansas, 1917).
Kellogg, P. U., Harrison, S. M., and Palmer, George T. The Social Survey Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science in the City of New York, Vol. II (July, 1912), 475–544.
“The Social Survey and Its Further Development,” Publ. Amer. Statist. Assoc., 1915.
3. While there are many periodicals which contain departments devoted to the urban community, such as the Survey, the Journal of Social Forces, and a number of others, the following are listed as typical of periodicals exclusively concerned with various phases of the study of the city.
The American City (monthly), New York. Now in its thirty-second volume.
American Municipalities (monthly), Marshalltown, Iowa. Now in its forty-ninth volume.
Municipal and County Engineering (monthly), since 1890. Indianapolis, Indiana.
The Municipal Journal and Public Works Engineer (weekly). Now in its thirty-fourth year. London.
The National Municipal Review (monthly), published by the National Municipal League. Now in its fourteenth volume. New York.
Die Städte-Zeit. In its fourteenth volume in 1917.
Der Städtebau. Monatsschrift für die künstlerische Ausgestaltung der Städte nach ihren wirtschaftlichen, gesundheitlichen, und sozialen Grundsätzen (monthly), since 1904. Berlin.
The Town-Planning Review. The journal of the department of civic design of the school of Architecture. University of Liverpool. Now in its eleventh volume. Liverpool.
La Vie Urbaine. Volume VII in 1924.